Genetic analyses of ancient tea trees provide insights into the breeding history and dissemination of Chinese Assam tea(Camellia sinensis var.assamica)

Chinese Assam tea(Camellia sinensis var.assamica)is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan,China.Despite its potential value as a genetic resource,its genetic diversity and domestication/breeding history remain unclear.To address this issue,we genotyped 469 ancient tea plant trees representing 26 C.sinensis var.assamica populations,plus two of its wild relatives(six and three populations of C.taliensis and C.crassicolumna,respectively)using 16 nuclear microsatellite loci.Results showed that Chinese Assam tea has a relatively high,but comparatively lower gene diversity(H_(S)=0.638)than the wild relative C.crassicolumna(H_S=0.658).Clustering in STRUCTURE indicated that Chinese Assam tea and its two wild relatives formed distinct genetic groups,with considerable interspecific introgression.The Chinese Assam tea accessions clustered into three gene pools,corresponding well with their geographic distribution.However,New Hybrids analysis indicated that 68.48%of ancient Chinese Assam tea plants from Xishuangbanna were genetic intermediates between the Puer and Lincang gene pools.In addition,10%of the ancient Chinese Assam tea individuals were found to be hybrids between Chinese Assam tea and C.taliensis.Our results suggest that Chinese Assam tea was domesticated separately in three gene pools(Puer,Lincang and Xishuangbanna)in the Mekong River valley and that the hybrids were subsequently selected during the domestication process.Although the domestication history of Chinese Assam tea in southwestern Yunnan remains complex,our results will help to identify valuable genetic resources that may be useful in future tea breeding programs.

The History of Saffron in China:From Its Origin to Applications

Saffron(Stigma Croci)is an autumn-flowering perennial plant,and its use has a history of over 3500 years.Saffron has often been considered as the costliest medicinal plant,a premium spice,and the best dye with a golden yellowish color.Iran currently produces the finest quality saffron and dominates its global production(>90%).Other countries such as Australia,Canada,the USA,China,and some countries in Central Africa,produce saffron at a lower yield.In China,saffron is celebrated as“red gold”owing to the red stigmas of the flower and its price,which is comparable to the price of gold.Saffron has been one of the most attractive traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)herbs in the Zhong Guo Yao Dian(《中国药典》Chinese Pharmacopoeia)since its inclusion in the 2005 edition.The earliest use of saffron in TCM was recorded in the Ben Cao Shi Yi(《本草拾遗》Supplement to Materia Medica)written during the Tang dynasty(741 A.D.).However,saffron grown in inland China has been widely mistaken as originating from Tibet.This is because its Chinese name begins with“Xi”or“Zang,”which sounds similar to its Tibetan name(“Xi Zang”).In this review,we clarify the origin of saffron and its introduction to China and summarize its various applications.

An Exploration of the Original Meaning and Connotation of Daoyin from “Movement” and “Essential Qi”

Now,daoyin has developed into a complete set of conventional movement patterns,such as Baduanjin,Yijinjing,and Wuqinxi.However,the original meaning and the connotation of daoyin is ignored by people gradually,which will hinder the development of daoyin and make the specific application difficult.In this article,we will explore the basic composition of the daoyin–“movement”and its intrinsic basis–“essential qi”to think about the original meaning and connotation of daoyin.

Origin and cultivation history of rice in China

cies of cultivated rice in ancient China is possibly more northward than in the modern times. The earliest rice grains unearthed from the Neolithic sites existed along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The later ones were found in Yunnan Province, South China and along the Yellow River reaches. Primitive rice cropping in the Taihu Lake region which is on the lower reach of the Yangtze River has already a 6,000-7,000 years history and the primitive tribes growing rice there are ancestors of the Yue Nationality since the beginning of the history, hence the Yue Nationality is the most important one for rice cropping in China. During the periods of Spring-Autumn and Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties (from 722 B.C. to A.D.220 ), Yue people disseminated rice to Japan, Korea and other Southeast Asian countries by sea. In the period of over 3,000 years since the recorded history,the rice development in China has experienced changes from north to south and from south to north. As Chinese c

Origin Africa: A Natural History

The book is a unique introduction to the natural history and evolution of the most misrepresented continent on Earth.Celebrated evolutionary biologist and artist Jonathan Kingdon,a leading expert on the natural history of Africa,tells this extraordinary story as no one else can.Featuring a wealth of photographs and illustrations,the book is both a visual and narrative feast.

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

A Brief Introduction of Yi Xue Shi (《医学史》 History of Medicine)

The book Yi Xue Shi(《医学史》History of Medicine)was written and edited by Cecilia Mettler and Fred Mettler couple,published in 1947.The book is about the literature research of systematic introduction to the history of medical development worldwide.The book provides a detailed description of the development of various medical disciplines and subjects through various documents and the authors and publication dates.Especially,Prof.Mettler has introduced the Chinese Yin and Yang(阴阳)and the five element theory(五行学说)and Shen Nung’s Materia Medica(神农本草)in this book.

建构现代学术与重勘中华文明——20世纪以来《楚辞》神话研究概述及反思

有别于传统经史范式,中国现代神话学的建立是《楚辞》神话研究的基本前提。在异质文化冲击和现代学术建构的驱力下,20世纪以来的《楚辞》神话研究成为时人理解中华文化、重勘中华文明的途径。20世纪前期形成的四条基本路径影响至今:诉诸信史的实证研究、文学艺术的系统研究、跨文明比较研究、人类学和民族学阐释。经20世纪中期过渡,80年代以来的《楚辞》神话研究走向繁荣和学科自觉。同时,随着中国神话学界的前沿反思与范式推进,《楚辞》神话与中国文明起源特征、早期经典形成、早期中国思想史等问题成为学界热点。新的学术视野和新的学术使命都昭示着,《楚辞》神话研究必将继续参与到更深入更宽阔的当代学术发展中。

“古书诗书多互称”说辩证

《墨子》《战国策》《吕氏春秋》等书引《诗》之文句而称“书”、引《书》之文句而称“诗”,以及不见于今传《诗》《书》的同一文句在被古书引用时或称“诗”或称“书”的现象,孙诒让以“古书诗书多互称”之说作解,以往学者又有讹误说、“书”为五经总名说、“诗”非《诗经》文本之专名说、所引文句同出一源而分采入“诗”“书”之说等。本文从先秦时人所称“诗”之含义以及“诗”“书”之间存在交集等复杂情况出发,逐一考察具体用例,广搜古书中类似文句以为参照,探究所谓“诗书互称”现象背后的原因。

多模态赋能史学通识教育的思政导引模式

该文探讨了多模态在史学通识课程中的赋能原理和实施模式,分析了基于多模态信息的供给、推理、构建和合并过程。与传统依托文本的课程思政教育不同,多模态资源本身具有开放性、互动性和多样性等特点。因此,课程思政的引导重点在于利用多模态信息资源加深学生对史实价值的认识,提供深度互动和自主推理、构建和整合的学习环境,强调问题意识和实践导向。

《山海经》夏启“右手操环”解码——佩玉环的史前巨人

论文以文学人类学的视角,利用四重证据法,探讨镇原县博物馆墓葬中,史前“巨人”佩玉环和《山海经》夏启“右手操环”的文化意义。史前巨人左手腕部的墨绿色玉环,将问题引向史前的玉环与葬俗文化间的关联。通过考察多个史前遗址考古新发现情况,认识到龙山文化时代较普遍的葬礼现象是将玉镯、玉环等套在墓主人右手或手臂上。这种奇特礼仪行为模式寄托着死者魂灵升天的幻想目标和动力。以此为基础,论文转向对《山海经》中“夏启右手操环”的叙事解读。通过考古发现与历史文献相结合的方式,发现该神话叙事与龙山文化时代右手戴玉环的葬俗吻合。玉环在史前文化中具有通神和象征永生不死的意义,关于夏代开国君王“右手操环”叙事之解码长期以来真相不明,如今得到史前玉环镯葬俗的考古真相之印证。玉环镯在神话传说与考古新发现之间的相互印证,彰显了四重证据法的“物证优先原则”在中华文明探源中的独特作用。

《代数术》与其底本结构之比较

华蘅芳与傅兰雅合译的《代数术》是晚清重要的代数学著作,其底本是《大英百科全书》中的“Algebra”条目。通过《代数术》与其英文底本的对比,发现了两者之间的结构差异,具体体现在底本前言部分的代数学史内容未予翻译以及章节调整两个方面。在讨论底本前言在各版本变化情况的基础上,概括了《代数术》未予翻译的内容,并分析了它与底本之间存在差异的原因,指出二人在译书过程中主观上存在重视实学、化繁为简的本土化选择倾向,客观上则存在术语体系不完备、数学知识储备不足的技术限制。

非纪实民族志影像的学术渊源、发展历程与实践类型

在以文化书写为目标的民族志影像发展过程中,关于非纪实民族志影像的理论与实践探索从未止步。为实现完整的文化表达或文化批评等方面的目标,创作主体在深度田野调查的基础上,存在运用动画、戏剧、剧情等多样化方式突破限制,诉诸文化深层表达的非纪实倾向。从学术渊源、发展历程与实践类型三个方面对非纪实民族志影像相关理论与实践活动进行梳理,有助于厘清民族志影像的边界与范畴,以宽容的理论框架,兼容民族志影像在表达形式层面的实践探索,发挥影像的传播优势,进一步实现民族志影像的社会价值,推进新时代中国影视人类学的发展。

丹参品种、产地及栽培历史本草考证

丹参为我国常用大宗中药材,历代本草均有记载,药用历史悠久,功效显著,具有活血止痛、宁心安神的作用,为常用活血化瘀药,临床医疗价值较高,在治疗心肌缺血、改善肝功能、保护肾脏、对抗肿瘤等方面具有较好的效果。查阅文献发现,近年来对丹参的研究大多集中在药理成分、临床等方面,鲜有从古籍文献出发对丹参品种、产地及栽培历史进行研究。通过系统查阅丹参古今文献发现,丹参近缘品种较多,在民间应用和地方入药中同属多种植物的根均作丹参用;在清代以前为野生丹参,清代以后才出现人工栽培丹参,以山东、四川丹参质量最好;各地虽有栽培,但是栽培品种混杂,品质退化严重,质量参差不齐,为此,有必要对丹参的品种、产地及栽培历史进行考证,为丹参正本清源及资源的进一步开发利用提供理论基础和现实依据。

宋代僧侣史学著述论略

宋代僧侣在史学方面取得了较高的成就。一方面他们采用了多样化的结构来进行历史写作,另一方面他们的历史评价体系也渐趋完善。这一局面既得益于对世俗纂史方法的学习,也有佛教内部理论的创造发挥。宋僧在史学方面的成就表明了彼时之佛教进入到了一个新的发展层面,即对过往人物、制度等全面清理,以获取正当话语权力,并争取教派正统的阶段。

青藏高原芫菁科(鞘翅目:拟步甲总科)物种多样性认知——从1840年至今

芫菁科(鞘翅目:拟步甲总科)昆虫因其复变态发育和药用价值而长期受到人们关注,世界已知3亚科133属近3000种(亚种),中国记录2亚科27属近200种(亚种)。青藏高原幅员辽阔,因其复杂的地形地貌和气候特征,蕴含着较为丰富的芫菁科昆虫物种资源。迄今,青藏高原共记录芫菁2亚科5族13属105种(亚种),其中模式产地在该地区的有66种(亚种)。本文以在青藏高原开展的主要昆虫考察活动为线索,回顾了该地区芫菁的发现和认知历史,并对其后续研究方向进行了展望,以期通过更加彻底的考察、物种起源和分化研究以及在资源开发方面的尝试,实现青藏高原芫菁种质资源从认知到利用的转化。

古籍的“腰封”——出版史视角下的刻本牌记刍谈

牌记是我国宋元以来古籍刻本的重要组成部分,随着时代的更迭,其位置、形式、内容等亦有所变化,大体上经历了位置由内页到封面、美术特点由标识性到装饰性、主要内容由信息记录到广告宣传的演变轨迹,兼具宣传与装饰作用,可以在第一时间吸引读者的注意,从而成为书籍营销的一种载体与手段。牌记的这些特点及功能,本质上与现代图书的腰封是相通的。因此,牌记的效用除了相当于现代图书的“版权页”以外,还与“腰封”大略近似,可将其视为腰封的雏形。文章将腰封的起源延伸至我国宋元以来的刻书史,从牌记这一古籍构成要素的发展流变中?绎出其起始之端点。

许学夷《诗源辩体》的诗歌发展史观探究

明代是中国诗学最繁荣的时期之一,开始有了诗歌发展史观的自觉。王世贞的“衰中有盛,盛中有衰”、胡应麟的“诗以代变”“格以代降”的思想影响了许学夷诗歌发展史观念的形成。许学夷在历时性的宏观视野上,以理势观为出发点,以正变为主线,在自律与他律的交织中,呈现出诗体“正”“变”“亡”的演变逻辑,并在否定之否定中表现出“诗体代变”的特征。他对诗歌演变路径的分析、“理势观”的表达、“他律”与“自律”的阐释,全面呈现其诗史观念。他批评公安诗学,继承与发展了王世贞与胡应麟的诗史思想,为清代诗歌发展史观的最终形成奠定了基础。

“制造”传统:早期中国胎教起源考

晚清教育史学科建设以来,“胎教传统源于周王室”便作为经典知识确立下来,后来的研究皆循此说。但对支持这一“知识”的历史文献考证发现,西周王室胎教原型系贾谊取材小说《青史子》中的胎教故事改造而成的,乃托古拟造之说,而非历史真实。胎教一说起源自秦汉时期稗官小吏收集的下层民众间流传的“街谈巷议”,本不为当时正统学术所重视。正是贾谊发现了其背后“礼”的价值并做了上层阶级的路径建设,将之回溯至西周王室,于“三代”历史中建立其天然的合法性,才使得胎教传统在以儒家思想独尊的汉代社会中被“制造”出来。胎教起源的考证过程显示了早期中国童蒙教育文献的复杂性,以及教育与历史思想之间广泛的内在关联性,这为当今蒙学研究提供了有益的借鉴。