The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevel...The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.展开更多
The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document ope...The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.展开更多
The Enterprise regime was intensively negotiated first in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) from 1973 to 1982 and then in the UN Secretary General’s informal consultations from 19...The Enterprise regime was intensively negotiated first in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) from 1973 to 1982 and then in the UN Secretary General’s informal consultations from 1990 to 1994. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter the “Convention”) is a major achievement of the UNCLOS III and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (hereinafter the “1994 Agreement”) is an achievement of the informal consultations. The Enterprise regime has been dramatically changed in many ways with the adoption of 1994 Agreement. Envisaged as an operational organ of the International Seabed Authority, the outlook of the Enterprise is still unknown. In this connection, this paper highlights a few questions which need to be answered urgently, and proposes the way forward for the operationalization of the Enterprise in terms of legal principles and institutional design.展开更多
The celebrations to commemorate the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought across the globe in June also mark the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Convention to Com bat Desertification (UNCCD). The them...The celebrations to commemorate the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought across the globe in June also mark the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Convention to Com bat Desertification (UNCCD). The theme of this year s campaign is Let s Grow the Future Together. Celebrations are primarily meant to raise awareness that Land Degra dation Neutrality can be achieved through providing solutions to existing desertification and drought challenges, enhancing strong community involvement and fostering multi - stakeholder cooperation. On June 17, environmentalists will celebrate 25 years of milestones achieved by citizens of various countries in promoting sustainable land management and reevaluate the next 25 years when Land Degradation Neuh ality is to be realized through restoring degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods.展开更多
文摘The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.
文摘The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.
文摘The Enterprise regime was intensively negotiated first in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) from 1973 to 1982 and then in the UN Secretary General’s informal consultations from 1990 to 1994. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter the “Convention”) is a major achievement of the UNCLOS III and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (hereinafter the “1994 Agreement”) is an achievement of the informal consultations. The Enterprise regime has been dramatically changed in many ways with the adoption of 1994 Agreement. Envisaged as an operational organ of the International Seabed Authority, the outlook of the Enterprise is still unknown. In this connection, this paper highlights a few questions which need to be answered urgently, and proposes the way forward for the operationalization of the Enterprise in terms of legal principles and institutional design.
文摘The celebrations to commemorate the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought across the globe in June also mark the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Convention to Com bat Desertification (UNCCD). The theme of this year s campaign is Let s Grow the Future Together. Celebrations are primarily meant to raise awareness that Land Degra dation Neutrality can be achieved through providing solutions to existing desertification and drought challenges, enhancing strong community involvement and fostering multi - stakeholder cooperation. On June 17, environmentalists will celebrate 25 years of milestones achieved by citizens of various countries in promoting sustainable land management and reevaluate the next 25 years when Land Degradation Neuh ality is to be realized through restoring degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods.
