Following the Charter of the United Nations: The Basic Guarantee for the Realization of the Right to Development——From the Perspective of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts regarding the people as the focal point, the dignity, the worth of the human being, as well as larger aspects of freedom, and other basic concepts within the Charter of the United Nations, guide the right direction of action for the realization of the right to development. The purpose and principles of the United Nations establishment in the Charter constitute the basic legal protection of the right to development. Values of peace, international dialogue, and international cooperation show the right path to the realization of the right to development.

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions:Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins,structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development(ESD).Economic development,social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD.The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society,the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests,promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals,and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized.However,with these notable exceptions,organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership,global policy,co-ordination(inside and outside the UN) and has few achievements in the international and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance-including enforcement,compliance and effectiveness.This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy.Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization.This will require a clarification of purpose and function(within the UN system and as part of global governance structures) as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform.It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.

The Analysis of Human Development Index (HDI) for Categorizing the Member States of the United Nations (UN)

To categorize the nations to reflect the development status, to date, there are many conceptual frameworks. The Human Development index (HDI) that is published by the United Nations Development Programme is widely accepted and practiced by many people such as academicians, politicians, and donor organizations. However, though the development of HDI has gone through many revisions since its formulation in 1990, even the current version of the index formulation published in 2016 needs research to better understand and to gap-fill the knowledge base that can enhance the index formulation to facilitate the direction of attention such as release of funds. Therefore, in this paper, based on principal component analysis and K-means clustering algorithm, the data that reflect the measures of life expectancy index (LEI), education index (EI), and income index (II) are analyzed to categorize and to rank the member states of the UN using R statistical software package, an open source extensible programming language for statistical computing and graphics. The outcome of the study shows that the proportion of total eigen value (i.e., proportion of total variance) explained by PCA-1 (i.e., first principal component) accounts for more than 85% of the total variation. Moreover, the proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 increases with time (i.e., yearly) though the amount of increase with time is not significant. However, the proportions of total eigen value explained by PCA-2 and PCA-3 decrease with time. Therefore, the loss of information in choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables (i.e., LEI, EI, and II) may diminish with time if the trend of increasing pattern of proportion of total eigen value explained by PCA-1 with time continues in the future as well. On the other hand, the correlation between EI and PCA-1 increases with time although the magnitude of increase is not that significant. This same trend is observed in II as well. However, in contrast to these observations, the correlation between PCA-1 and LEI decreases with time. These findings imply that the contributions of EI and II to PCA-1 increase with time, but the contribution of LEI to PCA-1 decreases with time. On top of these, as per Hopkins statistic, the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA-1 alone is far better than the clusterability of the information conveyed by PCA scores (i.e., PCA-1, PCA-2, and PCA-3) and the explanatory variables. Therefore, choosing PCA-1 to represent the chosen explanatory variables is becoming more concrete.

Review and Prospect of the UN Efforts for Sustainable Development

The present paper reviews the UN important efforts to promote global sustainable development in the chronological order since UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, and ana- lyzes the progress and gap. The results show that the UN system has made great efforts for global sustainable development since the UN Conference on Human Environment, especially since UN Conference on Environment and Development, promoted the for- mation of important consensus and multilateral internhtional con- ventions on many fields, boosted the development of partnership in the field of sustainable development, and accelerated actions for sustainable development of many countries and regions. However, at present, the progress made is still far below the level required, prominently reflected in the slow progress toward the millen-nium development goals, the difficulties in negotiations in the field of environment and development, insufficient fulfillment of international agreements and conventions, and undesirable effects of partnership in the field of sustainable development. Based on these, the paper puts forward four suggestions for UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012（Rio＋20）： （1） to revitalize the ＂spirit of Rio＂ and accelerate the implementation of existing politi- cal commitments; （2） to make new political commitments focusing on climate change and other major global challenges under the Rio principles; （3） to lay out a blueprint of green economy under the Rio principles; and （4） to promote South-South cooperation as the focus of international cooperation.

Disaster Risk Reduction,Climate Change Adaptation and Their Linkages with Sustainable Development over the Past 30 Years:AReview

The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve,but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past.This article reviews the major impacts and challenges of disaster and climate change risks on sustainable development,and summarizes the courses and linkages of disaster risk reduction(DRR),climate change adaptation(CCA),and sustainable development over the past 30 years.Our findings show that the conceptual development of DRR actions has gone through three general phases:disaster management in the 1990s,risk management in the 2000s,and resilient management and development in the 2010s.Gradually,CCA has been widely implemented to overcome the adverse effects of climate change.A framework is proposed for tackling climate change and disaster risks in the context of resilient,sustainable development,indicating that CCA is not a subset of DRR while they have similarities and differences in their scope and emphasis.It is crucial to transform governance mechanisms at different levels,so as to integrate CCA and DRR to reduce disaster and climate change risks,and achieve safe growth and a resilient future in the era of the Anthropocene.

Evaluating the role of partnerships in increasing the use of big Earth data to support the Sustainable Development Goals:an Australian perspective

Leaders are increasingly calling for improved decision support to manage human and environmental challenges in the 21^(st)Century.The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)pro-vide a framing of these challenges,wherein 169 targets require significant data to be monitored and pursued effectively.However,many targets are still not connected with big Earth data capabilities.In this conceptual paper,the authors sought to answer the question“How are partnerships influencing progress in using big Earth data to address the SDGs?”Using the Pivotal Principles for Digital Earth,we reflect on the geospatial sector’s partnering efforts and opportunities for enhancing the use of big Earth data.We use Australia as a case study to explore partnering for action towards one or more SDGs.We conclude that partnerships are emerging for big Earth data use in addressing the SDGs,but much can still be done to harness the power of partnerships for transformative SDG outcomes.We propose four key enabling priorities:1)multiple-stakeholder collaboration,2)regular enactment of the problem-solving cycle,3)transparent and reliable georeferenced data,and 4)development and preservation of trust.Five“next steps”are outlined for Australia,which can also benefit practitioners and leaders globally in problem-solving for the SDGs.

Progress Toward Implementing the Sendai Framework, the Paris Agreement, and the Sustainable Development Goals: Policy from Aotearoa New Zealand

In 2015, Aotearoa New Zealand became a signatory to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(Sendai Framework), the Paris Climate Change Agreement(Paris Agreement), and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs). Since 2017 Aotearoa New Zealand has been undergoing governance reform to realign priorities and to improve the management of natural hazards and climate change. The aim of this article is to provide a review of how Aotearoa New Zealand is taking steps to improve consistency of planning across the legislative environment, thereby implementing its commitments to the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, and the Paris Agreement. It provides an overview of the national governance arrangements, with a focus on the key legislative tools;identifies how key terms are defined nationally;and provides an overview of the governance arrangements that contribute to the country’s international obligations. The discussion describes how obligations are applied, and considers two"disruptive and proactive" action examples. Four recommended actions are provided to further implement these international aspirations:(1) take into account these international agreements during the development and implementation of all legislation;(2) build awareness, capability,and capacity within central, regional, and local governments to support implementation;(3) actively evaluate the progress of implementing initiatives designed to reduce vulnerability and strengthen resilience;and(4) ensure that more weight and value are given to indigenous planning documents.

联合国可持续发展理念下北京冬奥遗产可持续发展研究

运用文献资料法与逻辑分析法,探讨联合国可持续发展理念及其在北京冬奥遗产可持续发展中的理论意义,并在此基础上探索北京冬奥遗产可持续发展内涵和赛后发展原则。研究认为:联合国可持续发展理念为北京冬奥遗产的可持续发展提供有益借鉴,对北京冬奥遗产明晰自身经济、社会与环境三者系统的发展本质、平衡的发展向度、统一的发展愿景和关联的发展效应具有一定的参考意义。基于此,研究将北京冬奥遗产可持续发展内涵总结为“冬奥遗产与生态环境共容”“冬奥遗产与社会发展共融”以及“冬奥遗产与经济发展共荣”,同时提出以人为本、协调共治、共建、共享和循序渐进4项赛后可持续发展原则,以期为北京冬奥遗产的赛后传承与可持续发展提供理论参考。

陆地高分辨率水文—生物地球化学过程CNMM-DNDC三维模型的研发及应用进展

CNMM-DNDC模型是本文作者团队研发的陆地高分辨率水文—生物地球化学过程三维模型。本文系统介绍了建模背景和理念、核心过程和模型特点、模拟功能和观测验证、多尺度区域或流域初步应用以及未来发展展望。自2018年刊发首个版本以来,该模型经过了多方面科学过程改进和模拟功能扩展,在元素化学反应、物质相变和机械迁移等基本物理、化学、生物过程层面,完成了对陆地表层系统碳氮磷水循环全耦合的精细刻画。迄今开展的观测验证表明,CNMM-DNDC模型基本普适于不同生物气候带(从热带到寒区多年冻土地带)的流域或区域长时间序列“三高”(时间、空间和过程高分辨率)综合模拟,实现对陆地生态系统的碳、氮、磷、水三维运移、水土流失、水力驱动溶解态和颗粒态碳氮磷横向迁移、碳氮温室气体和污染气体排放、生态系统生产力、水分蒸散发和水分能量平衡等众多可持续发展目标表征变量的预测。该模型广泛推广应用于多尺度区域或流域的复杂过程虚拟科学试验研究和服务于面向生态环境建设与减污降碳的优化调控决策,可望为协同落实联合国多个可持续发展目标提供先进的数值模拟技术支撑。

Sustainable development and geospatial information:a strategic framework for integrating a global policy agenda into national geospatial capabilities

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a new global policy to guide the way countries collectively manage and transform the social,economic,and environmental dimensions of people and the planet over the next 15 years.Achieving sustainable development presents all countries and the global policy community with a set of significant development challenges that are almost entirely geographic in nature.Many of the issues impacting sustainable development can be analyzed,modeled,and mapped within a geographic context,which in turn can provide the integrative framework necessary for global collaboration,consensus and evidence-based decision-making.However,and despite significant advances in geospatial information technologies,there is a lack of awareness,understanding and uptake,particular at the policy and decision-making level,of the vital and integrative role of geospatial information and related enabling architectures such as National Spatial Data Infrastructures.This paper reasons that the role of geospatial information in contributing to sustainable development has not adequately been described by either the sustainable development policy practice or by the geospatial professional community.This lack of policy and guidance,with commensurate critical gaps and connection points with national geospatial frameworks,is a visible impediment to developing countries and those most affected by the challenges and need to achieve sustainable development.The global geospatial community now has a unique opportunity to integrate and connect geospatial information into the global development agenda in a more holistic and sustainable manner,specifically in contributing their data resources toward measuring and monitoring the 17 Sustainable Development Goals,and their 169 associated targets,through the global indicator framework that anchors the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This paper introduces and discusses a new strategic framework for linking a global policy to national geospatial capabilities.

自然保护地社区生计保护兼容性评价

自然保护地内及其周边社区生计活动关乎生态保护成效,推动保护兼容性生计成为协同保护与发展的可行路径。针对保护兼容性生计所强调的土地的多元价值及其在保护管理下生态、文化向经济价值的转换,探索开展自然保护地社区生计活动保护兼容性评价,衡量其在与保护目标的协同性和保障社区生计可持续的程度。研究在保护兼容性生计理论体系基础上,通过比较视角阐释社区生计保护兼容性的内涵,进一步整合文化生态学、社会-生态系统理论与可持续生计框架构建生计活动保护兼容性快速评价指标体系,形成生态文化、资源管理、生态影响和生计结果4个准则层、12个评价指标,利用层次分析法和专家打分法相结合的方法对武夷山和祁连山国家公园传统产业进行评价。研究表明,该体系能够在初步判断生计活动的典型特征后,相对精准地识别生计活动在实现保护目标时的协同性和可持续性的优势与不足;案例研究表明国家公园社区的传统生计活动存在相对持久的文化传承、较强的生态系统韧性和较为稳定的经济惠益,但在资源管理体系中实现现代与传统融合、经营主体合作共赢、生态产品价值转化等方面还需内力激发和外力引导。研究建议在运用快速评价体系的基础上,对标保护兼容性生计总体模式开展更为精细的生态、经济和社会效应评价,寻求生计发展。

国家创新系统、基于知识的动态能力与可持续发展目标的实现——来自不同国家的证据

基于130个样本国家数据,实证探究国家创新系统、基于知识的动态能力与国家可持续发展目标实现的关系。同时,比较分析了不同经济发展阶段与不同目标维度下国家创新系统及其基于知识的动态能力对国家可持续发展目标实现的影响差异。研究结果表明:国家创新系统有助于可持续发展目标的实现,其构成要素不仅对不同经济发展阶段的国家可持续发展目标的实现呈现出异质性影响,而且对经济、社会与环境可持续发展目标产生的影响也表现出差异性,既有正向影响也有负向影响。此外,国家创新系统中基于知识的动态能力是国家可持续发展目标实现的重要驱动。其构成维度不仅在不同经济发展阶段的国家可持续发展目标实现中发挥了不同作用,而且在经济、社会与环境可持续发展目标实现中也体现出作用的差异性,既有直接作用也有间接作用。这也意味着国家创新系统、基于知识的动态能力与可持续发展目标的实现之间存在错综复杂的关系。

聚焦可持续发展:能源转型背景下联合国的能源治理实践

全球能源治理范式经历了从“安全治理”到“安全-发展治理”的转变,联合国在其中起着引领作用。在全球能源转型背景下,联合国能源治理承载了国际社会对气候和环境议题的关注,将可持续发展置为核心理念,以推进经济发展和践行环境友好为目标。从具体实施路径上看,以《2030年可持续发展议程》和《巴黎协定》为指导框架,以联合国能源机制为协商平台,以“能源承诺促进行动计划”“能源高级别对话”等为具体行动方案。联合国极大程度影响了全球能源发展治理的理念塑造、协商合作以及知识分享,促进了全球可持续发展进程,但能源资源的利益复杂性以及治理碎片性也为其能源治理带来了一定的挑战。在新的发展阶段,联合国应采取务实行动,强化其在全球能源治理中的作用。一是推动构建能源治理实体机构;二是在理念上强化能源治理的可持续性,提高在全球能源治理中的话语权;三是推动建设更具包容性、综合性的能源治理规范体系。

海南岛集中式光伏电站选址综合定量评估

针对目前光伏电站选址研究以定性化研究为主,投资因素考虑不足,难以直接支持光伏电站投资决策等问题,提出了一种光伏电站选址大数据综合定量评估方法。以海南岛为研究区,利用多源遥感和地理信息数据,将影响光伏电站建设选址的因素归纳为限制性因素、资源性因素、经济性因素与投资性因素4大类,构建了光伏电站选址和投资决策的评价体系,其中投资性因素方面主要考虑了预计发电量、建设规模与成本、投资回收周期与投资所需金额等。利用ArcGIS对各类影响因素进行空间分析,得到各因素分级图层。将各因素按照影响大小进行加权综合分级评价,得到各像元光伏选址综合分级评价结果,包括海南岛很适宜、较适宜、低适宜和禁止开发4大类别。研究成果不仅可直接服务于海南省光伏电站选址投资决策,还可以服务于海南省光伏电站建设规划,同时该方法可为其他地区光伏选址提供借鉴。

中国内地海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化及其可持续发展

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球土地研究的重要问题,而海岸带则是该领域研究的热点区域。本研究选取土地利用/覆盖数据,利用土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、土地利用变化图谱和联合国可持续发展目标评价指标,分析了中国内地海岸带土地利用变化特征及实现可持续发展目标进展情况。结果表明:①1985—2021年,土地利用/覆盖变化总体趋势以耕地萎缩和不透水面扩张为主,其次是林地扩张,再次是灌丛、草地和裸地收缩,最后是水域小幅度扩张。②前期土地利用类型组成结构以耕地和林地为主,后期以耕地、林地和不透水面为主。③土地利用变化过程的离散程度低,耕地向不透水面转换的变化比例最高,集中分布在环渤海湾、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲等人口密度高的经济圈地带。④森林覆盖率总体上升0.88%,森林面积增加了4088.89 km^(2),满足联合国可持续发展15.1.1目标。森林覆盖得到有效的恢复和控制,呈现改善趋势,满足可持续发展15.2目标要求。土地退化率前期迅速增加,后期趋于稳定,36 a间研究区土地退化率为11.76%,土地退化面积仍高于改善面积,与实现2030年可持续发展目标15.3(土地退化零增长)还存在一定距离。未来需合理规划中国内地海岸带土地利用,加大土地改善力度。

城市层面落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程的中国探索:国家可持续发展议程创新示范区

建设国家可持续发展议程创新示范区(简称“创新示范区”)是中国统筹国内国际发展形势作出的重要决策部署,旨在依靠以科技创新为核心的全面创新,探索可持续发展问题的系统解决方案,为国内同类地区可持续发展发挥示范带动作用,为其他国家落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程提供中国经验。创新示范区工作启动6年来,中国把这项工作作为实施创新驱动发展战略和可持续发展战略的重要抓手,建立健全工作机制,以城市为载体,按照“一城一主题”的要求,国务院先后三批次批复建设了11个创新示范区,汇聚各方力量和资源有效推动了创新示范区的建设和发展,在推进机制、建设内容等方面彰显了创新示范区的建设特色和经验,在国际社会形成了较大影响力。中共二十大擘画了以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟蓝图,创新示范区建设需要围绕促进人与自然和谐共生等中国式现代化的本质要求,进一步完善指导创新示范区建设的理论体系,丰富地方可持续发展的具体实践,增强内生动力,把党中央、国务院的决策部署落在实处。基于此,该研究进一步分析了推进创新示范区建设需要深入讨论和关注的关键问题,结合新形势新要求,提出了推进创新示范区建设的思路,以期为创新示范区未来的发展提供借鉴。

From Mutual Creation to Mutual Benefit:China’s National Teacher Training Program between Higher Teacher Education and K-12 Teachers

Sustainable Development Goal(SDG 4)lays solid theoretical foundation for the development of higher teacher education in improving the quality of teaching faculty nationwide.Sustainable teacher training paves a way for teacher professional development in the long run.China’s“National Teacher Training Program”serves a connection between higher teacher education and K-12 teachers in multiple perspectives when exploring K-12 teachers’improvement of the essence by upgrading the initiative of the program with the assistance of educational technology and modern educational philosophy from mutual creation to mutual benefit.Direction orientation strategic design based on demand for teaching faculty,curriculum setting in modules,and characteristics creation have been carried out to upgrade the training of teacher colleges and National Teacher Training Program in the future for achieving a win-win situation between higher teacher education and K-12 education.

联合国“海洋十年”规划实施之初动态与展望

近几十年来,全球的海洋健康状况明显下降。为了防止、减缓和扭转未来海洋健康和功能的恶化趋势,联合国启动了海洋科学促进可持续发展十年(2021—2030年)(简称“海洋十年”)规划,以整合全球海洋相关领域的资源与力量,科学地保护海洋并实现海洋资源的可持续开发和利用。联合国“海洋十年”规划为海洋领域的科学家、政策制定者、私营部门、非政府组织和地方群体更加高效、合理地共同保护和开发海洋资源提供了一个广阔平台,也为中国实现海洋强国战略、发展海洋科技带来了机遇与挑战。本研究通过梳理联合国“海洋十年”规划的发展过程和已批准的行动与活动,结合文献信息分析,深度解析了“海洋十年”规划的发展和实施动态,探讨了“海洋十年”规划的热点研究主题。自2020年9月,联合国正式发布“海洋十年”规划以来,共有来自60个国家的409项行动获得“海洋十年”的批准,其中包括47项计划、277个项目和85项捐助,研究热点主要是海洋政策制定与海洋管理、海洋生态系统健康和海洋生物多样性等。在此基础上,本文从“海洋十年”活动的实施与协调、能力建设、资金支持、人才培养和宣传推广的角度,进一步提出了促进我国全面参与“海洋十年”规划实施、加快发展我国的海洋科技创新及开拓国际合作的建议。

“联合国海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”行动研究及我国参与建议

“海洋科学十年”作为联合国大会批准的联合国全系统倡议,具有极高的全球影响力,对于建立海洋新兴、热点领域话语权,塑造国际海洋科技发展格局,推进全球海洋治理体系具有重要指导作用。通过对其2021年启动至今批准的行动以及主要国家的参与情况进行研究分析,结果显示:“海洋科学十年”仍以发达国家主导,美国在其中影响力占绝对优势,发展中国家虽参与不足,也体现出新兴势头。我国应以“海洋科学十年”平台为契机,将其作为我国构建和推广“蓝色伙伴关系”和深度参与全球海洋治理的重要抓手,提升我国在国际海洋科技领域的影响力。

联合国全球粮食安全治理理念探析

粮食安全是联合国参与全球治理的重要领域,也是联合国在成立初期就重点关注的议题。联合国全球粮食安全治理遵循粮食权、粮食主权和发展观等三大理念。其中粮食权突显了联合国全球粮食安全治理的国际法依据,强调粮食安全治理要保障“类安全”和维护“类生存”。粮食主权反映了联合国全球粮食安全治理的价值遵循,强调粮食安全治理要实现“去政治化”。发展观体现了联合国全球粮食安全治理的可持续导向,强调以发展为动能,构建更具韧性的粮食体系。上述理念相互依存,捍卫粮食主权是实现粮食权的基础、发展是确保粮食主权的前提、粮食权的维护需以发展为保障。但同时也应看到,联合国落实全球粮食安全治理理念仍面临治理机制不完善、治理资源匮乏和强制力不足等诸多挑战。这需要联合国在全球治理框架下,构建综合治理机制,开展系统治理,加强对粮农事务的资金支持,提高融资能力,建立完整的法律体系,以实现更好生产、更好营养、更好环境和更好生活的粮食安全治理目标。