Paratextual epigraph——Expansion of Time and Space in The French Lieutenant's Woman

This paper sets out to analyze the artistic functions and effects of paratextual epigraph in The French Lieutenant's Woman. Instead of only enumerating from the structural perspective, the author illustrated the function of the paratextual epigraph with due attention to the connection between epigraph and the artistic techniques as well as the theme of the novel. It was found that paratextual epigraph bears four artistic functions: foreshadowing, creating satire, and creating metaphor. It is suggested that further study could foreground the importance of paratextual epigraph, in order to have a better understanding of the novel.

Free Choices in The French Lieutenant's Woman

John Fowles' representative work is The French Lieutenant's Woman. He is influenced by existentialism. This novel is an example. In this novel, freedom and liberation are important themes. This thesis studies the novel from the perspective of free choices of characters in literature. The different choices will bring different results.

Advancing Sino-French Relations to Another 60 Years of Success

Sino-French relations have set a shining example of how countries with different systems,civilizations,and levels of development can achieve peaceful coexistence and mutual benefit.

Sensory-directed flavor analysis of key odorants compounds development of French fries and oils in the break-in,optimum and degrading frying stage

The flavor is a decisive sensory characteristic that determines the popularity of French fries(FFs).During high-oleic rapeseed oil(RO)frying,the flavor development of FFs showed three noticeable stages including break-in(3.5%-7.5%of total polar compounds(TPC)),optimum(7.5%-22.18%of TPC),and degrading stages(above 22.18%of TPC).Further,in order to distinguish the key aroma compounds in each stage,the FFs prepared in RO at TPC of 3.5%(FF4),14.5%(FF15),and 26.96%(FF27)and their relevant oils(RO4,RO15,RO27)were selected for sensory-directed analysis.The results revealed that the FF4 had low contents of(E,E)-2,4-decadienal(deep-fried odor)which also caused lower sensory score in FF4 sample.The higher contents of(E,E)-2,4-decadienal in FF15 induced its higher deep-fried odor.The FF27 had higher hexanoic acid(sweaty odor),heptanoic acid,nonanoic acid,benzene acetaldehyde(stale odor),and trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal(metallic odor)compared with FF4 and FF15,thus leading to the undesirable flavor of FF27.Moreover,the decrease of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine in FF27 induced the lower roasty flavor,which may also lead to the decline of the sensory score.Similarly,the higher contents of(E)-2-undecenal,hexanoic acid,heptanoic acid,and nonanoic acid in RO27 lead to increase its rancid score and thus lower the sensory score.

Analysis of an event study using the Fama–French five‑factor model:teaching approaches including spreadsheets and the R programming language

The current financial education framework has an increasing need to introduce tools that facilitate the application of theoretical models to real-world data and contexts.However,only a limited number of free tools are available for this purpose.Given this lack of tools,the present study provides two approaches to facilitate the implementa-tion of an event study.The first approach consists of a set of MS Excel files based on the Fama–French five-factor model,which allows the application of the event study methodology in a semi-automatic manner.The second approach is an open-source R-programmed tool through which results can be obtained in the context of an event study without the need for programming knowledge.This tool widens the calculus possibilities provided by the first approach and offers the option to apply not only the Fama–French five-factor model but also other models that are common in the finan-cial literature.It is a user-friendly tool that enables reproducibility of the analysis and ensures that the calculations are free of manipulation errors.Both approaches are freely available and ready-to-use.

Finding Authentic French Bread in Ningbo

Letting the history and culture of bread in France tell the story of its people in China.“Ningbo is a bustling city thanks to its very enterprising residents and the pleasant living environment,”said Samy Snoussi,owner of the French bakery Monépoque in Ningbo,a coastal city in eastern China’s Zhejiang Province.Snoussi moved to Ningbo in 2006.To overcome his homesickness and promote authentic French bread in the city,he opened a bakery,which soon became popular and earned him the nickname“French uncle”among local bakers.

The Study of English Negative Transfer to French Language Learning with French Majors

English language(EL) and French language(FL) are very similar in their language attributes-lexicon,syntax and tenses.During FL acquisition,especially during the early acquisition stages,FL learners are strongly influenced by their EL forms.The essential point of this paper is to distinguish the differences and similarities of the EL and FL,then to suggest some strategies to restrain the negative transfer effectively,which would be helpful in third language acquisition.

The Study of English Negative Transfer to French Language Learning with French Majors

English language(EL) and French language(FL) are very similar in their language attributes-lexicon,syntax and tenses.During FL acquisition,especially during the early acquisition stages,FL learners are strongly influenced by their EL forms.The essential point of this paper is to distinguish the differences and similarities of the EL and FL,then to suggest some strategies to restrain the negative transfer effectively,which would be helpful in third language acquisition.

European Association for the Study of the Liver and French hepatitis C recent guidelines: The paradigm shift

The latest Association Fran?aise pour l'Etude du Foie-French Association for Study of the Liver(AFEF) and European Association for the Study of the Liver(EASL) recommendations announce a change of paradigm, for the management of patients infected with hepatitis C virus(HCV). The AFEF recommendations focus on the elimination of HCV infection on a national level by preventing reinfection, in less than ten years. This goal involves the facilitation of patients' management in a simplified pathway by increasing screening procedures and access to pangenotypic treatments mainly in the "reservoir" population of people who inject drugs and migrants. Even in the complex pathway of patients with previous comorbidities, AFEF takes the option of a therapeutic simplification. The EASL guidelines position themselves on the state of the art with a precise description of all therapeutic options available, without separating simplified and complex pathways even if they take into account the epidemiological evolution of difficult-to-treat populations.

Marine Species Introduced on the French Channel-Atlantic Coasts: A Review of Main Biological Invasions and Impacts

The impacts of anthropogenisation modify permanently the distribution patterns of brackish and marine species. Globalization leads to a rapid increase of the numbers of introduced species anywhere in the world. Biological invasions often result in significant losses in the economic value, biological diversity and function of invaded ecosystems. This review presents the main pathways of introduction of non-indigenous species and the main benthic taxonomic groups being established and/or invasive along the French Channel-Atlantic coasts. A focus is put on main invasive marine species in the intertidal and subtidal zones of Brittany (France), among macroalgae (Sargassum muticum, Grateloupia turuturu, Undaria pinnatifida, Codium fragile and Gracilaria vermiculophylla), halophytes (Spartina alterniflora) and benthic invertebrates (Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata, Crassostrea gigas and Venerupis philippinarum). The species biology, introduction vectors, reproductive and dispersal capacities are considered, together with proliferation patterns along the Channel-Atlantic coasts. The ecological impacts of these species on the environment are also described, as well as the European regulations existing to limit alien species introduction and some examples of struggle against the invaders including eradication trials and biomass valorization. Last, the on-going impacts of global changes on alien species invasiveness along the Channel-Atlantic coasts are discussed.

The Phenolic Potential of Wines from French Grape Varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah Cultivated in the Region of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) and Its Evolution during Aging

The aim of this work is mainly to determine the effect of the pedoclimatic conditions (“terroir”) on the phenolic composition of wine originated from three French red grape varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah, cultivated in the region of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece);simultaneously a study of its evolution during aging in a stainless steel tank, in oak barrels of different origin and in bottles is conducted. Additionally, in this work, we try to compare the evolution of phenolic composition of wines during aging in French medium toast oak barrel and in American heavy toast oak barrel. For this reason, 20 red wine samples originated from this area were analyzed. The color markers were measured by UV-spectrometry, while the phenolic acids and catechin content of the wine samples and their evolution during aging were determine by UVis-High performance liquid chromatography. Significant differences detected among the three grape varieties regarding color parameters, total anthocyanins and some phenolic acids. The increase of the extraction time during vinification affected the amounts of phenolic acids, catechin, total phenolic index (TPI) and tannin content. Gallic acid and catechin were the most abundant phenolic compounds and their amounts, as well as the concentrations of several phenolic acids were significantly affected during the storage period. Finally, the phenolic composition and the amounts of phenolic acids did not appear to be affected by the origin of oak barrels.

Diabetes in French Guiana,adapting national standards of therapeutic education and care to the amazonian challenge

French Guiana is a territory located more than 7000 km from France.It is also the largest French territory,with almost 84000 km2 and 90%of it is covered by forest.Some municipalities are isolated due to the scarcity of transportation and the poor road infrastructure.The population is extremely diverse ethnically and culturally,and includes more than thirty ethnic groups.Immigration is high because it is one of the richest countries in the area bordering northern Brazil,Suriname,Guyana,and as a result of socio-economic crises in some other countries such as Haiti,and it has permeable natural borders.Diabetes and obesity,are emerging issues,with double the prevalence of Mainland France,whereas infectious diseases,such as HIV,take second place.Therapeutic and educational management are challenging because they require the adaptation of tools and treatments to the multiculturalism and precariousness often encountered in these populations.The French and European recommendations are unsuited to the needs of the territory and must take into account the epidemiological,sociological and cultural parameters of these populations in order to provide appropriate and graded management of diabetes in the French Amazon.

Description of trauma among French service members in the Department of Defense Trauma Registry: Understanding the nature of trauma and the care provided

Background:Since 2001,the French Armed Forces have sustained many casualties during the Global War on Terror;however,even today,there is no French Military trauma registry.Some French service members(SMs)were treated in US Military Medical Treatment Facilities(MTFs)and were recorded in the US Department of Defense Trauma Registry(Do DTR).Our objective was to conduct a descriptive analysis of the injuries sustained by French SMs reported in the Do DTR and subsequent care provided to them to assist in understanding the importance of building a French Military trauma registry.Methods:Using Do DTR data collected from 2001 to 2017,a retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted.We identified 59 French SMs treated in US MTFs.The characteristics of the SMs’demographics,injuries,care provided to them,and discharge outcomes were summarized.Results:Among the 59 French SMs identified,46(78%)sustained battle injuries(BIs)and 13(22%)sustained nonbattle injuries(NBIs).There were 47(80%)SMs injured in Afghanistan(Opération Pamir),while 12(20%)were injured in Opération Chammal in Iraq and Syria.Explosives accounted for 52.5%of injuries,while 25.4%were due to gunshot wounds;all were BIs.The majority of reported injuries were penetrating(59.3%),most of which were BIs(71.7%).The mean Injury Severity Score for BIs was 12(SD=8.9)compared to 6(SD=1.7)for NBIs.Around half of SMs(n=30;51%)were injured in Afghanistan between the years 2008–2010.Among a total of 246 injuries sustained by 59 patients,extremities were the body part most prone to BIs followed by the head and face.Four SMs died after admission(6.8%).Conclusions:The Do DTR provides extensive data on trauma injuries that can be used to inform injury prevention and clinical care.The majority of injuries sustained by French SMs were BIs,caused by explosives,and predominantly occurring to the extremities;these findings are similar to those of other studies conducted in combat zones.There is a need to establish a French Military trauma registry to improve the combat casualty care provided to French SMs,and its creation may benefit from the Do DTR model.

An Analysis of the French Rassemblement National Transitions and Their Repercussions

One of the most influential European far-right political parties,the French National Front(FN),~1 changed its name to Rassemblement National in June 2018. In fact, this was an important component of the transitional policies of the FN after the ascension of Marine Le Pen to the presidency of the party in 2011. Facing a sluggish recovery after the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, in addition to other complicated domestic problems, Marine Le Pen proposed a series of policies and tactics including anti-integration, anti-Islamism, de-demonization and networked practice. The National Front sprang to prominence during the 2017 French presidential election, and had a negative impact on the French and European political ecology. Although there is little likelihood that the National Front will advance any further in the immediate future, in the long run the increasing influence of the European populist parties seems to be irrefutable.

April:Visions of Asia in the French Cinema

French films with Chinese (and sometimes English) subtitles Price:20rmb (Students:10rmb) Fidelity card:100 rmb/5 films + 1 free (Students:50 rmb) Cinema,Institut Fran ais de Chine More information on activities:www.institutfrancais-chine.

Presentation of the French Society of Mineralogyand Crystallography(SFMC)

The French Society of Mineralogy and Crystallography is honoured to be invited to give a short presentation of its activity to the Chinese Society for Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry.BRIEF HISTORY AND SOME FRENCH FOUNDERS OF

Retracing the Meeting of Structural Linguistics and French Symbolist Poetry:The Debate of The Cats by Charles Baudelaire

In 1962,the Russian linguist Romain Jakobson and the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss co-conducted a study on the poem The Cats(Les Chats)by Charles Baudelaire.Based on linguistic and ethnological references,their study focuses on a structural analysis of the famous Baudelairian sonnet at several levels such as phonological,phonetic,syntactic,prosodic,and semantic.Many critical papers were published as soon as this work appeared.Faced with the crowd of dispute and opposition,Jakobson and Lévi-Strauss wrote a series of journalistic or monographic articles to explain and defend themselves.Our study aims to be a systematic summary of the dispute,proposing to analyze the criticisms of Riffatere,Mounin,and Frandon,and giving a reading of Jakobson’s reply.In conclusion,we will try to relate this debate to the French New Criticism(la Nouvelle Critique)to understand its historical and theoretical importance.

HN-3000 computer of French technology from domestic production line applied to thermal power plant monitoring

1.Development of thermal powerplant monitoring system inChina and the HN-3000 systemThe China power industry,especially theelectric power industry,takes a strategic priorityposition in the development of China’s nationaleconomy.There are,therefore,a great numberof 200 MW,300 MW and 600 MW units on thenew installation list for satisfying the strategicneed.For the secure and economical operationof these units,up to a thousand parameters oneach unit have to be monitored.Thus,comput-erization of monitering is a stringent necessity.We started experiments on application ofcomputer to power plant control at Nanshi andGaojing power plants early in 1964,But

The Effect of Lion’s Ear (<i>Leonotis nepetifolia</i>) and African Basil (<i>Ocimum gratissimum</i>) Plant Extracts on Two-Spotted Spider Mites (<i>Tetranychus urticae</i>) for Improved Yield and Quality of French Beans

An experiment to evaluate the bio-control potential of Leonotis nepetifolia and Ocimum gratissimum plant extracts against two-spotted spider mites on French beans was conducted in the field. Five plant extract concentrations (1.5%, 3.0%, 6.0% and 12.0% w/v) were applied with water and Abamectin 0.6 ml/L as controls. Mite counts were done before and after treatment application and expressed as corrected percent efficacy. The impact of the mites on the French beans was evaluated by recording percent leaf reduction and quality and quantity by number of pods, pod length, diameter and yield. There was a dose dependent response in percent mite and leaf reduction, number of pods and yield. Treatments applied at 12% w/v indicated higher mite reduction (82.75%) for L. nepetifolia and 69.06% for O. gratissimum compared to abamectin (65.76%). The lowest percent leaf reduction of 1.71% for L. nepetifolia 0.39% for O. gratissimum and abamectin (20.46%) was also at 12% w/v. Similarly, the highest number of pod (61.00) for L. nepetifolia, 48.67 for O. gratissimum compared to 28.33 abamectin and yield (0.88 kg) for L. nepetifolia and 0.90 kg for O. gratissimum was also recorded at 12% w/v compared to 0.36 kg for abamectin. There were no significant differences in pod diameter and pod length between the extracts concentrations and abamectin. The study demonstrated the efficacy of L. nepetifolia and O. gratissimum in managing two-spotted spider mite and subsequent increase in French bean yield under field conditions.

The Referential Significance of French Interactive Spoken Corpus to the Construction of Spoken Corpus in China

In the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction,this paper will summarize the development,research background,characteristics and experience of CLAPI interactive spoken corpus which is jointly developed by UniversitéLumière Lyon II andÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon in the aspect of interactive spoken corpus construction.Combined with the characteristics of interactive spoken corpus construction,it proposes suggestions for the construction of spoken corpus in China by focusing on the former period of corpus collection,the mid period of corpus annotation as well as the later period of corpus research and promotion.It is predictable that interactive communication spoken corpus should be incorporated into spoken corpus,which not only enriches and improves the corpus itself,but also makes positive exploration on achieving the fact that corpus serve for language teaching and research.