Rates of oxygen consumption and tolerance of hypoxia and desiccation in Chinese black sleeper(Bostrichthys sinensis)and mudskipper(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)embryos

The rates of oxygen consumption, tolerance of hypoxia and desiccation of the Chinese black sleeper （ Bostrichthys sinensis） and mudskipper （Boleophthalmus pectinirostris） embryos were investigated. The pattern of oxygen consumption of the Chinese black sleeper embryos was similar to that of the mudskipper ones. The lowest rates of oxygen consumption [ （ 1.65 ±0. 66） nmol/ （ind. ·h） ] of the Chinese black sleeper embryos 16 h after fertilization and the lowest rates of oxygen consumption [ （0.79± 0.08 ）nmolf（ ind. · h） ] of the mudskipper embryos 6 h after fertilization were recorded, respectively. Then the rates of oxygen consumption of these two species embryos increased gradually until hatching [ （8.26 ± 1.70 ） nmolf（ ind.· h） in the Chinese black sleeper, （2.69 ± 0.23 ）nmolf（ ind. · h） in mudskipper]. After exposure to hypoxia water （0.16 mg/dm^3）, bradycardia of the embryos occurred in both the Chinese black sleeper and the mudskipper. However, the Chinese black sleeper embryos survived approximately 45 min longer than the mudskipper ones. After exposure to desiccation at a relative humidity of 58%, bradycardia of the embryos was observed in both the Chinese black sleeper and the mudskipper, and the Chinese black sleeper embryos lived approximately 9 min longer than the mudskipper ones.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT ONOXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATE OF CHINESE PRAWN, GIANT TIGER PRAWN AND GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN

temperature and the diasolved oxygen content affect the oxygen consumption of juveniles of Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis), giant tiger prawn (P. monodon) and giant freshwater prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii). There is good correlation between the oxygen consumption rate (V, mg/g·h) of the above three prawn species and the water temperature, and dissolved oxygen. In the range of test temperature, V increased with water temperature and diassolved oxygen content. The V of the above three prawn species increased 0.085 mg/g·h, 0. 093 mg/g·h and 0. 08 mg/g·h respectively with each ℃ of rising temperature. The comatose point and stifling point of the juveniles rose obviously at unsuitable temperature.

The Effect of Toxic Sulfide Exposure on Oxygen Consumption and Oxidation Products in Urechis unicinctus(Echiura:Urechidae)

To investigate sulfide detoxification in Urechis unicinctus,oxygen consumption rate and sulfide detoxification productswere analyzed during sulfide exposure under controlled laboratory conditions.The results showed that oxygen consumption rateswere elevated significantly during 3 h sulfide exposure compared to the control(P<0.05).The concentration of sulfite in body walland hindgut of experimental worms increased significantly(P<0.05)when exposed to 50μmolL-1sulfide,reached a maximum at24 h and then decreased.Similar result was observed in worms exposed to 150μmolL-1sulfide except that sulfite concentrationreached a maximum at 12 h.Contents of thiosulfate in body wall and hindgut of U.unicinctus exposed to sulfide were also significantly higher than that of the control without sulfide exposure.In conclusion,during short-time sulfide exposure U.unicinctus mayraise oxygen consumption to detoxify toxic sulfide into sulfite and thiosulfate.Sulfide detoxification was restrained when the expo-sure time was prolonged or sulfide concentration was increased,which was indicated by decrease of sulfite,the intermediate productof sulfide detoxification.

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.

Direct measurement of oxygen consumption rates from attached and unattached cells in a reversibly sealed, diffusionally isolated sample chamber

Oxygen consumption is a fundamental component of metabolic networks, mitochondrial function, and global carbon cycling. To date there is no method available that allows for replicate measurements on attached and unattached biological samples without compensation for extraneous oxygen leaking into the system. Here we present the Respiratory Detection System, which is compatible with virtually any biological sample. The RDS can be used to measure oxygen uptake in microliter-scale volumes with a reversibly sealed sample chamber, which contains a porphyrin-based oxygen sensor. With the RDS, one can maintain a diffusional seal for up to three hours, allowing for the direct measurement of respiratory function of samples with fast or slow metabolic rates. The ability to easily measure oxygen uptake in small volumes with small populations or dilute samples has implications in cell biology, environmental biology, and clinical diagnostics.

EFFECTS OF REDUCED SALINITY ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA-N EXCRETION OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2 5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147 1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight ) were studied in laboratory from March 21,1997 to April 16, 1997. Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17℃ and 23℃, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. Results showed that with controlled reduced salinity, the mean values of the OCR were 2.17 mg/(g.h) at 17℃, and 2.86 mg/(g.h) at 23℃and that the mean values of the AER were 178.0 μg/(g.h) at 17℃ and 147.0 μg/(g.h) at 23℃. The OCR and the AER decreased with reducing salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 both at 17℃ and 23℃. The effects of reduced salinity on the OCR and the AER of scallop C. farreri could be represented by the allometric equation and the exponential equation, respectively.

THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF BACTERIA,ATP AND THE RELATIONS WITH RESPIRATION RATES AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY AND ITS ADJACENT EAST CHINA SEA

Two cruises were conducted in January and July 1986 in the Changjiang (Yangtse River) Estuary and its adjacent East China Sea (30°45′ -32°00′N,121°00′-124°00′E). Direct epifluorescence counts of planktonic bacteria and determinations of ATP concentrations were made. Subsamples were taken for measurement of oxygen consumption rates and chlorophyll concentrations.Bacteria and ATP concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, highest in the river and the river mouth, and gradually lower offshore. The bacteria number was correlated positively with suspended matter, nitrates and oxygen consumption rates, and negatively with salinity.In winter bacteria were the main contributors of ATP and the main consumers of dissolved oxygen in the whole studied area. In summer two maxima of ATP were found along the salinity gradient. The first one which coincided with the peak of turbidity near the river mouth was attributed to bacte -ria, and the second which occurred in the waters with a salinity range

Oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Meretrix meretrix in different temperature and salinity

Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25°C at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20°C, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25°C, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference (P<0.01) in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20°C. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value (12.27) was acquired between 10 and 15°C, and about 1 between 15 and 20°C, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to tem- perature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate (P<0.05). The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity (20°C). These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 (20°C), then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity (P>0.05), suggesting that a best meta- bolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.

Study on Oxygen Consumption of Erinaceus europaeus under Laboratory Conditions

[Objective]The study aimed to determine oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at different temperatures to accumulate basic da- ta for the protection and deep discuss of Erinaceus europaeus. [Method]By using the improved close respiration apparatus,the time spent by ani- mals consuming a unit volume of oxygen was recorded by the improved close respiration apparatus to estimate oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at 20,25 and 30 °C respectively. [Result]When the temperature varied from 20 to 30 °C,the oxygen consumption and oxygen con- sumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus reduced with the increase of external temperature on the whole. The weight of Erinaceus europaeus had no obvious relation with its oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate. In addition,the temperature had linear regression relationships with the oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus,that is,the linear regression equation between oxygen consumption （ x 0 ） （ ml/h） and temperature （ t） was x 0 =658. 81 -14. 98t,and the equation between oxygen consumption rate （ Q 0 ） [L/（ kg·h） ]and tempera- ture （ t） was Q 0 =827. 94 -19. 52t. [Conclusion]The metabolic rate of Erinaceus europaeus changed with environmental temperature,and 20 °C was more suitable for its growth,conforming with the fact that it is active just at night.

Effect of temperature on the standard metabolic rates of juvenile and adult Exopalaemon carinicauda

Ridgetail white prawn(E xopalaemon carinicauda) are of significant economic importance in China where they are widely cultured. However,there is little information on the basic biology of this species. We evaluated the effect of temperature(16,19,22,25,28,31,and 34°C) on the standard metabolic rates(SMRs) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda in the laboratory under static conditions. The oxygen consumption rate(OCR),ammonia-Nexcretion rate(AER),and atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to nitrogen consumed(O:N ratio) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda were significantly influenced by temperature( P< 0.05). Both the OCR and AER of juveniles increased significantly with increasing temperature from 16 to 34°C,but the maximum OCR for adults was at 31°C. Juvenile shrimp exhibited a higher OCR than the adults from 19 to 34°C. There was no significant difference between the AERs of the two life-stages from 16 to 31°C( P >0.05). The O:N ratio in juveniles was significantly higher than that in the adults over the entire temperature range(P <0.05). The temperature coefficient(Q 10) of OCR and AER ranged from 5.03 to 0.86 and 6.30 to 0.85 for the adults,respectively,and from 6.09–1.03 and 3.66–1.80 for the juveniles,respectively. The optimal temperature range for growth of the juvenile and adult shrimp was from 28 to 31°C,based on Q 10 and SMR values. Results from the present study may be used to guide pond culture production of E. carinicauda.

Determining oxygen consumption rate and asphyxiation point in Chanodichthys mongolicus using an improved respirometer chamber

Knowledge of oxygen consumption rates and asphyxiation points in fish is important to determine appropriate stocking and water quality management in aquaculture.The oxygen consumption rate and asphyxiation point in Chanodichthys mongolicus were detected under laboratory conditions using an improved respirometer chamber.The results revealed that more accurate estimates can be obtained by adjusting the volume of the respirometer chamber,which may avoid system errors caused by either repeatedly adjusting fish density or selecting different equipment specifications.The oxygen consumption rate and asphyxiation point of C.mongolicus increased with increasing water temperature and decreasing fish size.Changes in the C.mongolicus oxygen consumption rate were divided into three stages at water temperatures of 11-33℃:(1) a low temperature oxygen consumption rate stage when water temperature was 11-19℃,(2) the optimum temperature oxygen consumption rate stage when water temperature was19-23℃,and(3) a high temperature oxygen consumption rate stage when water temperature was >27℃.The temperature quotients(Q_(10)) obtained suggested that C.mongolicus preferred a temperature range of19-23℃.At 19℃,C.mongolicus exhibited higher oxygen consumption rates during the day when the maximum values were observed at 10:00 and 14:00 than at night when the minimum occurred at 02:00.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA EXCRETION BY SOLENAIA OLEIVORA

The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Solenaia oleivora were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that, under controlled conditions and ambient temperatures 15—30℃, the relationship between oxygen consumption rate (O) [mg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] can be represented by an allometric equation O=aW b, while the relationship between ammonia excretion rate (N) [μg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] follows also an allometric equation N=cW b. It is indicated that both metabolic rates are correlated positively with water temperature. High temperature can reduce the level of protein metabolism. The linear regression among oxygen consumption rate (O), temperature (T) and dry weight of soft tissue (W) can be described by the equation O=-0.6513+0.0532T+0.1073W, and for ammonia this relation is N=32.1626-1.0566T+1.3222W, the multiple relation coefficient was 0.9642 and 0.8921, respectively.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA-N EXCRETION OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

of temperature on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate of scallop Chlamys farreri (1.7-6.2 cm in shell height) were studied in laboratory from Dec. 30 1996 to Jan. 28, 1997 . Under the controlled conditions of ambient water temperature 10-31℃ and salinity 32, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia-N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method , respectively . Results showed that the OCR ranged from 1.20 mg/g (DW). h to 5.76mg/g (DW). h. The OCR increased with temperature from 10℃ to 23℃, but at 28℃ the OCR of mature individuals decreased, and that of different size scallops reduced at 31℃. The ammonia-N excretion rate ranged from 113.13 μg NH4-N/g (DW). h to 486.63 μg NH4 -N/g (DW). h,and increased with temperature from 10℃ to 31℃.

ROS-Responsive Berberine Polymeric Micelles Effectively Suppressed the Inflammation of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting Mitochondria

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is an autoimmune disease,which attacks human joint system and causes lifelong inflammatory condition.To date,no cure is available for RA and even the ratio of achieving remission is very low.Hence,to enhance the efficacy of RA treatment,it is essential to develop novel approaches specifically targeting pathological tissues.In this study,we discovered that RA synovial fibroblasts exhibited higher reactive oxygen species(ROS)and mitochondrial superoxide level,which were adopted to develop ROS-responsive nano-medicines in inflammatory microenvironment for enhanced RA treatment.A selenocystamine-based polymer was synthesized as a ROS-responsive carrier nanoplatform,and berberine serves as a tool drug.By assembling,ROS-responsive berberine polymeric micelles were fabricated,which remarkably increased the uptake of berberine in RA fibroblast and improved in vitro and in vivo efficacy ten times higher.Mechanistically,the anti-RA effect of micelles was blocked by the co-treatment of AMPK inhibitor or palmitic acid,indicating that the mechanism of micelles was carried out through targeting mitochondrial,suppressing lipogenesis and finally inhibiting cellular proliferation.Taken together,our ROS-responsive nano-medicines represent an effective way of preferentially releasing prodrug at the inflammatory microenvironment and improving RA therapeutic efficacy.

Metabolic rates and biochemical compositions of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) tissue during periods of inactivity

Estivation, hibernation, and starvation are indispensable inactive states of sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in nature and in culture ponds. Generally, temperature is the principal factor that induces estivation or hibernation in the sea cucumber. The present study provided insight into the physiological adaptations of A. japonicus during the three types of inactivity (hibernation, estivation, and starvation) by measuring the oxygen consumption rates (Vo2) and biochemical compositions under laboratory conditions of low (3°C), normal (17°C) and high (24°C) temperature. The results show that the characteristics of A. japonicus in dormancy (hibernation and estivation) states were quite different from higher animals, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, but more closely resembled a semi-dormant state. It was observed that the shift in the A. japonicus physiological state from normal to dormancy was a chronic rather than acute process, indicated by the gradual depression of metabolic rate. While metabolic rates declined 44.9% for the estivation group and 71.7% for the hibernation group, relative to initial rates, during the 36 d culture period, metabolic rates were not maintained at constant levels during these states. The metabolic depression processes for sea cucumbers in hibernation and estivation appeared to be a passive and an active metabolic suppression, respectively. In contrast, the metabolic rates (128.90±11.70 μg/g h) of estivating sea cucumbers were notably higher (107.85±6.31 μg/g h) than in starving sea cucumbers at 17°C, which indicated that the dormancy mechanism here, as a physiological inhibition, was not as efficient as in higher animals. Finally, the principle metabolic substrate or energy source of sea cucumbers in hibernation was lipid, whereas in estivation they mainly consumed protein in the early times and both protein and lipid thereafter.

Estimate of China's energy carbon emissions peak and analysis on electric power carbon emissions

China's energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110%of its 2020 level under the following conditions:1)China's gross primary energy consumption is 5 Gtce in 2020 and 6 Gtce in 2030;2)coal's share of the energy consumption is 61%in 2020 and55%in 2030;3)non-fossil energy's share increases from 15%in 2020 to 20%in 2030;4)through 2030,China's GDP grows at an average annual rate of 6%;5)the annual energy consumption elasticity coefficient is 0.30 in average;and 6)the annual growth rate of energy consumption steadily reduces to within 1%.China's electricity generating capacity would be 1,990 GW,with 8,600 TW h of power generation output in 2020.Of that output 66%would be from coal,5%from gas,and 29%from non-fossil energy.By 2030,electricity generating capacity would reach3,170 GW with 11,900 TW h of power generation output.Of that output,56%would be from coal,6%from gas,and 37%from non-fossil energy.From 2020 to 2030,CO2emissions from electric power would relatively fall by 0.2 Gt due to lower coal consumption,and relatively fall by nearly 0.3 Gt with the installation of more coal-fired cogeneration units.During 2020e2030,the portion of carbon emissions from electric power in China's energy consumption is projected to increase by 3.4 percentage points.Although the carbon emissions from electric power would keep increasing to 118%of the 2020 level in 2030,the electric power industry would continue to play a decisive role in achieving the goal of increase in non-fossil energy use.This study proposes countermeasures and recommendations to control carbon emissions peak,including energy system optimization,green-coal-fired electricity generation,and demand side management.

Growth, Metabolism and Physiological Response of the Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka During Periods of Inactivity

The growth, metabolism and physiological response of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated during periods of inactivity. The body weight, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the body wall and coelomic fluid of A. japonicus were measured during starvation, experimental aestivation and aestivation. The results showed that the body weight of sea cucumber in the three treatments decreased significantly during the experimental period (P < 0.05). The OCR of sea cucumber reduced in starvation and experimental aestivation treatments, but increased gradually in natural aestivation treatment. The activities of ACP and AKP of sea cucumber decreased gradually in all treatments, whereas those of SOD and CAT as well as Hsp70 content decreased in the starvation and experimental aestivation treatments and increased in natural aestivation treatment. The sea cucumber entered a state of aestivation at 24℃. To some extent, the animals in experimental aestivation were different from those in natural aestivation in metabolism and physiological response. These findings suggested that the aestivation mechanism of A. japonicus is complex and may not be attributed to the elevated temperature only.

STUDY ON THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN FLUX IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The seawater box model for the South China Sea (SCS) was used to calculate the fluxes of dissolved oxygen in Box I, Box Ⅱand Box Ⅲ for establishing the box model of dissolved oxygen (DO)in the SCS.The total input flux of oxygen to the SCS was calculated to be 280.4×104 mol/s, of which 49.2% was transported into the sea by outer oceans, 30.3% came from organisms photosynthesis, 3% from rainfall, 0.4% from rirers, and 17.0% from the atmosphere.

Physical Performance of Migrant Schoolchildren with Marginal and Severe Iron Deficiency in the Suburbs of Beijing

Objectives To investigate relationship between iron deficiency of different degrees and physical performance and habitual activity of migrant schoolchildren at the age of 11-14 years. Methods Ninety one randomly selected schoolchildren were divided into three groups according to their iron status. Iron status including hemoglobin （Hb）, serum ferritin （SF）, serum iron （SI） and sTfR was determined. Physical performance tests included maximum oxygen consumption （VO2max） and maximum work time. Energy expenditure （EE） and daily physical activity were estimated by recording 24-h heart rate （HR）. Dietary intake was assessed with frequency questionnaires, and physical activity level was estimated with frequency and physical activity questionnaires. Results Severe iron deficiency （IDA） impaired the aerobic capacity and habitual physical activity. When fat-free mass （FFM） was considered, VO2max （VO2max/FFM） was significantly lower in the iron-marginal group than in the iron-adequate groups among girls （P=0.02）, but such a deference was not found among boys （P=0.28）. Aerobic activity and EE at leisure were significantly lower in the severe iron deficient group than in the marginal iron deficient and iron adequate groups. Net HR at leisure time was correlated with lib, log SF, body weight, and FFM （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The functional effect of iron deficiency on physical performance and habitual physical activity rely on the degree of current iron deficiency. Severe iron deficiency significantly impairs both aerobic capacity and habitual physical activity. Iron-marginal deficiency impairs VO2max/FFM in girls, rather than in boys.

Effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism,feeding and expression of three heat shock protein genes in Anadara broughtonii

Anadara broughtonii is one of the main commercially important species of shellfish in northern China.A.broughtonii lives in relatively stable subtidal zone where the clam could respond to environmental changes with minimum energy.Therefore,slight fluctuations in water environment may have a great impact on physiological processes such as feeding and metabolism.Large-scale mortality often occurs during the intermediate rearing processes,and high temperatures in summer are considered the leading cause of mortality.To understand the physiological and molecular response patterns of A.broughtonii at high temperatures and to estimate the appropriate metabolism temperature for A.broughtonii,the effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism and food intake at different growth stages were studied.The response patterns of heat shock protein genes to heat stress and post-stress recovery were also explored.Results show that the temperature and growth stage of A.broughtonii were two important factors affecting metabolism and feeding.The optimum temperature for feeding and physiological activities in each shell-length group was 24℃.The temperature at which the peak metabolic rate occurred in each shell-length group increased with the increase in shell length.With the increase in heat stress,the expression of three heat shock protein genes(Abhsp60,Abhsp70,and Abhsp90)in the tissues of two size groups of A.broughtonii increased significantly when temperature was above 24℃and reached a peak at 30℃.After heat shock at 30℃for 2 h,the expression of the three heat shock protein genes rapidly increased,peaked at 2 h after the heat shock,and then gradually decreased to the level of the control group at 48 h after the heat shock.The three heat shock protein genes respond rapidly to heat stress and can be used as indicators to the cellular stress response in A.broughtonii under an environmental stress.