Recent Vegetation Cover Dynamics and Climatic Parameters Evolution Study in the Great Green Wall of Senegal

The drought recorded in 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel region has greatly affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this area. In 2007, the African Union launched a Pan-African program, the Great Green Wall for the Sahara, the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) to reverse land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. The objective is to improve food security, and support local people to adapt to climate change. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the reforestation program in Senegal, fifteen years after it was launched. This study uses a time series of satellite-derived vegetation cover and climatic parameters data to analyze the sustainability of these interventions. Change detection approaches were applied to identify and characterize the drives of the eventual changes. A comparative analysis of reforestation on climatic parameters was explored through the temporal analysis of the vegetation index over the periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2020. An increase in vegetation activity was noted through the NDVI at the interannual (+2% to +8%) and seasonal (+1.5% to 7% for the wet season and 1% to 4% for the dry season) scale and a positive and significant evolution is noted on the trace of the GGW. Also, the period 2009-2020 recorded an increase in rainfall of 2% to 8% of the average value 2000-2020 and 4% to 8% of the rainy season. Soil moisture is the climatic parameter that has increased the most, with an increase of 25% to 54% of the 2000-2020 average, i.e. between 20 mm and 70 mm more. This study shows a significant improvement in the relationship between NDVI and climate parameters after the different reforestation actions of the GGW.

Estimation of the Carbon Sequestration Dynamics of Senegal’s Great Green Wall Based on Land Cover over the Past Three Decades

The severe drought observed in the Sahel during 1970s, 1980s and 1990s has deeply affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this climatic area. The GGW Initiative spearheaded by Africa Union in 2007 proposed to combat the land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. A reforestation was then conducted in the Senegal’s GGW since 2006 as part as other areas in the Sahel. This paper aims to evaluate the carbon sequestration dynamics in the sites of the Senegal’s GGW over the last three decades. The method consists firstly of analyzing the evolution of land cover and land use dynamics based on ESA-CCI LC satellite data. There is an improvement of the surface areas of tree and shrub savanna of 11.40% (Tessekere), 8.25% (Syer) and 2.70% (Loughere-Thioly). The regreening of the different localities and a positive dynamic observed is explained by the return to normal rainfall and to reforestation actions, agroforestry practices, better management of natural resources undertaken. However, some non-reforested sites showed an opposite trend despite of the normal rainfall. Secondly, the results on land mapping are used as a proxy for the assessment of carbon stocks. The dynamic observed in vegetation cover since the beginning of the reforestation made it possible to sequester 5.8 million tons of carbon representing respectively 2.31% of African GGW. This gain in stored carbon is equivalent to 21.2 million tons of CO2 captured in the atmosphere. Through this study, it appears that carbon storage becomes significant 8 to 10 years after the start of reforestation. An urbanization without respect for the environmental factors could be a danger for the climate (case of Ballou).

陕西“三北”防护林体系建设历史论析

陕西省是“三北”防护林体系建设工程重点省份。1949年以来,全省大力开展防风治沙、植树造林,控制水土流失取得明显成效,为“三北”防护林体系建设规划提供了实践支撑。文中通过档案等相关材料的梳理,总结1949年到中共十一届三中全会召开期间陕西防沙治沙、绿化造林对全国的影响及其在“三北”防护林体系建设工程的提出、规划和实施中的重要贡献,对于全面认识总结“三北”防护林体系建设的历史价值有重要意义。

减税降费对绿色创新的影响——以长城汽车为例

在应对全球气候变化的背景下,中国政府制定了“双碳”目标,并出台了一系列政策以促进工业绿色转型,其中汽车行业作为减排关键领域,面临着由传统燃油车向新能源汽车转型的压力与机遇。本文以长城汽车为例,探讨了减税降费政策对汽车制造企业绿色创新的影响,展示了减税降费政策如何助力其绿色技术创新与应用。研究发现,减税降费不仅直接降低了企业成本,还促进了产业链上下游的绿色合作与竞争,增强了企业绿色创新的市场竞争力。本文进一步提出,政府应继续优化减税降费政策以更好地服务于绿色创新,并建议企业积极响应政策,加大绿色研发投入,加强合作与品牌建设。尽管研究存在一定局限性,但为理解减税降费政策对汽车制造业绿色创新的推动作用提供了实证依据与启示。

长城绿色经济带文旅融合研究进展与启示

文旅深度融合是长城沿线实施乡村振兴战略、建设美丽乡村、“造血式”扶贫的新方案,也是打造长城绿色经济带,助力中国北部经济发展的新引擎。以国内外长城文旅领域研究论文为对象,对关键词和发表年度进行计量分析得到研究热点,通过文献分析法对各热点进行综合性评述,最后得到研究结论并提出实践启示。研究发现:目前该领域实证研究较为丰富,但理论量化研究较为薄弱,研究依然局限于点线,未连成面,未形成区域联动的定量理论研究体系;该领域学者聚焦于探索遗产资源保护管理、文化旅游整合开发、新型业态培育创新、区域经济协调发展、长城文化交流传播五个方面,未来可进一步结合数字经济、乡村振兴等时代背景展开深入研究。

长城文化旅游绿色效率测评及驱动因素研究——以长城河北段为例

绿色效率测评是评价产业绿色发展的一种重要方式。以长城河北段为例,构建了长城文化旅游绿色效率测评指标体系,选取2010—2019年的样本数据,运用超效率SBM模型和ML指数对长城文化旅游绿色效率进行测评,并运用混合面板Tobit估计模型从规模因素、技术因素、结构因素和环境因素四个方面进行绿色效率驱动因素分析。结果表明,长城河北段文化旅游绿色效率整体处于上升趋势,技术进步指数正向带动绿色效率,技术效率负向制约绿色效率,纯技术效率和规模效率共同影响技术效率;长城河北段沿线各地市绿色效率发展不平衡;绿色资源投入、旅游市场需求、人力资本水平、旅游产业结构、城乡消费结构、旅游碳排放和绿化水平均显著影响长城文化旅游的绿色效率。因此,提出加强长城遗产保护、文化旅游品牌建设、绿色技术利用、城乡协调发展、环境治理等六项措施,提升长城文化旅游绿色效率。

长城绿色经济带农村三产融合企业商业化机理与路径

长城绿色经济带是解决长城沿线生态、贫困问题,促进长城沿线经济跨越式发展的重要抓手。商业化是组织持续盈利,实现组织持久增值的逻辑。农村三产融合商业化是从根本上实现长城绿色经济带产业振兴、推动乡村振兴战略的核心措施。以长城绿色经济带农村三产融合企业为研究对象,从促进农村三产融合企业成长的角度出发,以长城沿线鹤度岭—马岭关段富岗食品有限责任公司为案例,用单案例研究法,分析了该公司1998—2022年商业化演变过程,在此基础上提出了长城绿色经济带三产融合企业商业化演变机理与实现路径。结果发现,长城绿色经济带农村三产融合商业化机理是以三产融合企业价值提升为目标,企业价值取决于企业利润在一段时期内的折现。企业利润取决于三产融合企业的收益及成本控制:收益来源于其价值创造、价值沟通、价值传递的过程;其成本控制能力来源于其企业的运营能力。围绕该机理设计出长城绿色经济带农村三产融合企业商业化的实现路径。

Building a Great Green Wall

China’s forests are being expanded by tree-planting volunteers and national forestry

The Great Green Wall

Fierce dust storms have plagued northern China for centuries. Cold, dry winds from Siberia pick up dust from the Gobi Desert, lifting it as high as four miles into the air, reducing visibility to zero in some areas and turning afternoon to night. A long history of human abuse—deforestation, overgrazing, and min-

构筑绿色长城 造福中华民族——《姜春云调研文集》有关林业建设论述读后感

《姜春云调研文集》是凝聚着姜春云同志关于生态文明、人与自然和谐相处、生态资源环境与经济社会协调可持续发展等方面的研究与实践成果的重要著述。《文集》有关林业建设的论述具有立足的战略性、论述的系统性、观念的创新性、厚重的历史性、现实的针对性等显著特点,对于今天我国林业的又好又快发展具有重要启示作用。《文集》中＂生态文明与人类发展卷＂的有关＂再造秀美山川篇＂蕴含的许多重要观点特别值得深刻领会和认真记取。

Ecological environment quality evaluation of the Sahel region in Africa based on remote sensing ecological index

Long-term monitoring of the ecological environment changes is helpful for the protection of the ecological environment.Based on the ecological environment of the Sahel region in Africa,we established a remote sensing ecological index(RSEI)model for this region by combining dryness,moisture,greenness,and desertification indicators.Using the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data in Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,this study analyzed the ecological environment quality of the Sahel region during the period of 2001-2020.We used liner regression and fluctuation analysis methods to study the trend and fluctuation of RSEI,and utilized the stepwise regression approach to analyze the contribution of each indicator to the RSEI.Further,the correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between RSEI and precipitation,and Hurst index was applied to evaluate the change trend of RSEI in the future.The results show that RSEI of the Sahel region exhibited spatial heterogeneity.Specifically,it exhibited a decrease in gradient from south to north of the Sahel region.Moreover,RSEI in parts of the Sahel region presented non-zonal features.Different land-cover types demonstrated different RSEI values and changing trends.We found that RSEI and precipitation were positively correlated,suggesting that precipitation is the controlling factor of RSEI.The areas where RSEI values presented an increasing trend were slightly less than the areas where RSEI values presented a decreasing trend.In the Sahel region,the areas with the ecological environment characterized by continuous deterioration and continuous improvement accounted for 44.02%and 28.29%of the total study area,respectively,and the areas in which the ecological environment was changing from improvement to deterioration and from deterioration to improvement accounted for 12.42%and 15.26%of the whole area,respectively.In the face of the current ecological environment and future change trends of RSEI in the Sahel region,the research results provide a reference for the construction of the"Green Great Wall"(GGW)ecological environment project in Africa.

建设国家文化公园,促进长城沿线区域绿色发展——以京津冀长城保护与传承利用研究为例

京津冀长城文化资源非常丰富,具有很高的文物价值,蕴含了深厚的文化底蕴和精神内涵。建设长城国家文化公园是文化产业发展的重要举措,是彰显中华民族文化自信的创新探索。一方面加强对长城文化遗产的保护,另一方面在保护中强化传承,积极改善环境,利用长城美丽的自然景观和深厚的人文意蕴,建设国家文化公园,创立文化公园阐释展示体系,让社会公众在实地体验和感悟中,理解认同长城蕴涵的文化价值。在新时代,京津冀沿线区域要以长城国家文化公园建设为契机,加快长城文化产业化发展,带动沿线城市(城镇)绿色发展转型;实现文化与旅游的融合,打造沿线城市(城镇)的文化走廊;实现文化与生态的融合,打造沿线城市(城镇)的生态幸福。

山西明长城遗址青砖保护中防水材料的试验研究

通过现场调查、室内试验和测试分析,研究正硅酸乙酯、异丁基三乙氧基硅烷和正硅酸乙酯/异丁基三乙氧基硅烷复合乳液等防水材料在山西明长城青砖保护中的应用效果。研究表明,涂覆防水材料能有效降低青砖的吸水率和毛细吸水系数,并且能够提高青砖的耐久性。3种防水材料中复合乳液的保护效果最佳,经复合乳液处理的试样在干湿循环作用后仍然保持厌水性。

建设长城经济带,创新发展内生经济——兼论长城茶马互市交流模式的应用

围绕长城经济带建设战略构想,论述了长城茶马互市交流模式在当前农业供给侧结构性改革中的应用问题。提出了农牧交错地带自古为不同经济类型的合作发展区域,重点分析建设长城经济带国家既有战略需要且已具备必要条件和能力,长城经济带将具有连接南北、沟通东西的重要战略意义。最后提出长城经济带建设,要以国际化视野建设社会主义新农村,要走生态优先、绿色发展之路等发展思路。

Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme(G-DEP):Africa consultative meeting report

In order to enhance and restore the ecosystems of natural capital in African arid regions,the Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme(G-DEP)consultative meeting was hosted in Dakar,Senegal,from 23 to 25 September 2019.This paper details the first African meeting of the G-DEP.Consultative meeting reviewed preceding dryland ecosystems case studies,identified vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions,and proposed sustainable solutions to problems.It also identified the successes and failures of previous attempts to improve vulnerable ecosystems and ultimately formed an action plan to improve these attempts.Climate,ecosystems,and livelihoods for Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),Great Green Wall Initiative(GGWI)for Sahara and Sahel,and China-Africa cooperation on science,technology,and innovation are three extra main sections concerned of the meeting.Separately,more specific topics as the complicated relationship between these natural processes and human activity,including pastoralism,soil restoration,and vegetation regenerate techniques,were fully discussed.Consultative meeting also identified the positive effects international collaboration can have on dryland regions,specifically in the capacity of sharing information,technology,and innovation on purpose to develop a joint proposal for long-term research programs in African arid and semi-arid areas.Moreover,meetings that review the progress made on ecosystem management for the sustainable livelihoods in Africa,identification of priority areas,and the development and implementation of ecosystem programs for proper research and collaboration in African arid and semi-arid zones,have been proposed as strategic recommendations to enhance the global partnership for sustainable development.Furthermore,as the outcomes of the workshop,there are three steps proposed to handle African dryland climate changes,several aspects suggested to solve current dilemmas of the GGWI,and a series of actions recommended for G-DEP related activities in Africa.

矗立在辽蒙边界的绿色长城——辽西北边界防护林工程建设

辽西北防护林工程建设是一个区域性的生态建设系统工程,它应用了系统工程技术、先进造林技术和科学造林模式,是30 a来林业科技成果和宝贵经验的结晶。辽西北防护林工程建设将会极大地改善全省的生态环境,对辽宁省经济可持续发展与构建和谐社会具有深远意义。

非洲“绿色长城”倡议进展及挑战与对策

非洲“绿色长城”倡议是推动非洲可持续发展、实现中非合作共赢的重要举措。文中梳理11个非洲“绿色长城”参与国的实践进展,并对计划启动至今在生态、社会、经济等方面取得的成效进行总结,探讨该计划实施在气候、资金、政策、技术等方面面临的挑战,提出了系统规划和综合治理、生态修复和治沙技术援助、建立融资和监管机制以及监测与评估等方面的建议。

阿拉善沙漠物源和输沙带研究进展及其对“三北”工程风沙口治理的启示

位于内蒙古西部的阿拉善高原分布着中国面积第二、第四大的巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠,是中国北方粉尘的重要源区,也是西北路风沙进京的重要通道。这两大沙漠目前已被纳入新“三北”工程河西走廊-塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘阻击战的重点治理区域,斩断两大沙漠“握手”、锁边固沙是本区的治理难点。为了给“三北”工程风沙口治理和相关基础研究提供全面深入的参考,回顾了对两大沙漠物源和围绕雅布赖山形成的“握手”输沙带的重要研究进展,并提出了未来应围绕风沙源区和传输机制、锁边林草建设和防护林退化机制以及发挥风能资源优势等方面开展科研创新,以科技攻关带动“三北”工程攻坚,为打赢“三北”工程三大战役提供支撑。

HiLPD-GEE:high spatial resolution land productivity dynamicscal culation tool using Landsat and MODIS data

Land productivity is one of the sub-indicators for measuring SDG 15.3.1.Land Productivity Dynamics(LPD)is the most popular approach for reporting this indicator at the global scale.A major limitation of existing products of LPD is the coarse spatial resolution caused by remote sensing data input,which cannot meet the requirement offine-scale land degradation assessment.To resolve this problem,this study developed a tool(HiLPD-GEE)to calculate 30 m LPD by fusing Landsat and MODIS data based on Google Earth Engine(GEE).The tool generates high-quality fused Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)dataset for LPD calculation through gapfilling and Savitzky–Golayfiltering(GF-SG)and then uses the method recommended by the European Commission Joint Research Centre(JRC)to calculate LPD.The tool can calculate 30 m LPD in any spatial range within any time window after 2013,supporting global land degradation monitoring.To demonstrate the applicability of this tool,the LPD product was produced for African Great Green Wall(GGW)countries.The analysis proves that the 30 m LPD product generated by HiLPD-GEE could reflect the land productivity change effectively and reflect more spatial details.The results also provide an important insight for the GGW initiative.