Research on the damage of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in Beijing by remote sensing

Using aerial photos and high resolution satellite images of the year of 2004,this paper establishes remote sensing interpretation marks of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty's damaged levels. Based on field survey and remote sensing survey in 1984,we analyzed present situation and changing characteristics being of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in Beijing. The results show that about 7.02% of the wall is well-preserved (about 25861 m); 31.5% of the wall is slightly or moderately dam-aged (about 115989 m); 61.5% of the wall is badly damaged (about 226379 m). This paper analyzes the dynamic change of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. It shows that the damaged situation of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in Beijing is serious. From 1984 to 2004,the well-preserved wall is decreased by 33206 m (decreased by 56%); badly damaged wall increased by 51207 m (increased by 67%). Finally,this paper analyzes the influence factors of damaging Great Wall. The conclusion is as follows: The damaged Great Wall is generally near the roads and villages,small slope,and easily arriving land.

Investigation of Vegetation Resources on City Wall of the Ming Dynasty in Nanjing City and Ecological Evaluation of the City Wall

Phyto-groups on 5 remained city wall sections of the Ming Dynasty in Nanjing City was investigated through on-the-spot survey,99 species of 93 genera,60 families were found,and species of Asteraceae and Poaceae accounted for the largest ratio.Plants on the city wall are characterized by strong drought resistance and precocity,their seeds can grow out of the wall cracks,and roots secrete acidoid and obtain nutrients from wall bricks.Plants on different wall sections are different,and human interventions influence phyto-groups on the city wall greatly.On this basis,it was concluded that plants had negative influence on city wall,especially plant roots destroyed the wall seriously.Corresponding researches were carried out and prevention suggestions proposed to provide scientific support for the protection of ancient city walls in Nanjing City.

Landscape Design of the Ming Dynasty Outer City Wall in Nanjing from the Perspective of Experience Tourism

Taking a section of the Ming Dynasty Outer City Wall from Xianhe Gate to Qilin Gate for example, this paper proposed the landscape design from the perspective of experience tourism, highlighted the wal, and took the beautiful environment and rich history and cultures of the Ming Dynasty Outer City Wall as the essential experience elements, to build cultural recreational corridors with the theme of "experiencing the Ming Dynasty culture", so that visitors will get unforgettable experience, tourism quality, popularity of the Ming Dynasty Outer City Wall as well as its cultural and educational significance will be further promoted.

Characteristics of the site selection and the layout of the Great Wall of the Ming dynasty from a military perspective:Xiaohekou section as an example

As a great engineering work for the purpose of military defense in the time of Cold Weapon,the Great Wall’s military function is of the most importance.This study takes the Xiaohekou section of the Great Wall in Mount.Zhuizi constructed in the Ming Dynasty in Liaoning Province as the research object.In addition,this study discusses the relationship between the terrain and its site selection and layout from the military perspective.This research analyzes the trend and the grade of the terrain,the distance,the view range,and the effective firing range between the main body and the subsidiary establishments through GIS software.The GPS data collected in the on-site investigation were used,applying the theories of military geomorphology.Furthermore,this study concludes the characteristics of the site selection and the layouts of the city walls,the hollow watchtowers,the M a ria n s,and the signal towers on different terrains and the reasons behind.

明长城青砖强度及超声回弹测强曲线回归分析

长城是我国古代人民智慧的结晶,也是著名世界历史文化遗产,其中明长城占中国长城总长度的41%。青砖作为明长城重要建筑材料,其强度直接关系到长城结构的安全性和耐久性,也是修缮过程中重复利用的重要依据。由于长城是我国重点保护文物,不宜采用破损的测试方法,应以无损检测方法为主。在北京延庆大庄科段倒塌的长城中,随机选取27块青砖,对其进行回弹、超声及抗压测试。通过回弹值和抗压强度回归拟合了线性、幂和指数函数3种形式的测强曲线,对比分析了决定系数、平均相对误差以及均方相对误差,结果表明指数函数的测强曲线最优。通过回弹值、超声值和抗压强度回归拟合了幂函数形式的综合测强曲线,对比分析表明该曲线优于回弹测强曲线。

明长城镇朔关考

镇朔关是明长城最东端的一座关口,也是明代辽东东南部各民族交往交流交融的重要通道。因相关文献记载较少,且语焉不详,学界在镇朔关的地望和建置年代方面尚未达成共识。本文对记载比较详细、地理位置相对准确的明辽东镇长城关口的相关资料进行比较研究,分析总结出明辽东镇长城关口设置的共性特点,并在实地调查的基础上推定镇朔关应在今辽宁省宽甸满族自治县和凤城市邻境区域的大边沟河谷内与明长城墙体交叉处。通过梳理明嘉靖中后期辽东镇长城东段营建和经营的相关史料,推测镇朔关营建于嘉靖二十五年(1546年)。

北京明长城沿线乡村聚落空间形态特征及其影响因素研究

明长城军防体系对周边乡村聚落空间形态产生深远影响并表现出复杂差异性。本研究以北京市密云区30个明长城沿线聚落空间为研究对象,通过调查、量化、对比分析城堡内、外聚落空间和一般聚落空间三者之间的形态差异,梳理北京明长城沿线聚落空间形态特征,分析其影响因素。研究发现,聚落规模、聚落边界形态、路网连接程度、公共空间分形维度和建筑之间规模秩序与城堡有明显的关联关系。明长城军防体系、自然环境限制和生活方式转变是影响明长城沿线聚落空间形态特征的主要因素。本研究为明长城沿线聚落空间形态特征认知、传统村落保护发展规划、长城文化遗产空间的保护与传承提供借鉴。

从清前期长城地带历史变迁看中华文明的“五个突出特性”

在2023年6月2日召开的文化传承发展座谈会上,习近平总书记以连续性、创新性、统一性、包容性、和平性五个关键词对中华文明的突出特性作出系统、精准的总结、提炼,该理论即是中华文明的“五个突出特性”。结合清前期长城地带的历史变迁可知,清朝在使用和管理长城上体现了中华文明突出的连续性,在促进长城地带统一上体现了中华文明突出的创新性,在维系长城地带的统合上体现了中华文明突出的统一性,在促进长城地带民族交融上体现了中华文明突出的包容性,在维系长城地带和平及贸易上体现了中华文明突出的和平性。

京津冀明长城军防聚落现代演化及分类保护策略探讨

长城营建和使用的主体是人。明代大量军民来到沿线居住、生活,形成了特殊的军防聚落体系。作为屯兵城池和主要的指挥阵地,明长城沿线军防聚落在当时肩负着重要的军事使命。而从明末尤其是清代以来,当长城防御体系的军事性作用慢慢淡化之后,原先的军防聚落逐渐演变为普通居民聚落,并不断发展为乡村、县城,甚至都市,对现代京津冀城镇地理格局产生了深远影响。文章以京津冀范围内所有明长城军防聚落为主要研究对象,探讨其在现代的不同演化结果和内在规律,并以“人与遗产”关系视角,从军防聚落的不同演化结果出发,关注“遗产化”之后的长城军防聚落与人的互动关系,归纳出“城市型”“乡村型”“荒野型”和“景区型”4类,并对其面临的问题和分类保护策略进行探讨。

后大礼议时期的嘉靖初年政治——以君臣文书交流为中心的考察

以议礼为线索,嘉靖初年发生了一系列政治纷争。在李福达案与科、道互纠中,世宗与张璁等人的通力合作,成为嘉靖朝君臣以文书交流的先声与契机。通过君臣之间的秘密文书往来,世宗借汪佃侍讲一事机密、有效地清查翰林官员,皇权在具体政务实施中的作用得以放大。在张璁、桂萼去职与杨一清受贿两案中,秘密通信成为诸臣攻讦政敌、倾轧同僚的手段。世宗君臣视私密文书通信为重要交流手段,共同铸就了后大礼议时代的嘉靖初年政治。

明朝天启二年黄石矶造安庆古城墙砖研究

通过对“天启二年黄石矶造”安庆古城墙砖的清理、辨别、分析。明确了古城墙砖的铭文内容、烧造地,解析了铭文模印的方式,并从文玩欣赏的角度品析了古城墙砖的视觉风貌和铭文字体的书法艺术特色。

Stereo mapping of Ming Great Wall with remote sensing

Listed by UNESCO in 1987 as a World Heritage site,the world-famous Ming Great Wall stretches several thousands of kilometers across northern China,and served as a massive military defensive system which in recent times has a unique historical,artistic and scientific value.Due to historical reasons and lack of advanced technologies,construction resources and conservation status of Ming Great Wall have not been investigated in any systematic manner;indeed,the extent of the Great Wall has not even been measured.This has resulted in a shortage of reliable first-hand scientific information on actual size,spatially resource distribution and preservation status of this World Heritage site.Driven by the urgent need to establish protection,research,renovation and management of Ming Great Wall,a comprehensive investigation and spatial mapping was jointly organized and completed by the State Bureau of Survey and Mapping and State Administration of Culture Heritage.High resolution digital stereo models at 1:10000 map scale covering the whole length of the Ming Great Wall have been created by photogrammetric reconstruction using nearly ten thousand aerial images.Spatial distribution and attributes of the wall sections,trenches and various subsidiary facilities in the surroundings of the Great Wall were measured with the help of digital photogrammetry workstations and results from field studies.Reliable and precise information about the Ming Great Wall has now been obtained and documented,including surface lengths,resource distribution,and preservation status.For example,the total length of Ming Great Wall is 8851.8 km,of which 6259.6 km is of actual wall,2232.5 km of natural terrain,and 359.7 km of trenches.In category lengths,1828.8 km is constructed of stone,3411.3 km of earth,249.6 km in brick,197.5 km of cliff wall and the rest 572.4 km of other means.Such information provides the scientific basis and strong platform in helping to delineate areas needing protection,in planning conservation and renovation programs,as well as digital archiving for posterity and web-based applications for modern promotions of one of the world's great attractions,the Ming Great Wall.

秦皇岛段明长城时序InSAR遥感动态监测

地面沉降是京津冀地区常见的地质灾害之一,地面不均匀沉降对于明长城的保护存在着潜在威胁,从而造成不可逆转的损失。文章采用2016—2018年的53景Sentinel-1数据,基于永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture Radar,PS-InSAR)和小基线集(small baseline subsets,SBAS)技术获取秦皇岛段明长城地表形变信息。将合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture Radar,SAR)数据基于不同的处理方法获取的形变结果进行交叉验证检验监测结果的精度,得到两者数据线性相关性R 2达到0.81。结合地下水水位变化、地质构造、地层岩性数据、土地利用数据及高速公路铁路分布等辅助数据,对明长城沿线沉降进行成因分析。最后基于广义回归神经网络(generalized regression neural network,GRNN)对明长城沉降进行预测。结果表明:秦皇岛段明长城沿线表现出不同程度的形变,形变严重的区域主要集中在东部及东北部区域,最大沉降速率超过-12 mm/a;地面沉降与地下水开采关联不大;明长城在与断裂带相遇前后沉降速率表现出微小差异;沉降严重区主要发生在第四系全新统黏土层;交通道路运营暂时未对明长城沿线沉降造成较大影响。GRNN预测结果表明未来明长城沿线沉降有逐渐增大的趋势,部分区域需要重点关注。研究对位于山地地貌明长城进行系统的监测和整体保护提供技术支持。

基于附燧遥感考古调查的明长城烽传场景新识

在中国“长城资源调查”工程实施后,明长城全线仍有大量遗址及其历史场景信息处于蒙尘状态,反映出传统考古信息采集方法的一定局限性。在国家文化公园建设背景下,为深入理清明长城的燃烽预警场景,首次对一类非常重要但被长期忽视的设施——附燧展开全面调查。通过实验室自建的“明长城全线实景三维数据库”筛查、低空遥感测绘及补充踏勘,共计定位、测绘162处遗址,发现附燧是在明长城全线广域应用的重要燃烽设施。文章进一步分析了附燧的保存状态、单体形制、空间类型及选址特点等内容,揭示了明长城“台下点烟,多烟传烽”的传烽历史场景。以低空遥感为技术基础,通过群体遗址的全线图像数据采集和整理,提升相关资源信息的掌握程度,进而发现隐藏文化遗产类型的方法,同样适用于其他类型线路遗产的研究。

“大一统”观下明朝经营永昌府的儒学方略及其影响

明王朝通过建立儒学教育体系、改革人才选拔机制等方式,在西南边疆民族地区推行儒学方略,产生了深远影响。逐步实现国家权力在边地永昌府的下沉、国家形象及权威在边疆民族中的树立。在长期的儒学教化下,永昌府风俗移易,诗书礼义受到推崇,人文蔚兴,各民族间的交往交流交融不断扩大深化,对国家的认同和儒家文化的认同增强,为维护边疆、民族的统一奠定思想基础。明朝在永昌府实施的儒学方略,是数千年来中国政治追求的“大一统”理想在边疆民族地区的国家实践。

明长城军事聚落地理景观模式

【目的】长城是中国古代伟大的军事工程,不同地段的地形特征与人工修筑的工事巧妙融合,形成独特的地理景观。为揭示古人营建思想与选址智慧,剖析长城军事地理蕴含的文化内涵。【方法】系统梳理古代9部描述“形胜”和“冲缓”的代表性著作,梳理出“极冲”“最冲”“次冲”“又次冲”“冲”“稍缓”“缓”7种军事地理类型,以其中3部著作中的4种军事地理类型为样本,利用ArcGIS软件,分析军堡与长城边墙的距离、与水系的距离、高程、坡度、起伏度,解释冲缓等级的地形特征。【结果】发现离边墙越远,军堡“冲缓”等级越低,规模越大;交通通道越窄,敌军同时通过的人数越少,军堡“冲缓”等级越低。【结论】揭示了古人从全局视角进行九边重镇规划布局的形胜智慧,以及从微观视角的“因地形用险制塞”的选址智慧,为长城价值研究和国家文化公园展示策略提供借鉴。

论“水头”在明代西北边防体系中的地位与作用

“水头”是明代西北以边墙为主体的边防体系的重要组成部分。控扼水头是明代边墙修筑的首要原则,争夺水头是明蒙军事斗争的重要目标。水头所在区域是明代西北边墙防御体系的延伸和扩大。水头的兴废表明在人地关系的作用下明代西北边界是有变化的。

宁夏方言古语词丛考

宁夏方言作为西北长城地带北方话的重要组成部分,主要是随着明代以来几次大的移民迁徙逐渐形成的。在宁夏方言中,留存着部分颇具特色的古语词。有的词语仅存语音,难以确定字形,需通过语音、语义探求本字;有些词语保留古义仍在方言中使用;有的已改变为与本义有联系的其他意义。本文选取11个有特点的古语词加以考释,探求方言词语流变的历史过程。同时根据这部分词语的使用范围,力图揭示影响宁夏方言词汇面貌的不同因素。

西汉河西长城与丝绸之路

匈奴是西汉王朝在西北地区的最大对手,对西汉王朝形成强大的压力,汉王朝不得不采取诸多办法对付。从汉武帝开始采取武力征服并继续进行长城的修建,特别是在河西走廊地区北部新修了长达数千里的长城防御体系,才真正解决了匈奴侵扰的问题,“建塞徼,起亭燧,筑外城,设屯戍,以守之,然后边境得用少安”,形成了“边境强,则中国安,中国安则晏然无事”。长城既巩固了边疆地区的安全,又保障了丝绸之路的畅通和文化交流。