The Enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Requirements in Public and Private Sectors in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates

Research Problem: In Abu Dhabi, limited implementation of OSH Regulations contributes to the general unawareness among employees and workers about occupational hazards and safety measures, resulting in slow responsiveness toward enforcement measures and a lack of self-regulatory approaches within companies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation methods practised in Abu Dhabi with those in developed countries with established OSH regulatory bodies. Methodology: Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed to gather primary research data. Workers from various industries in Abu Dhabi were sampled on purpose and asked to respond to questionnaires and interviews on OSH protocol awareness and implementation, and circumstances of workplace incidence. Results: The findings of this study showed that the enforcement of OSH requirements in UAE positively correlated to a reduction in the rate of work-related injury and improved business performance. The quantitative research data showed that the energy sector had the highest score (15) while the tourism sector had the lowest score (5.3) in occupational health systems and improvements in business efficiency and productivity. Implications: The outcomes of this study shed light on the importance of implementing OSH Guidelines for companies to empower their safety managers to fully enforce OSH requirements in their organisations. In conclusion, effective OSH enforcement requires cooperation between general workers and OSH managers and facilitation from business owners.

An Overview of Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources in Arid Region: Assessment and Constrains of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The aridity, population growth, agriculture and industrial activities threaten the water resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In UAE, groundwater quantity is reduced and its quality is also deteriorated due to the scanty of rainfall and over pumping for different uses. The deficit of groundwater is met by desalinated water and reused of treated wastewater. Agricultural activities have negative impacts on water resources and this causes reduction of groundwater quality as the agriculture the main land use in the UAE and it accounts for more than 70% of groundwater use. The treated wastewater is an alternative source for agricultural activities. To improve the current water situation, a national water resources strategy has been prepared and imple-mented to assist in achieve this target and maintain the country’s water security. This paper intends to give an overview of water resources in the UAE with emphasis on challenges facing the management of these resources.

Hydrogeochemical Variations of Groundwater of the Northern Jabal Hafit in Eastern Part of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

This study is aimed to assess and evaluate the suitability of groundwater of the area located to the south-east of Al-Ain area in the UAE using hydrogeochemcical approach. The chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected from the study area showed that the groundwater salinity is high which resulted from heavy groundwater pumping. High chloride concentrations in groundwater of Mubazarah and Neima might be attributed to the entrapped saline water within the limestone sequence of Jabal Hafit, or it can be the agricultural activities as it clear from the positive relationship between Cl- and Br-. High sulphate concentrations in groundwater might be related to the presence of gypsum and anhydrite within the limestone sequence of Jabal Hafit. The anionic and cationic compositions of groundwater indicate that the chloride and sodium ions are the dominant and presence of bicarbonate and sulphate may reflect the mixing of such water by the recent freshwater through the existing structural lineaments within the study area. The hydrochemical parameters indicate a relative increase in the concentration of calcium, magnesium and sulphate ions and this could reflect the influence of carbonates and evaporite sediments.

Perception of Physicians to the Role of Clinical Pharmacists in United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The present study aims to investigate the perceptions and experience of physicians regarding the clinical role of the pharmacists. This is an observational study that was conducted during the period of September 2013 through March 2014. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to be distributed by personal interview to the physicians. The questionnaire population consisted of randomly selected physicians practicing in UAE. The questionnaire was piloted by 10 physicians for face and understandability. Demographic data, frequencies and cross tabulation between different variables were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to determine the significance of association between categorical variables (gender, length of medical practice, and specialty) and the perception of physicians. A total of 285 filled questionnaires were returned representing 285 physicians, with a male dominance (65.3%). The average age of the physician screened was 32.4 (SD = 10.38) years with a minimum one year experience and up to 24 years. General practitioners consumed the widest sector (21.8%) followed by cardiologists (15.8%), then internal medicine (10.1%). In the current study, two thirds of the physicians believed that pharmacists could act as a reliable source of general drug information and play an important role in discovering clinical related problems. It was found that the physicians who had fewer years in practice (less than 10 years) and recently graduated had more acceptances to the clinical role of the pharmacist and believed that there should be a clinical pharmacy services in their hospitals (p-value < 0.05). No other statistically significant differences were found from analyzing the data. In conclusion, results suggest that physicians in UAE appear comfortable with pharmacists providing the broad range of services but appear somewhat less comfortable with pharmacists’ provision of direct patient care.

Evaluation of Appropriateness of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Use in the Region of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are drugs that reduce the production of acid in the stomach. Recently, the use of PPI has been increasing among communities, whether with or without prescription. As a part of the healthcare team, the pharmacist should not only dispense medications but also ensure the appropriate use of these medications. Studies conducted within 16 countries showed substantial variation in the appropriateness of the use of PPI drugs. Aim: To evaluate the appropriateness of PPIs use in Sharjah, UAE based on surveys answered by pharmacists, physicians, and patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted on December 2017 at Sharjah, UAE as an example of information obtained from the Middle East. Two different surveys were conducted on physicians and pharmacists. Both Physicians and Pharmacists were chosen randomly from Yellow Pages. The results obtained from both studies were used to develop a patient’s survey, which was distributed among University of Sharjah students, their families and random people at Shopping Malls and Clinics. Results: The results obtained from the patients’ survey showed that ~39% of PPI users from the region of Sharjah are 25 - 44 years old. Approximately 79% are using PPI according to physicians’ prescriptions. Prescriptions’ duration is varied between 1 month (39%) and 6 months (22%), where 52% of PPI users ask their physicians to prescribe PPIs when needed. Suggested reasons for the use of PPI included inappropriate food habits (52%), use of other medications (16%) or bacterial infection (13%). Around 52% of the patients did not receive any recommendations regarding the deprescribing of PPIs. According to the pharmacists’ surveys, an average sale of 5 - 10 PPI packages is reported per day, and around 50% are sold without a prescription. Most pharmacists were not fully aware of the health conditions and side effects of PPI drugs. On the other hand, physicians’ surveys showed that PPIs were mainly prescribed in the case of GERD and ulcer and for a maximum of 2 - 4 weeks. Approximately 75% of physicians recommend changing regimen by reducing the dose and stopping in case of chronic use of PPIs. Conclusion: The results from this survey study indicated that even though most PPI consumers at Sharjah, UAE are well aware of the use of PPI drugs and they follow the instructions given by the Physicians’, there is some discrepancy in the information obtained by the physicians, pharmacists, and patients. The reason for this discrepancy may be attributed to the missing role of the pharmacists which is currently just dispensing the medications without appropriate counseling. Thus the appropriate role of the pharmacists should be implemented according to the known international guidelines.

Geochronological constraints on the metamorphic sole of the Semail ophiolite in the United Arab Emirates

The Semail ophiolite of Oman and the United Arab Emirates （UAE） provides the best preserved large slice of oceanic lithosphere exposed on the continental crust, and offers unique opportunities to study processes of ocean crust formation, subduction initiation and obduction. Metamorphic rocks exposed in the eastern UAE have traditionally been interpreted as a metamorphic sole to the Semail ophiolite. However, there has been some debate over the possibility that the exposures contain components of older Arabian continental crust. To help answer this question, presented here are new zircon and futile U-Pb geochronological data from various units of the metamorphic rocks. Zircon was absent in most samples. Those that yielded zircon and futile provide dominant single age populations that are 95-93 Ma, partially overlapping with the known age of oceanic crust formation （96.5-94.5 Ma）, and partially overlapping with cooling ages of the metamorphic rocks （95 90 Ma）. The data are interpreted as dating high-grade metamorphism during subduction burial of the sediments into hot mantle lithosphere, and rapid cooling during their subsequent exhumation. A few discordant zircon ages, interpreted as late Neoproterozoic and younger, represent minor detrital input from the continent. No evidence is found in favour of the existence of older Arabian continental crust within the metamorphic rocks of the UAE.

Epidemiology of isolated hand injuries in the United Arab Emirates

AIM To provide suggestions for hand injury prevention by study the demography and risk factors of casualties suffering from isolated hand injuries.METHODS All trauma patients with isolated hand injuries who were admitted to Al Ain Hospital for more than 24 h during a period of 3 years were studied. Patient demographics,location, mechanism/time of injury, and length of hospital stay were all analyzed.RESULTS Two hundred and ten patients were studied. Their mean age was 29.7 years. Males constituted 92%. Sixty-five point one percent of all cases were from the Indian subcontinent. The workplace was the most common location of injury(67.1%), followed by the home(17.1%)and road(6.2%). Machinery caused 36.2% of all injuries,followed by heavy object(20.5%) and fall(11%). Cases injured at home were young(P < 0.0001) with an associated higher incidence of females(P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION Male workers in Al Ain city are at greater risk of sustaining hand injuries, predominantly from machinery. Safety education, personal protection, and the enforcement of safety standards are essential to the prevention and avoidance of hand injury.

Estimating Unconfined Compressive Strength of Sedimentary Rocks in United Arab Emirates from Point Load Strength Index

In this paper, three rock types including Sandstone, Mudstone, and Crystalline Gypsum were part of a laboratory study conducted to develop a dataset for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of UAE intact sedimentary rock specimens. Four hundred nineteen rock samples from various areas along the coastal region of the UAE were collected and tested for the development of this dataset and evaluation of models. From the statistical analysis of the data, regression equations were established among rock parameters and correlations were expressed and compared by the ones proposed in literature.

Volunteering in the United Arab Emirates’ Health System—Motivations and Challenges

Background: The volunteer role has been cited as an important in supporting healthcare organizations in diverse areas such as contributing to research, health professional’s education, health care delivery, health policy development and patient administration. Proper motivation of volunteers is required for sustaining volunteer performance, while encumbrances to optimal engagement in health systems need to be addressed. This study aimed to investigate the main factors that motivate volunteers to participate in the UAE healthcare system, along with exploring the barriers and challenges being faced. Methods: This study was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study in United Arab Emirates (UAE). A purposive sample of the Adult citizens and residents using purposive sampling directed at all major health volunteer recruitment agencies in UAE, who have volunteered at least once in the health system over the preceding 12 months. Participants Adult UAE residents were selected by a purposive sampling method from February to April 2017. Data were collected through electronic questionnaires using modified Volunteer Motivation Inventory (VMI). Data were analyzed from 667 adults’ residents who were reported to volunteer at least once in healthcare opportunities. Results: About 53% (n = 290) of the volunteers in this sample were full time employed individuals. Almost 63% (n = 422) were female. Overall, assessed self-reported motivations of volunteer participants were high. The main motivation for volunteering in healthcare opportunities in the UAE was Understanding dimension (Mean = 4.68), followed by self-esteem dimension (Mean = 4.60). Eight elements of volunteer motivation showed no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents. Organization/system barriers dimension was the highest among respondents (Mean = 2.9), followed by individual barriers (Mean = 2.6), interpersonal (Mean = 2.06) and contextual (Mean = 2.04). Conclusion: UAE health sector volunteers who participated in this study appeared to be highly motivated. The main motivation factor was understanding dimension which allowed volunteers in healthcare to gain a new perspective on things, through practical training and learning new things, dealing with different groups in the health sector, for example doctors, nursing, patients. What makes the health sector volunteer understand them self and the world around them. Therefore the organization should focus on volunteer motivation to ensure future intensions of them. The four main barriers to volunteer were Individual barriers, Interpersonal barriers, contextual barriers and organizations system barriers. Concerted efforts are needed to raise awareness about available volunteer opportunities, and optimally align the motivations of volunteers with organizational objectives in the UAE health sector.

Phenology of desert plants from an arid gravel plain in eastern United Arab Emirates

Phenological events for desert plants were recorded and rainfall and temperature data were gathered over a three-year time scale at a gravel plain in the eastern region of the United Arab Emirates. Variations of phenological periods were analyzed and correlations between phenological periods and climate factors were discussed. The study showed that the growth and flowering of therophytes were significantly correlated with air tem- perature. The timing and abundance of rainfall came to be another factor significantly correlated with the onset and duration of chamaephyte flowering as well as the duration of therophyte growth and flowering. The variation in rainfall did not affect the onset of flowering in phanerophytes. Peak growing seasons were from November to March and flowering from November to December （also February to March depending on the availability of rainfall）. Flowering in phanerophytes and chamaephytes occurs 4-6 weeks and in therophytes 4-8 weeks after rain, The results showed that variations in growth and phenology between species were correlated with environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall or, maybe, differences in life form and photosynthetic pathways, each being adapted for utilizing a particular phase of the seasonally and yearly variable rainfall. The sequence of flowering for the species under study was more or less constant despite the difference in the amount of rainfall. The fruiting patterns of most of the species were also found parallel to their flowering patterns. Our results emphasized the need to study multiple species at many sites for the understanding and forecast of regional changes in phenology.

Seroprevalence of celiac disease among United Arab Emirates healthy adult nationals: A gender disparity

AIM: To determine celiac disease (CD) prevalence and associated manifestations or risk factors in healthy adult Emiratis.

Prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of appendiceal carcinoids in Sharjah(United Arab Emirates)

AIM:To determine the incidence and clinico-patho-logical profile of appendiceal carcinoids in a cohort of patients undergoing emergency appendicectomies for clinically suspected acute appendicitis in Sharjah,Unit-ed Arab Emirates(UAE).METHODS:The study included the retrospective data of 964 patients operated for clinically suspected acute appendicitis,and the resected specimens were received at Al-Qasmi Hospital(Sharjah)from January 2010 to December 2010.The data of the patients who were histologically reported to have carcinoid tumors of the appendix were extensively evaluated for the patient’s demographics,indication for surgery,surgical pro-cedure,tumor localization in the appendix,diameter of the lesion,concomitant appendicitis,immunohisto-chemistry studies and clinical follow-up.RESULTS:Out of the 964 patients included in the study,9(0.93%)were found to have appendiceal car-cinoids.The mean age reported was 28.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2:1.Eight tumors were located near the tip of the appendix with a mean diameter of 3.3 mm,while the remaining one was near the proximal end of the appendix.All the cases were associated with concomitant suppurative appendicitis.In seven report-ed cases,tumors were confined to the muscular layer while in one case each there was an extension to the serosa and mesoappendix,respectively.All tumors were found to be positive for chromogranin A,synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase on immunohistochemistry but negative for cytokeratin-7.None of the patients developed recurrence or any reportable complications in the short follow-up period(12-26 mo)that was ar-ranged as a six-monthly re-evaluation by abdominal ultrasonography.CONCLUSION:Our study found a higher incidence of appendiceal carcinoids in patients undergoing emer-gency appendectomy for acute appendicitis in Sharjah,UAE compared to two previous studies from the Persian Gulf region.Interestingly,tumors were found to be more commonly in young males,which is in contrast to previous studies.Moreover,all the tumors were positive for common neuroendocrine markers.

Gastroparesis among Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the United Arab Emirates

Aims: Delayed gastric emptying (GE)may have a major effect on the management of diabetic patients by causing upper gastrointestinal symptoms, impaired oral drug absorption and contributing to poor blood sugar control. Although the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world, studies focusing on the prevalence of diabetes gastroparesis among these diabetics have never been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate gastroparesis among randomly selected Emirati type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients referred to a national diabetes center in the UAE. Methods: The study was designed as a controlled, single-blinded study. Using a standardized ultrasound technique, GE was studied in thirty-one randomly recruited type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients and ten normal healthy volunteers. The gastric emptying rate (GER) was estimated and expressed as the percentage reduction in antral cross-sectional area from 15 to 90 min after the ingestion of a semisolid breakfast meal. Results:In comparison to healthy volunteers, diabetic patients showed overall significantly wider mean values of the fasting as well as the postprandial antral areas. The mean value of GER in these Emirati diabetic patients was estimated at 17%, which was less than half of that in the healthy volunteers (50%). Statistically the difference was highly significant (p< 0.001). Normal gastric emptying was estimated as of GER > 32%. Consequently, 71% (22 of 31) of the diabetic patients in this study had more or less pronounced delays in GER (gastroparesis).Conclusions:The results from the present study indicate a higher prevalence of gastroparesis among randomly selected Emirati type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, than in any other study previously published around the world. This is in line with previous reports about the high prevalence of diabetes complications among UAE diabetics. A larger study is needed to confirm these results.

Impacts of Foreigners on the Gulf Arab Vernacular:The Case of Indian Immigrants in the United Arab Emirates

Activities of Indians in the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)States continue to be a major area of attention by the government and citizens of the sub-region.The GCC States have had to contend with varied numbers of foreign nationals who continue to troop into their territories in search of economic opportunities.The United Arab Emirates(UAE),which is a federation of seven emirates,has over the years,been a major destination for foreigners.This article identifies various categories of Indian immigrants in the UAE,their areas of activities,and how they have impacted the vernacular of the citizens of the federal monarchical state.It begins by highlighting India-UAE relation prior to the independence of what is now the United Arab Emirates in 1971.Second,it describes the characterization of the relation between Indians and Emiratis after 1971.With some selected examples,the article reveals the impacts Hindi/Urdu languages have made on the vernacular of Emiratis.

Reading Loss in Arabic Language During COVID-19 in the UAE and Proposed Solutions:The Perspectives of Primary-Grade Arabic Language Teachers

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions in the field of education worldwide,including in the United Arab Emirates.Teachers and students had to adapt to remote learning and virtual classrooms,leading to various challenges in maintaining educational standards.The sudden transition to remote teaching could have a negative impact on students’reading abilities,especially in the Arabic language.To gain insight into the unique challenges encountered by Arabic language teachers in the UAE,a survey was conducted to explore their assessment of teaching quality,student-teacher interaction,and learning outcomes amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.The results of the survey revealed a significant decline of student reading abilities and identified several major issues in online Arabic language teaching.These issues included limited interaction between students and teachers,challenges in monitoring students’class participation and performance,and challenges in effectively assessing students’reading skills.The results also demonstrated some other challenges faced by Arabic language teachers,including a lack of preparedness,a lack of subscription to relevant platforms,and a lack of resources for online learning.Several solutions to these challenges are proposed,including reevaluating the balance between depth and breadth in the curriculum,integrating language skills into the curriculum more effectively,providing more comprehensive teacher professional development,implementing student grouping strategies,utilizing retired and expert teachers in specific content areas,allocating time for interventions,and improving support from both teachers and parents to ensure the quality of online learning.

Physicians’ Perception of Drug Information Resources in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi-UAE

Objectives: To determine physicians’ preferences for different drug information resources in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: A questionnaire survey to determine preferences for different drug information resources was created and sent electronically from April 1 to May 13, 2012. A total of 3463 licensed physicians were identified from a comprehensive list of healthcare professionals provided by the Health Authority-Abu Dhabi Licensing Department. A total of 431 started the survey but only 372 physicians completed it entirely. Key Findings: Continuing medical education (46%) was ranked as the most favored source of information, followed by drug information references (28%), diagnosis/patient information (20%), and lastly peer-to-peer interactions (7%). Online sources of drug information were preferable (74%) to hardcopy (26%). A comparison of different physicians’ qualifications (consultant, specialist, and general practitioner) and number of references utilized for a particular topic (up to 3 resources versus 3 references or more) showed that their differences were statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). The most utilized sources of drug information by physicians was the British National Formulary (BNF), followed by Package Inserts, UpToDate, Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation, Physicians’ Desk Reference, and Micromedex. When asked which drug information resource they would like to have access to, the majority of physicians choose the BNF, followed by UpToDate, MD Consult, Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation, Micromedex, and Drugs Facts & Comparisons. Physicians from Europe/USA/Australia spent less time utilizing drug information resources (p-value of 0.013) compared to other nationalities. Conclusion: Preferences for different drug information resources did not vary significantly even amongst a diverse group of expatriate physicians licensed to practice in the United Arab Emirates.

Pharmacist Opportunities to Improve Public Self-Medicating Practices in the UAE

Objective: Self-treatment is an important aspect of self-care and one of the vital issues under debate in health care. Self-medication patterns vary among different populations and are influenced by many factors. The objective was to investigate the nature of self-medication behavior among the general public in the UAE and to explore public attitudes, beliefs, and level of knowledge concerning self-medication. Methods: A purposive sample of individuals involved in self-medication who belong to different age, gender, income, education level and health-seeking behaviors. A qualitative approach through individual face-to-face interviews was utilized to investigate participants’ behaviors and attitudes towards self-medication;factors influencing decision to self medicate, sources of information on medications, types of conditions for which self-medication is sought and types of medications used. Participant recruitment continued until theme saturation using content analysis. Findings: Three themes emerged from the data: Reasons for self-medication such as costs associated with visiting a doctor, convenience in visiting a pharmacy and perception of simplicity of the condition;Sources of information: pharmacists as a main source in addition to medication leaflets, family role and previous use, and medicines and medicines’ use: medicines’ use in chronic disease, use of antibiotics, use of herbals and supplements and medicines’ use in children. Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that self-medication behaviors are common among the population due to several reasons. Inappropriate self-medication practices are evident and may compromise patient care outcomes. Pharmacists play a vital role in intervening to optimize the use of medications and patient education regarding self-care.

Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction in the UAE’s Healthcare Sector

Background: The United Arab Emirates aims to provide “world-class healthcare” to its citizens. This study aims to determine the association between overall satisfaction and various aspects of healthcare services in the United Arab Emirates on a country level. Methods: The data was collected from 5855 respondents on the affordability, quality, accessibility, and responsiveness dimensions of health care. Besides frequency tables and descriptive statistics, statistical methods, such as Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Regression, were used to reduce and model the association between dependent (overall satisfaction) and independent (affordability, quality, accessibility, and responsiveness) variables. Results: The preliminary analysis using frequency tables and descriptive clearly highlighted the uncertainty associated with affordability and responsiveness dimensions of healthcare provision in the country. Analysis of variance and t-test results indicated statistically significant differences between perceptions of the respondents based on the socio-demographic factors and other factors such as the kind of insurance held by respondents, having a designated family physician, recent medical visits in the UAE, and intention to go back to home countries for medical treatment. The findings indicated higher satisfaction levels with quality and accessibility and lower satisfaction levels with affordability and responsiveness. Recommendations are provided to address the latter two factors. Conclusion: The study identifies healthcare service provision issues in the United Arab Emirates and recommends enhancing affordability and responsiveness.

阿联酋高等教育在地国际化研究

高等教育在地国际化是全球化时代各国培养国际人才的创新性实践模式。处于经济转型期的阿联酋,为满足大量外籍人员接受高等教育的需求、促进高等教育机会性别平等、打造技术劳动力型区域教育枢纽,积极推进高等教育在地国际化。阿联酋通过吸引世界知名大学设立分校,引进国外优质教育资源,促进了其高等教育质量和国际知名度的提高,也提升了学生的国际化水平,推动了经济的发展及转型,但也存在着境外分校对阿联酋本土文化形成冲击、对境外分校的质量监管不到位等问题。借鉴其经验,我国中外合作办学的优化和在地国际化的推进,需要进一步完善对中外合作大学的质量监管体系、正确处理好国际化与本土化之间的关系。

The emergence of the United Arab Emirates as a global soft power: Current strategies and future challenges

Using the Soft Power 30 Index,this research focusses on assessing the soft power status of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)by exam-ining the elements of its soft power and potential challenges it may face in the future.This study conducts in-depth interviews with foreign diplomats and academics based in the UAE and Emirati diplomats and academics.These data are supplemented with primary and secondary data from governmental and inter-national agencies as well as media sources.The UAE’s case dem-onstrates that soft power can be consciously developed by any country regardless of its regime type,size,location,and religious or racial background by getting its domestic affairs in order.A country’s domestic success in governance,enterprise,culture,education and digital infrastructure leads to global attraction,which ultimately enhances the image of a country such as the UAE.It eventually creates opportunities for more global partner-ships and engagements in the areas of multilateralism,philan-thropy,peacebuilding,conflict resolution and event hosting.However,these efforts face the following challenges:the threat of widely diffused actions among public and private actors,the financial cost of soft power engagement and projections,the UAE’s lack of a global media platform for shaping global agendas and its increasing use of hard power in response to geopolitical threats which can negatively affect its image.