A Critical Review of Community Resilience Building Framework: Contexts of Climate Change and Disasters in Bangladesh

The concept of community resilience in the contexts of climate change and disasters draws increasing attention and interest from practitioners and researchers in recent development discourse. This paper provides a critical review of six selected frameworks of community resilience building operationalized in Bangladesh over the span of years. In other words, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of resilience through a systematic analysis of the dimensions and indicators of community resilience frameworks. The analysis shows that comprehensive and effective community resilience frameworks should incorporate the missing components linked to fundamental elements of good governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, social transformation, and capacity development. The paper concludes by highlighting a few other areas of grave concern that need more appropriate attention, considering the severe threats posed by climate change and natural disasters in line with sustainable development goals. Finally, this study recommends further research regarding the effectiveness of these frameworks in different climatic and disaster contexts that can lead the concept into a new dimension of community resilience and sustainability.

The 2 ℃ Global Temperature Target and the Evolution of the Long-TermGoal of Addressing Climate Change-From the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change to the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.

A Modified Combined Approach Framework of Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment for Water Resource Systems Based on Experience Derived from Different Adaptation Studies in the Context of Climate Change

Warming of climate system is undisputed as evident from observations of increasing average temperatures of air and ocean, large scale melting of ice and increasing global average sea levels. The effect of climate change directly impacts society through the chain of climate-hydrology-water-water resources systems-society. Adaptation and mitigation are the two ways of society to respond the changes in climate. Adaptations may be reactive, anticipatory, autonomous, planned, compliment and substitute type. The adaptations are carried out with the help of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment. The guidelines are subjective or objective. Objective guidelines are step by step procedures to arrive at proper adaptation measures while subjective guidelines are step by step adaptation measures given on the basis of study of area, problem at hand and prerequisites for the adaptation. Many objective guidelines of climate impact and adaptation assessment are given. These objective guidelines can be classified into two approaches: hazard based approach and vulnerability based approach. Both approaches have their own pros and cons, so combined approach with more focus on vulnerability was suggested as the best. In this study based on the lessons learned from the adaptation case studies across the world, the combined approach framework is modified to get modified combined approach framework of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment by adding the components related: 1) explicit mentioning of stakeholders 2) revision, modification and communication of adaptation actions.

Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China:An Analysis of Formal Institutions

Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.

Perceptions of climate change in China:The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying lake expansion from 2001 to 2020 and its impact on the ecological environment in a typical alpine basin on the Tibetan Plateau

Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)is a typical alpine lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).Its continuous expansion in recent years poses serious threats to downstream major projects.As a result,studies of the mechanisms underlying lake expansion are urgently needed.The elasticity method within the Budyko framework was used to calculate the water balance in the Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)and the neighboring Tuotuo River basin(TRB).Results show intensification of hydrological cycles and positive trends in the lake area,river runoff,precipitation,and potential evapotranspiration.Lake expansion was significant between 2001 and 2020 and accelerated between 2015 and 2020.Precipitation increase was the key factor underlying the hydrological changes,followed by glacier meltwater and groundwater.The overflow of Yanhu Lake was inevitable because it was connected to three other lakes and the water balance of all four lakes was positive.The high salinity lake water diverted downstream will greatly impact the water quality of the source area of the Yangtze River and the stability of the permafrost base of the traffic corridor.

Technology Demand Assessment of Adaption of Chinese Cities to Climate Change

Climate change adaptation is the process of preparing and actively adjusting to meet the climate change (negative effects and potential opportunities). Urban adaptation is aimed at the sensitivity level of risks and specific impacts of cities under the impact of climate change, and to develop policies and investment programs to reduce the vulnerability of cities to climate change risk. Urban adaptive action provides the basis and direction for the construction of urban resilience and sustainable development. Identifying the demand of adaption technologies, promoting the practical implementation of international technology transfer and reducing domestic emissions have important significance for the global response to climate change and improvement of the ability of urban adaptation. In this paper, through in-depth analysis on the concept and connotation of climate change, climate disasters and urban adaptation to climate change, the evaluation framework and steps of urban adaptation to climate change technology are determined, and six priority application technologies which can maximize the overall efficiency of sustainable development, improve the ability to adapt to climate change and at the same time reduce the cost at the greatest extent are identified.

How Should Mine Reclamation Design Effectively Respond to Climate Change? A Mini Review Opinion

Climate change is a growing concern with each of the last three decades being successively warmer than preceding decades. Mine wastes are mandatory required to be reclaimed after mine operation due to their high risks of contaminating environment and huge volumes occupying large useable land resources. However, most traditional mine reclamation plans are designed with an assumption of unchanged, consistent conditions of environment, climate and hydrology conditions, which may not work properly under the global climate change. This paper discussed the previously ignored problem that is how mine reclamation design should effectively respond to climate change. Through reviewing the current responding strategy to the climate change during mine reclamation and closure, this mini review was structured, and the opinion is concluded that the more active the designers consider the factors of climate change, the more manageable, predictable and sustainable the reclaimed ecosystem and landscape are. Nature-based solutions can act as the general guidelines when considering climate change with mine reclamation, and the six-step framework aims more specifically on mine reclamation. The two methods can work together to help designers and regulators to effectively respond to climate change when planning mine reclamation and closure.

Empirical research on construction of a measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China

According to the logic process of carbon reduction in China which arises from the measurement to reduction,from reduction to offsetting,the measurement of carbon emission in the tourism industry was the first and key step.Based on the life cycle assessment theory and input-output analysis,this article used economic and environmental measurement technologies,The System of National Accounting(SNA),Tourism Satellite Account(TSA),System of Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting(SEEA),and so on,and built up a top-down carbon emission analysis framework for the tourism industry and estimated carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007.The finding showed that the total carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 169.78 million tons,covering 2.71%of carbon emission of all industries in China in 2007,and 2.44%of the total carbon emission in China in 2007.The direct carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 73.56 million tons,including transportation(50.14 million tons),sightseeing(1.33 million tons),lodging(4.19 million tons),accommodation(4.73 million tons),shopping(8.14 million tons),entertainment(0.67 million tons),communication(0.45 million tons),and others(3.90 million tons).The indirect carbon emission of the tourism industry in China in 2007 was 96.23 million tons,mostly contributed by coking,gas,and petroleum processing industries,transportation and warehousing industry,machinery and equipment manufacturing industry,and food manufacturing and tobacco processing industry,which covered 57%.

Establishing a measurement,reporting,and verification system for climate finance in post-Paris agreement period

The measurement,reporting,and verification(MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust.This paper analyses the concept,the objective,and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV.Following the analysis,challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated.This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance.In addition,the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system.Furthermore,although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving,it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance.Responding to the above challenges,this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level.The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis,a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats,as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes.In the last section,this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC.As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility(GEF),China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept,coverage,and architecture of climate finance and MRV system,and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.

迪拜气候大会成果分析及全球气候治理的未来挑战与应对

迪拜气候大会是新冠疫情后最大规模的一次《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议。根据《巴黎协定》授权,会议需要完成第一次全球盘点,因此受到各方高度关注。经过多轮磋商,会议在全球盘点、减缓、适应、资金、技术、能力建设、透明度、公正转型、单边措施等多个议题上达成共识,形成一系列决定文件,统称“阿联酋共识”,这些决定文件也为后续谈判工作开展做出了规划和安排。在对迪拜气候大会主要成果进行梳理的基础上,对当前全球气候治理面临的主要挑战进行了分析,主要包括:共同但有区别责任原则的理解分歧、减排努力的认识差异、出资主体和资金规模的分歧、地缘政治的影响、关键缔约方国内政治变动的影响、涉碳单边措施的挑战等,并就我国参与全球气候治理进程的策略进行探讨,提出在总体策略、减排、资金、单边措施等问题上的立场和建议。

气候变化投资框架在低碳转型金融效果评估中的应用研究——基于国家、行业和企业视角

为实现碳中和目标,气候环境信息披露内容的国际化标准不断更新统一,但各国以及各行业和公司在低碳转型方面所做的努力存在较大差异,需要对各主体的低碳转型行动效果进行评估。亚洲基础设施投资银行(AIIB)和东方汇理银行(Amundi)在2020年共同设计了气候变化投资框架(CCIF),通过CCIF框架对国家、行业和公司的低碳转型行动与《巴黎协定》目标的一致性进行评估。惠誉咨询公司(BMI)和气候债券倡议组织(CBI)针对亚太地区的国家、行业和企业三个层面,应用CCIF设定了三个目标支柱(即减缓气候变化、适应气候变化和对转型的贡献)来评估资金流动与实现低温室气体(GHG)排放和气候适应力发展的途径保持一致性的程度。对CCIF的三大支柱内涵及其在国家、行业和企业低碳转型行动表现评估中的应用进行分析,提供相应的分析方法和结论,并为我国在低碳转型金融效果评估方面的实践以及行业转型政策制定给出相应建议。

科学发展对条约解释的影响及其限制——以国际海洋法法庭“气候变化咨询案”为切入点

科学在国际和国内司法实践中的作用一直备受关注。近年,气候变化科学取得了显著进展,全球兴起的气候诉讼将科学与法律的互动推向了一个新高度。在国际层面,小岛屿国家气候变化与国际法委员会于2022年在国际海洋法法庭提起咨询程序,所提问题给法庭设定了在气候变化背景下解释《联合国海洋法公约》相关条款的语境,直接涉及科学发展对条约解释的影响及其限度问题。正是由于《联合国海洋法公约》相关条款法意模糊、该公约与其他国际法规则存在开放互融的结构,法庭在解释过程中倾向于运用体系解释方法和目的解释方法,反映最新科学进展的政府间气候变化委员会的评估报告在解释过程中发挥了相当显著的作用。解释者在法律解释过程中考虑科学发展虽然有一定的合理性,但是,为了防范越法和造法风险,国际司法机构在选择解释方法和考虑科学发展时,仍需秉持司法克制的立场,恪守《维也纳条约法公约》中条约解释规则的约束,重视法律推理的权威,不僭越法律解释与法律创造的边界。

基于生态系统的防灾减灾(Eco-DRR)在日本的经验与启示

基于生态系统的防灾减灾(Eco-DRR)策略是当前日本灾害应对实施中被广泛提及和运用的概念。研究系统性地探讨了Eco-DRR的基本概念及其在日本防灾减灾研究实践中的发展历程。同时,阐述了Eco-DRR的三大举措:抑制危险自然现象的发生,避免风险暴露性,减少脆弱性,并分别列举了相关地方案例。归纳并总结了Eco-DRR在日本防灾减灾工作和生态系统保护中的推行体制和研究方向,明确了Eco-DRR在实际案例中的可操作性。最后,针对中国当前对于Eco-DRR概念的运用与实践现状,提出开展对各地传统EcoDRR智慧的调研和整理,在政策体系构建中引入Eco-DRR概念并鼓励多方参与,学术研究中注重跨学科交流等三个方面的建议。

秦巴山区堵河流域径流变化归因分析

气候变化和人类活动引起的水文响应对于研究流域水资源管理有着重要意义。基于堵河流域1960—2016年降水量、潜在蒸散发量、径流量数据,采用Pettitt突变检验方法和Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法,利用8种Budyko假设分析了气候变化和人类活动对堵河流域径流变化的贡献率。分析结果表明:①堵河流域年径流量呈显著下降趋势(p<0.05),1994年出现拐点,年降水量和潜在蒸散发量也呈减少趋势,但均不显著(p>0.1)。②水文响应对人类活动比对气候变化更敏感,人类活动对径流的贡献率在57.69%~72.00%之间,气候变化的贡献率在28.00%~42.31%之间。③人类活动引起下垫面特征变化是径流衰减的主要原因,土地变化引起的森林增多和植被覆盖增加引起地表变化使径流量减少。研究成果表明人类活动对水文过程确有影响,以期对堵河流域水资源管理和综合治理提供理论支持。

Comprehensive evaluation framework for intervention on health effects of ambient temperature

Despite the existence of many interventions to mitigate or adapt to the health effects of climate change,their effectiveness remains unclear.Here,we introduce the Comprehensive Evaluation Framework for Intervention on Health Effects of Ambient Temperature to evaluate study designs and effects of intervention studies.The framework comprises three types of interventions:proactive,indirect,and direct,and four categories of indicators:classification,methods,scope,and effects.We trialed the framework by an evaluation of existing intervention studies.The evaluation revealed that each intervention has its own applicable characteristics in terms of effectiveness,feasibility,and generalizability scores.We expanded the framework's potential by offering a list of intervention recommendations in different scenarios.Future applications are then explored to establish models of the relationship between study designs and intervention effects,facilitating effective interventions to address the health effects of ambient temperature under climate change.

从巴黎到迪拜:全球气候治理回顾与展望

《巴黎协定》对2020年后全球应对气候变化行动作出新安排,开创性地建立了全球气候治理框架,确立了全球气候行动的三大着力点:减缓、适应、损失与损害。历届气候变化大会不断补充这一框架的细则。全球减缓行动正在进行中,但各方面仍需采取更多行动。适应行动与减缓相比,目前受到的关注和资金投入远远不够。损失与损害基金作为气候治理框架中的“新成员”,距离成熟还有很长的路要走。自协定签署以来,各缔约方在能源、工业、金融等多个方面采取了相应的措施,中国参与全球气候行动的态度更加积极,引领者的角色也愈加突出。在此期间,全球政治经济环境风云变化,也对全球气候治理行动产生了深刻影响。尽管全球应对气候变化行动取得了一定进展,但最新盘点结果显示,世界尚未走上积极应对气候变化的正轨,距离实现既定的全球温控目标尚有较大差距。

气候变化背景下的海洋渔业争端案例分析、 制度检视及中国因应

气候变化导致国家之间海洋渔业资源分配、捕捞、管制等争端日益加剧和复杂,《联合国海洋法公约》天然的妥协性使其难以应对气候变化背景下的各种海洋渔业争端,亟需进一步完善当前的海洋渔业争端解决制度。中国积极参与适应和解决气候变化背景下的海洋渔业争端,对推动全球渔业治理、构建海洋命运共同体具有重要意义。

Climate change adaptation to escape the poverty trap:role of the private sector

Climate change adaptation and poverty alleviation call for an integrated strategy,because poverty exacerbates the vulnerability to climate change and vice versa.The private sector,which has traditionally been excluded from adaptation planning,may contribute greatly to the development of an integrated strategy.Here,we identify the differences in adaptation trajectories between the private sector and communities by proposing a conceptual framework and report on a case study in a dryland area of China,where the private sector led a successful adaptation and poverty alleviation project.We found that their win-win strategy achieved both climate change adaptation and development,thereby helping a disadvantaged community to escape the poverty trap and achieve sustainable development.The private sector played a dominant role in the response,as this sector can adapt in ways that are not possible for governments or communities.We suggest that participatory governance that includes private-sector stakeholders is more likely to achieve sustainable development.

Climate change,coastal built heritage,and critical challenges facing the heritage law frameworks of the United States,United Kingdom,and France

Climate change poses a particular threat to the world's unique built heritage-historic buildings,sites monuments,and museums.As preserving built heritage resources from climate change becomes a global priority,understanding the current inadequacies of legal frameworks designed to protect built heritage in coastal areas is essential.Only by identifying and examining these shortfalls can countries create resilient legal policies and tools that better protect coastal built heritage from the immediate and long-term effects of climate change.Building on previous comparative cultural heritage law scholarship,this article describes the legal frameworks that the United States,United Kingdom,and France use to protect their respective built heritage in coastal areas and identifies two critical challengesfacing eachcountry.