Animal Farm,full of symbolism,is regarded as a classic portrayal of anti-utopianism in the real world and a satire on the Russian Revolution.George Orwell expresses his views of totalitarianism by using animals to rep...Animal Farm,full of symbolism,is regarded as a classic portrayal of anti-utopianism in the real world and a satire on the Russian Revolution.George Orwell expresses his views of totalitarianism by using animals to represent the major characters from the period of the Russian Revolution,from Karl Marx and Tsar Nicholas II to Stalin and Trotsky.His characters and scenar io paint a vision of a world of communism in Soviet Union,and Animal Farm chronicles the events and people of the Russian Revolution.Based on the historical background of the novel,this thesis is to reveal the real-life counterparts that the fictional characters in Animal Farm represent,thus uncovering the true meaning of the story.展开更多
Focusing on the relationship between the German Mennonite colonists and the self-professed followers of Nestor Makhno, this paper attempts to present a view of the Revolution in which participants are seen primarily t...Focusing on the relationship between the German Mennonite colonists and the self-professed followers of Nestor Makhno, this paper attempts to present a view of the Revolution in which participants are seen primarily through the framework of competition, rather than through binary narrative structures of victims vs. perpetrators, bourgeoisie vs. proletariat, revolutionaries vs. counterrevolutionaries, etc.. Always with an eye at a real or an imagined opponent, the Mennonites and the avowed adherents of the fabled bat＇ko ended up profoundly influencing one another, conditioning one＇s moves and limiting one＇s latitude as does the omnipresent other vis-a-vis the unfolding self. In that light, violence, which both sides had on their record, functioned to cement such ongoing dialects, carrying the protagonists of these turbulent times well beyond their original intentions.展开更多
This paper presents an analysis of the former Chinese Communist Party leader Chairman Mao Zedong’s political career(reigned 1949–1976),with regard to his success and failures.Mao was one of the most prominent Commun...This paper presents an analysis of the former Chinese Communist Party leader Chairman Mao Zedong’s political career(reigned 1949–1976),with regard to his success and failures.Mao was one of the most prominent Communist theoreticians who governed a quarter of humankind for a quarter of a century.His political philosophy,particularly his Method of Leadership,focusing on the“masses”is discussed here.The analytical arguments are centered on three phases of his leadership:The rise,the apex,and the fall.In the first phase,the paper attributes his victory before 1949 to his profound understanding of Chinese peasants.In the second phase,it elaborates on his successful method of leadership in the early 1950s.And in the third and last phase,it criticizes his disastrous political movements,particularly the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution,from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s.The study hopes to offer an objective and a balanced view of Chairman Mao,who had a complex personality and was a highly controversial figure in human history.The article also wishes to help readers gain a better understanding of China’s top leader in recent history,and how China came to be what it is today.展开更多
The Russian theatre has not been neglected in the studies on theatre history, literary criticism and dramatic arts. The paper attempts to have a look at the 1787 Drama Dictionary, the first theatre reference book publ...The Russian theatre has not been neglected in the studies on theatre history, literary criticism and dramatic arts. The paper attempts to have a look at the 1787 Drama Dictionary, the first theatre reference book published in the country （with a very long Russian title containing 35 words） as a cultural product of the Enlightenment Age produced by its representative. In the introduction to the dictionary the compiler says that the publication would help young people develop a taste for refined entertainment and reject violent leisure activities of the past, enjoy theatre and learn life moral lessons from it. He considers theatre as a powerful means of changing Russian society as has been demanded by the Enlightenment Age. The structural and sociocultural analyses of 1787 Drama Dictionary materials give us an insight into some ways of westernising Russian society through theatre and how this westernisation was reflected in the theatre terminology of the time. I have argued that Russian-European Relationships resulting in the westernisation of Russian theatre theory and practices went hand in hand with the Russian translation-adaptation of Western plays and adaptation of some Western cultural patterns of social thinking and behaviour without rejecting completely the national identity in newly-born Russian dramatic literature.展开更多
By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "c...By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "courtyard·yard" space he once imagined in the modern city and large public buildings,and expounds the value and significance of his conception.The author believes that the expansion and transformation of important works should be based on historical research and centered on the spirit of space,and the intangible space outside of tangible entities should be carefully treated,so as to better complete the transmission of modern Chinese space experience.展开更多
Born with the national states and the world situation,the discipline of Russian history in China took on such three missions as scholarly feelings,national responsibility and academic duties from the beginning.If star...Born with the national states and the world situation,the discipline of Russian history in China took on such three missions as scholarly feelings,national responsibility and academic duties from the beginning.If starting from A Brief Russian History(《俄国志略》)edited and translated by Lujiang Qijiren(鹭江奇迹人)in 1878,this discipline has already had a history of 140 years in China.If dated back to Russian History(《俄国史》)written by Lou Zhuangxing(娄壮行)published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1933,it has had an 85-year-old history.This 100-year period is the time when the discipline of Russian history forged ahead and faced a splendid era.While cherishing the arduous course of the discipline of Russian History1,it is indeed necessary to review and refl ect a century-old history of Russian history and its research.展开更多
"Make the past serve the present!"Thus goes Mao Zedong's slogan on how to appropriate the ancient in revolutionary times.In my previous studies,I have argued that the Chinese writers,engagement with the ..."Make the past serve the present!"Thus goes Mao Zedong's slogan on how to appropriate the ancient in revolutionary times.In my previous studies,I have argued that the Chinese writers,engagement with the an cient gave rise to a platform of"necessary anachronism"in cultural transformation.This new project carries further this argument and draws attention to the transmediality in the leftist historical imagination.From the 1940s through the 1970s,the revolutionary representations of the ancient were simultaneously poetic,theatrical,intellectual,and cinematic,to say nothing about the calligraphic and visual adaptations they elicited.This current of reinventing the ancient man tested itself in the historical drama in wartime China and found a coda in the anti-colonial leftist cinematic adaptation of the historical play Qu Yuan in 1970s Hong Kong.Starting with a broader theoret:ical intervention into the issue of media,this paper emphasizes that the transmedial reinterpretation of the ancient in fact formed a mode of mediaUon between revolution and history,between politics and aesthetics.In the cultural regime of China's long revolution,the transference or translation of the allegorical-anachronistic energies among different media was a key site of signification,contestation,and crisis.展开更多
The research of the Russian issue in academic level has a great importance. The Putin-term Russian economy is inadvance, and it reminds of the great economy of the old Soviet Union. For that reason, Putin was given th...The research of the Russian issue in academic level has a great importance. The Putin-term Russian economy is inadvance, and it reminds of the great economy of the old Soviet Union. For that reason, Putin was given the nicknameof the new Russian Tsar. Putin is well-liked by the Russian citizens; as a person he is liked by a vast majority of theRussian population. Putin is indepted his great personality both to the successes achived from the Chechen War andto the numerous successes he has achieved in the economic stabilization since he undertook the management of Rsia. It is true that today Russia has no enough political and economical power to maintain the bipolar world as Ria has an economy of smaller than the one-tenth of the US economy. Nonetheless, Russia is still the secondsuper power of the world as she has nuclear weapons and more than 20 satellites in the space. Russia, today, is aself-sufficient country in having the technology of launching her own satellites, and the very first inventors of therocket technology are Russians. Today, Turkey has a lot to learn from Russia. Putin has been able to attract foreigncapital. The removal of the bureaucratic obstacles affecting the foreigners can be an example to this. Today, Turkeychooses the way of selling of the lands to attract the foreign capital. I think the selling of the lands is not a sensiblepolicy to attract foreign capital, and if the Russian model is adopted more efficient results can be obtained.展开更多
Traditional Chinese culture covers a variety of ethical principles and behavioral norms that have arisen from thousands of years of Chinese social life to handle interpersonal relationships in an appropriate way. Such...Traditional Chinese culture covers a variety of ethical principles and behavioral norms that have arisen from thousands of years of Chinese social life to handle interpersonal relationships in an appropriate way. Such principles and norms are a typical expression of Chinese people＇s wisdom in the analysis of their surroundings. However, traditional Chinese culture also contains some poisonous thinking that has been carefully nurtured by feudal rulers to maintain their power. In the practice of the great social changes of pre-1949 China, after repeated experience, people gained a relatively clear and comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture： it should neither be totally affirmed nor totally rejected. Rather, we should analyze it concretely, endeavoring to separate the dross from the essence. In late Qing and Republican China, traditional culture was continuously handed on and renewed, and this process will be carried on and on.展开更多
文摘Animal Farm,full of symbolism,is regarded as a classic portrayal of anti-utopianism in the real world and a satire on the Russian Revolution.George Orwell expresses his views of totalitarianism by using animals to represent the major characters from the period of the Russian Revolution,from Karl Marx and Tsar Nicholas II to Stalin and Trotsky.His characters and scenar io paint a vision of a world of communism in Soviet Union,and Animal Farm chronicles the events and people of the Russian Revolution.Based on the historical background of the novel,this thesis is to reveal the real-life counterparts that the fictional characters in Animal Farm represent,thus uncovering the true meaning of the story.
文摘Focusing on the relationship between the German Mennonite colonists and the self-professed followers of Nestor Makhno, this paper attempts to present a view of the Revolution in which participants are seen primarily through the framework of competition, rather than through binary narrative structures of victims vs. perpetrators, bourgeoisie vs. proletariat, revolutionaries vs. counterrevolutionaries, etc.. Always with an eye at a real or an imagined opponent, the Mennonites and the avowed adherents of the fabled bat＇ko ended up profoundly influencing one another, conditioning one＇s moves and limiting one＇s latitude as does the omnipresent other vis-a-vis the unfolding self. In that light, violence, which both sides had on their record, functioned to cement such ongoing dialects, carrying the protagonists of these turbulent times well beyond their original intentions.
文摘This paper presents an analysis of the former Chinese Communist Party leader Chairman Mao Zedong’s political career(reigned 1949–1976),with regard to his success and failures.Mao was one of the most prominent Communist theoreticians who governed a quarter of humankind for a quarter of a century.His political philosophy,particularly his Method of Leadership,focusing on the“masses”is discussed here.The analytical arguments are centered on three phases of his leadership:The rise,the apex,and the fall.In the first phase,the paper attributes his victory before 1949 to his profound understanding of Chinese peasants.In the second phase,it elaborates on his successful method of leadership in the early 1950s.And in the third and last phase,it criticizes his disastrous political movements,particularly the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution,from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s.The study hopes to offer an objective and a balanced view of Chairman Mao,who had a complex personality and was a highly controversial figure in human history.The article also wishes to help readers gain a better understanding of China’s top leader in recent history,and how China came to be what it is today.
文摘The Russian theatre has not been neglected in the studies on theatre history, literary criticism and dramatic arts. The paper attempts to have a look at the 1787 Drama Dictionary, the first theatre reference book published in the country （with a very long Russian title containing 35 words） as a cultural product of the Enlightenment Age produced by its representative. In the introduction to the dictionary the compiler says that the publication would help young people develop a taste for refined entertainment and reject violent leisure activities of the past, enjoy theatre and learn life moral lessons from it. He considers theatre as a powerful means of changing Russian society as has been demanded by the Enlightenment Age. The structural and sociocultural analyses of 1787 Drama Dictionary materials give us an insight into some ways of westernising Russian society through theatre and how this westernisation was reflected in the theatre terminology of the time. I have argued that Russian-European Relationships resulting in the westernisation of Russian theatre theory and practices went hand in hand with the Russian translation-adaptation of Western plays and adaptation of some Western cultural patterns of social thinking and behaviour without rejecting completely the national identity in newly-born Russian dramatic literature.
文摘By introducing two famous works of Mr.Zhang Kaiji in his later years,the reconstruction plan of Beijing Planetarium and the Museum of Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History,the paper analyzes the "courtyard·yard" space he once imagined in the modern city and large public buildings,and expounds the value and significance of his conception.The author believes that the expansion and transformation of important works should be based on historical research and centered on the spirit of space,and the intangible space outside of tangible entities should be carefully treated,so as to better complete the transmission of modern Chinese space experience.
文摘Born with the national states and the world situation,the discipline of Russian history in China took on such three missions as scholarly feelings,national responsibility and academic duties from the beginning.If starting from A Brief Russian History(《俄国志略》)edited and translated by Lujiang Qijiren(鹭江奇迹人)in 1878,this discipline has already had a history of 140 years in China.If dated back to Russian History(《俄国史》)written by Lou Zhuangxing(娄壮行)published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1933,it has had an 85-year-old history.This 100-year period is the time when the discipline of Russian history forged ahead and faced a splendid era.While cherishing the arduous course of the discipline of Russian History1,it is indeed necessary to review and refl ect a century-old history of Russian history and its research.
文摘"Make the past serve the present!"Thus goes Mao Zedong's slogan on how to appropriate the ancient in revolutionary times.In my previous studies,I have argued that the Chinese writers,engagement with the an cient gave rise to a platform of"necessary anachronism"in cultural transformation.This new project carries further this argument and draws attention to the transmediality in the leftist historical imagination.From the 1940s through the 1970s,the revolutionary representations of the ancient were simultaneously poetic,theatrical,intellectual,and cinematic,to say nothing about the calligraphic and visual adaptations they elicited.This current of reinventing the ancient man tested itself in the historical drama in wartime China and found a coda in the anti-colonial leftist cinematic adaptation of the historical play Qu Yuan in 1970s Hong Kong.Starting with a broader theoret:ical intervention into the issue of media,this paper emphasizes that the transmedial reinterpretation of the ancient in fact formed a mode of mediaUon between revolution and history,between politics and aesthetics.In the cultural regime of China's long revolution,the transference or translation of the allegorical-anachronistic energies among different media was a key site of signification,contestation,and crisis.
文摘The research of the Russian issue in academic level has a great importance. The Putin-term Russian economy is inadvance, and it reminds of the great economy of the old Soviet Union. For that reason, Putin was given the nicknameof the new Russian Tsar. Putin is well-liked by the Russian citizens; as a person he is liked by a vast majority of theRussian population. Putin is indepted his great personality both to the successes achived from the Chechen War andto the numerous successes he has achieved in the economic stabilization since he undertook the management of Rsia. It is true that today Russia has no enough political and economical power to maintain the bipolar world as Ria has an economy of smaller than the one-tenth of the US economy. Nonetheless, Russia is still the secondsuper power of the world as she has nuclear weapons and more than 20 satellites in the space. Russia, today, is aself-sufficient country in having the technology of launching her own satellites, and the very first inventors of therocket technology are Russians. Today, Turkey has a lot to learn from Russia. Putin has been able to attract foreigncapital. The removal of the bureaucratic obstacles affecting the foreigners can be an example to this. Today, Turkeychooses the way of selling of the lands to attract the foreign capital. I think the selling of the lands is not a sensiblepolicy to attract foreign capital, and if the Russian model is adopted more efficient results can be obtained.
文摘Traditional Chinese culture covers a variety of ethical principles and behavioral norms that have arisen from thousands of years of Chinese social life to handle interpersonal relationships in an appropriate way. Such principles and norms are a typical expression of Chinese people＇s wisdom in the analysis of their surroundings. However, traditional Chinese culture also contains some poisonous thinking that has been carefully nurtured by feudal rulers to maintain their power. In the practice of the great social changes of pre-1949 China, after repeated experience, people gained a relatively clear and comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture： it should neither be totally affirmed nor totally rejected. Rather, we should analyze it concretely, endeavoring to separate the dross from the essence. In late Qing and Republican China, traditional culture was continuously handed on and renewed, and this process will be carried on and on.
