Diagnostic errors are prevalent in critical care practice and are associated with patient harm and costs for providers and the healthcare system.Patient complexity,illness severity,and the urgency in initiating proper...Diagnostic errors are prevalent in critical care practice and are associated with patient harm and costs for providers and the healthcare system.Patient complexity,illness severity,and the urgency in initiating proper treatment all contribute to decision-making errors.Clinician-related factors such as fatigue,cognitive overload,and inexperience further interfere with effective decision-making.Cognitive science has provided insight into the clinical decision-making process that can be used to reduce error.This evidence-based review discusses ten common misconceptions regarding critical care decision-making.By understanding how practitioners make clinical decisions and examining how errors occur,strategies may be developed and implemented to decrease errors in Decision-making and improve patient outcomes.展开更多
The main purpose of this paper is to build a new approach for solving a fuzzy linear multi-criterion problem by defining a function called “error function”. For this end, the concept of level set is used to co...The main purpose of this paper is to build a new approach for solving a fuzzy linear multi-criterion problem by defining a function called “error function”. For this end, the concept of level set is used to construct the error function. In addition, we introduce the concept of deviation variable in the definition of the error function. The algorithm of the new approach is summarized in three main steps: first, we transform the original fuzzy problem into a deterministic one by choosing a specific level . second, we solve separately each uni-criteria problem and we compute the error function for each criteria. Finally, we minimize the sum of error functions in order to obtain the desired compromise solution. A numerical example is done for a comparative study with some existing approaches to show the effectiveness of the new approach.展开更多
Although H.264 video coding standard provides several error resilience tools, the damage caused by error propagation may still be tremendous. This work is aimed at developing a robust and standard-compliant error resi...Although H.264 video coding standard provides several error resilience tools, the damage caused by error propagation may still be tremendous. This work is aimed at developing a robust and standard-compliant error resilient coding scheme for H.264and uses techniques of mode decision, data hiding, and error concealment to reduce the damage from error propagation. This paper proposes a system with two error resilience techniques that can improve the robustness of H.264 in noisy channels. The first technique is Nearest Neighbor motion compensated Error Concealment (NNEC) that chooses the nearest neighbors in the reference frames for error concealment. The second technique is Distortion Estimated Mode Decision (DEMD) that selects an optimal mode based on stochastically distorted frames. Observed simulation results showed that the rate-distortion performances of the proposed algorithms are better than those of the compared algorithms.展开更多
The achievable bit error rate of a linear equalizer is crucially determined by the choice of a decision delay parameter. This brief paper presents a simple method for the efficient determination of the optimal decisio...The achievable bit error rate of a linear equalizer is crucially determined by the choice of a decision delay parameter. This brief paper presents a simple method for the efficient determination of the optimal decision delay parameter that results in the best bit error rate performance for a linear equalizer. Keywords Linear equalizer - decision delay - bit error rate Eng Siong Chng received his university education at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (BEng 1991, PhD 1995). After his PhD, he spent 6 months in Japan, working as a researcher for Riken. After working in industry in Singapore for 7 years, he joined the School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University in 2003. His research interests are in digital signal processing for communication applications, speech and handwriting recognition and noise reduction.Sheng Chen obtained a BEng degree in control engineering from the East China Petroleum Institute, Dongying, China, in 1982, and a PhD degree in control engineering from the City University at London in 1986. He joined the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton in September 1999. He previously held research and academic appointments at the Universities of Sheffield, Edinburgh and Portsmouth. Dr Chen is a Senior Member of the IEEE in the USA. His recent research works include adaptive nonlinear signal processing, modeling and identification of nonlinear systems, neural networks and machine learning, finite-precision digital controller design, evolutionary computation methods and optimization. He has published over 200 research papers. In the database of the world’s most highly cited researchers in various disciplines, compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) of the USA, Dr Chen is on the list of highly cited researchers in the category that covers all branches of engineering subject, see www.ISIHighlyCited.com.展开更多
We propose a trellis-compressed maximum likelihood sequence estimation(TC-MLSE)-assisted sliding-block decision feedback equalizer(DFE)to suppress the error propagation resulting from the DFE in high-speed systems.We ...We propose a trellis-compressed maximum likelihood sequence estimation(TC-MLSE)-assisted sliding-block decision feedback equalizer(DFE)to suppress the error propagation resulting from the DFE in high-speed systems.We use an out-ofrange detector to detect the end of burst errors from the DFE and activate the optional TC-MLSE to correct burst errors.We conduct experiments to transmit a 201-Gbit/s PAM-8 signal.The results show that the proposed method achieves a bit error rate of 3.65×10^(-3),which is close to that of MLSE.The optional MLSE is only activated when needed and processes 11.4%of the total symbols.Moreover,the proposed method compresses the maximum length of burst errors from 19 to 5.展开更多
Clinical decision support(CDS) systems with automated alerts integrated into electronic medical records demonstrate efficacy for detecting medication errors(ME) and adverse drug events(ADEs). Critically ill patients a...Clinical decision support(CDS) systems with automated alerts integrated into electronic medical records demonstrate efficacy for detecting medication errors(ME) and adverse drug events(ADEs). Critically ill patients are at increased risk for ME, ADEs and serious negative outcomes related to these events. Capitalizing on CDS to detect ME and prevent adverse drug related events has the potential to improve patient outcomes. The key to an effective medication safety surveillance system incorporating CDS is advancing the signals for alerts by using trajectory analyses to predict clinical events, instead of waiting for these events to occur. Additionally, incorporating cutting-edge biomarkers into alert knowledge in an effort to identify the need to adjust medication therapy portending harm will advance the current state of CDS. CDS can be taken a step further to identify drug related physiological events, which are less commonly included in surveillance systems. Predictive models for adverse events that combine patient factors with laboratory values and biomarkers are being established and these models can be the foundation for individualized CDS alerts to prevent impending ADEs.展开更多
To improve spectrum utilization and minimize interference to Primary User (PU), an adaptive spectrum decision method is proposed for Secondary User (SU), while taking traffic load balancing and spectrum heterogeneity ...To improve spectrum utilization and minimize interference to Primary User (PU), an adaptive spectrum decision method is proposed for Secondary User (SU), while taking traffic load balancing and spectrum heterogeneity into consideration. Long-term statistics and current sensing results are integrated into the proposed decision method of spectrum access. Two decision methods, namely probability based and sensing based, are presented, compared and followed by performance analysis in terms of delay. For probability based spectrum decision, Short-Time-Job-First (STJF) priority queuing discipline is employed to minimize average residual time and theoretical conclusion is derived in a novel way. For sensing based decision we treat the interrupted service of SU as newly incoming and re-decision process is initialized to find available spectrum in a First-Available-First-Access (FAFA) fashion. Effect of sensing error in PHY layer is also analyzed in terms of extended average residual time. Simulation results show that, for relatively low arriving rate of SU traffic, the proposed spectrum decision method yields at least a delay reduction of 39.5% compared with non-adaptive method. The proposed spectrum decision can significantly improve delay performance even facing sensing errors, which cause performance degeneration to both PU and SU.展开更多
This paper evaluates the effect of decision feedback equalizer( DFE) error propagation for400 Gb/s Ethernet( 400 GbE) electrical link in order to propose some effective methods to improve bit error rate( BER). First,a...This paper evaluates the effect of decision feedback equalizer( DFE) error propagation for400 Gb/s Ethernet( 400 GbE) electrical link in order to propose some effective methods to improve bit error rate( BER). First,an analytical model for DFE burst error length distribution is proposed and simulated based on a NRZ electrical link in which a 5-tap DFE combined with a multiple-tap feed forward equalizer( FFE) is included. Then,a detailed derivation for BER considering DFE error propagation is given based on the distribution of burst error run length and the BER performance with and without forward error correction( FEC) is simulated too. After that,this paper investigates several MUX-based FEC interleaving methods including their complexity and latency in order to improve BER further. At last,three FEC interleaving schemes are compared not only in interleaving gain,but also in hardware complexities and latencies. Simulation results show that pre-interleave bit muxing can obtain good tradeoff between BER and complexity for 400 Gb E electrical link.展开更多
There are considerable literatures on the Bit Error Rate(BER)evaluation of DifferentialDetection of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(DDGMSK)system using Decision Feedback(DF),butmost of them give the performance based on...There are considerable literatures on the Bit Error Rate(BER)evaluation of DifferentialDetection of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(DDGMSK)system using Decision Feedback(DF),butmost of them give the performance based on the Monte Carlo Error Counting(MCEC)technique.Fromthe probability distribution of the phase angle between two vectors perturbed by Gaussian noises,theformulae of BER are derived for the performance analysis of DDGMSK system with DF in this letter.Considering the m-bit dock-tailed sequence,the new formulae of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(GMSK)modulated phase and the Time-Varying Signal to Noise Ratio(TVSNR)of the demodulatedsignal are presented,and it is proved that the relationship between the TVSNR of the demodulatedsignal and the size of eye opening is not inevitable.Simulation results show that the theoretical in-vestigation gives analogous results with the MCEC technique.The formulae presented are useful for theperformance analysis of systems using GMSK as modulating and demodulating method,for instance,the analysis of synchronous performance of frequency-hopping communication system.展开更多
MIMO-DFE(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Decision Feedback Equalizer) based receiver architectures are researched recently to detect signals in BLAST(Bell laboratories LAyered Space-Time) over frequency-selective chann...MIMO-DFE(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Decision Feedback Equalizer) based receiver architectures are researched recently to detect signals in BLAST(Bell laboratories LAyered Space-Time) over frequency-selective channels. Due to their recursive structure, these receivers may suffer from error propagation which results in an overall mean square error degradation. An MIMO-DFE based BLAST receiver with limited error propagation to combat frequencyselective channel is proposed, which employs both norm constraint on feedback filter taps and soft decision device. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver outperforms conventional ones in various frequency selective channels.展开更多
文摘Diagnostic errors are prevalent in critical care practice and are associated with patient harm and costs for providers and the healthcare system.Patient complexity,illness severity,and the urgency in initiating proper treatment all contribute to decision-making errors.Clinician-related factors such as fatigue,cognitive overload,and inexperience further interfere with effective decision-making.Cognitive science has provided insight into the clinical decision-making process that can be used to reduce error.This evidence-based review discusses ten common misconceptions regarding critical care decision-making.By understanding how practitioners make clinical decisions and examining how errors occur,strategies may be developed and implemented to decrease errors in Decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
文摘The main purpose of this paper is to build a new approach for solving a fuzzy linear multi-criterion problem by defining a function called “error function”. For this end, the concept of level set is used to construct the error function. In addition, we introduce the concept of deviation variable in the definition of the error function. The algorithm of the new approach is summarized in three main steps: first, we transform the original fuzzy problem into a deterministic one by choosing a specific level . second, we solve separately each uni-criteria problem and we compute the error function for each criteria. Finally, we minimize the sum of error functions in order to obtain the desired compromise solution. A numerical example is done for a comparative study with some existing approaches to show the effectiveness of the new approach.
文摘Although H.264 video coding standard provides several error resilience tools, the damage caused by error propagation may still be tremendous. This work is aimed at developing a robust and standard-compliant error resilient coding scheme for H.264and uses techniques of mode decision, data hiding, and error concealment to reduce the damage from error propagation. This paper proposes a system with two error resilience techniques that can improve the robustness of H.264 in noisy channels. The first technique is Nearest Neighbor motion compensated Error Concealment (NNEC) that chooses the nearest neighbors in the reference frames for error concealment. The second technique is Distortion Estimated Mode Decision (DEMD) that selects an optimal mode based on stochastically distorted frames. Observed simulation results showed that the rate-distortion performances of the proposed algorithms are better than those of the compared algorithms.
文摘The achievable bit error rate of a linear equalizer is crucially determined by the choice of a decision delay parameter. This brief paper presents a simple method for the efficient determination of the optimal decision delay parameter that results in the best bit error rate performance for a linear equalizer. Keywords Linear equalizer - decision delay - bit error rate Eng Siong Chng received his university education at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (BEng 1991, PhD 1995). After his PhD, he spent 6 months in Japan, working as a researcher for Riken. After working in industry in Singapore for 7 years, he joined the School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University in 2003. His research interests are in digital signal processing for communication applications, speech and handwriting recognition and noise reduction.Sheng Chen obtained a BEng degree in control engineering from the East China Petroleum Institute, Dongying, China, in 1982, and a PhD degree in control engineering from the City University at London in 1986. He joined the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton in September 1999. He previously held research and academic appointments at the Universities of Sheffield, Edinburgh and Portsmouth. Dr Chen is a Senior Member of the IEEE in the USA. His recent research works include adaptive nonlinear signal processing, modeling and identification of nonlinear systems, neural networks and machine learning, finite-precision digital controller design, evolutionary computation methods and optimization. He has published over 200 research papers. In the database of the world’s most highly cited researchers in various disciplines, compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) of the USA, Dr Chen is on the list of highly cited researchers in the category that covers all branches of engineering subject, see www.ISIHighlyCited.com.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.62301128,61871082,and 62111530150)the Open Fund of IPOC(BUPT)(No.IPOC2020A011)+1 种基金the STCSM(No.SKLSFO2021-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.ZYGX2020ZB043 and ZYGX2019J008).
文摘We propose a trellis-compressed maximum likelihood sequence estimation(TC-MLSE)-assisted sliding-block decision feedback equalizer(DFE)to suppress the error propagation resulting from the DFE in high-speed systems.We use an out-ofrange detector to detect the end of burst errors from the DFE and activate the optional TC-MLSE to correct burst errors.We conduct experiments to transmit a 201-Gbit/s PAM-8 signal.The results show that the proposed method achieves a bit error rate of 3.65×10^(-3),which is close to that of MLSE.The optional MLSE is only activated when needed and processes 11.4%of the total symbols.Moreover,the proposed method compresses the maximum length of burst errors from 19 to 5.
基金Supported by The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,No.R18HS02420-01
文摘Clinical decision support(CDS) systems with automated alerts integrated into electronic medical records demonstrate efficacy for detecting medication errors(ME) and adverse drug events(ADEs). Critically ill patients are at increased risk for ME, ADEs and serious negative outcomes related to these events. Capitalizing on CDS to detect ME and prevent adverse drug related events has the potential to improve patient outcomes. The key to an effective medication safety surveillance system incorporating CDS is advancing the signals for alerts by using trajectory analyses to predict clinical events, instead of waiting for these events to occur. Additionally, incorporating cutting-edge biomarkers into alert knowledge in an effort to identify the need to adjust medication therapy portending harm will advance the current state of CDS. CDS can be taken a step further to identify drug related physiological events, which are less commonly included in surveillance systems. Predictive models for adverse events that combine patient factors with laboratory values and biomarkers are being established and these models can be the foundation for individualized CDS alerts to prevent impending ADEs.
基金supported partially by China's National 863 Program under Grant No.2009AA01Z207
文摘To improve spectrum utilization and minimize interference to Primary User (PU), an adaptive spectrum decision method is proposed for Secondary User (SU), while taking traffic load balancing and spectrum heterogeneity into consideration. Long-term statistics and current sensing results are integrated into the proposed decision method of spectrum access. Two decision methods, namely probability based and sensing based, are presented, compared and followed by performance analysis in terms of delay. For probability based spectrum decision, Short-Time-Job-First (STJF) priority queuing discipline is employed to minimize average residual time and theoretical conclusion is derived in a novel way. For sensing based decision we treat the interrupted service of SU as newly incoming and re-decision process is initialized to find available spectrum in a First-Available-First-Access (FAFA) fashion. Effect of sensing error in PHY layer is also analyzed in terms of extended average residual time. Simulation results show that, for relatively low arriving rate of SU traffic, the proposed spectrum decision method yields at least a delay reduction of 39.5% compared with non-adaptive method. The proposed spectrum decision can significantly improve delay performance even facing sensing errors, which cause performance degeneration to both PU and SU.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61471119)
文摘This paper evaluates the effect of decision feedback equalizer( DFE) error propagation for400 Gb/s Ethernet( 400 GbE) electrical link in order to propose some effective methods to improve bit error rate( BER). First,an analytical model for DFE burst error length distribution is proposed and simulated based on a NRZ electrical link in which a 5-tap DFE combined with a multiple-tap feed forward equalizer( FFE) is included. Then,a detailed derivation for BER considering DFE error propagation is given based on the distribution of burst error run length and the BER performance with and without forward error correction( FEC) is simulated too. After that,this paper investigates several MUX-based FEC interleaving methods including their complexity and latency in order to improve BER further. At last,three FEC interleaving schemes are compared not only in interleaving gain,but also in hardware complexities and latencies. Simulation results show that pre-interleave bit muxing can obtain good tradeoff between BER and complexity for 400 Gb E electrical link.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60132030,60572147)the 111 Project(B08033).
文摘There are considerable literatures on the Bit Error Rate(BER)evaluation of DifferentialDetection of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(DDGMSK)system using Decision Feedback(DF),butmost of them give the performance based on the Monte Carlo Error Counting(MCEC)technique.Fromthe probability distribution of the phase angle between two vectors perturbed by Gaussian noises,theformulae of BER are derived for the performance analysis of DDGMSK system with DF in this letter.Considering the m-bit dock-tailed sequence,the new formulae of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying(GMSK)modulated phase and the Time-Varying Signal to Noise Ratio(TVSNR)of the demodulatedsignal are presented,and it is proved that the relationship between the TVSNR of the demodulatedsignal and the size of eye opening is not inevitable.Simulation results show that the theoretical in-vestigation gives analogous results with the MCEC technique.The formulae presented are useful for theperformance analysis of systems using GMSK as modulating and demodulating method,for instance,the analysis of synchronous performance of frequency-hopping communication system.
文摘MIMO-DFE(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Decision Feedback Equalizer) based receiver architectures are researched recently to detect signals in BLAST(Bell laboratories LAyered Space-Time) over frequency-selective channels. Due to their recursive structure, these receivers may suffer from error propagation which results in an overall mean square error degradation. An MIMO-DFE based BLAST receiver with limited error propagation to combat frequencyselective channel is proposed, which employs both norm constraint on feedback filter taps and soft decision device. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver outperforms conventional ones in various frequency selective channels.
