Three-Dimensional Water Quality Model Based on FVCOM for Total Load Control Management in Guan River Estuary,Northern Jiangsu Province

Guan River Estuary and adjacent coastal area(GREC) suffer from serious pollution and eutrophicational problems over the recent years.Thus,reducing the land-based load through the national pollutant total load control program and developing hydrodynamic and water quality models that can simulate the complex circulation and water quality kinetics within the system,including longitudinal and lateral variations in nutrient and COD concentrations,is a matter of urgency.In this study,a three-dimensional,hydrodynamic,water quality model was developed in GREC,Northern Jiangsu Province.The complex three-dimensional hydrodynamics of GREC were modeled using the unstructured-grid,finite-volume,free-surface,primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model(FVCOM).The water quality model was adapted from the mesocosm nutrients dynamic model in the south Yellow Sea and considers eight compartments:dissolved inorganic nitrogen,soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP),phytoplankton,zooplankton,detritus,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP),and chemical oxygen demand.The hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated and confirmed for 2012 and 2013.A comparison of the model simulations with extensive dataset shows that the models accurately simulate the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamics and water quality.The model can be used for total load control management to improve water quality in this area.

Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010: implications for further soil erosion control

The well-documented decrease in the discharge of sediment into the Yellow River has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The present study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield based on data from 46 hydrological stations in the sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010. The results showed that since 1970 sediment yield in the region has clearly decreased at different rates in the 45 sub-areas controlled by hydrological stations. The decrease in sediment yield was closely related to the intensity and extent of soil erosion control measures and rainstorms that occurred in different periods and sub-areas. The average sediment delivery modulus（SDM） in the study area decreased from 7,767.4 t/（km^2·a） in 1951–1969 to 980.5 t/（km^2·a） in 2000–2010. Our study suggested that 65.5% of the study area with the SDM below 1,000 t/（km^2·a） is still necessary to control soil deterioration caused by erosion, and soil erosion control measures should be further strengthened in the areas with the SDM above 1,000 t/（km^2·a）.

Investigation on Water Pollution of Four Rivers in Coastal Wetland of Yellow River Estuary

[Objective] The study aimed at analysing water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary. [Method] Taking four seriously polluted rivers (Guangli River, Shenxian Ditch, Tiao River and Chao River) in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary as study objects, water samples were collected from the four rivers in May (dry period), August (wet period) and November (normal period) in 2009 and 2010 respectively, then pollution indices like nutritive salts, COD, chlorophyll-a, petroleum, etc. were measured. Afterwards, the status quo of water pollution was assessed based on Nemero index and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI), so as to find out the integral status quo of water quality of wetland rivers and damages to aquatic ecological environment. [Result] On the whole, water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary was serious, in the eutrophication state, and the main pollutants were TN, TP, NH+4-N and petroleum. In addition, excessive N and P in the four rivers resulted in water eutrophication of Bohai Bay, so further leading to ride tide, which destroyed the coastal ecological environment of Bohai Sea. Moreover, compared with historical data, water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus became more serious, while there was no obvious aggravation in the water pollution by petroleum. In a word, water pollution wasn’t optimistic on the whole. [Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical bases for the protection and utilization of river water in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary and its coastal sea area.

Study on Water Pollution Control of Huaihe River and Countermeasures

Huaihe River is one of three major rivers in China with a large population and developed economy. By the 1970s, the water quality of Huaihe River was deteriorating daily and more than a hundred serious pollution accidents of water quality happened and caused the inestimable losses in the production, life and health of residents along the river and terribly damaged the ecological system of the river. Through the continuous large-scale treatment for more than 10 years, the deterioration of water quality in Huaihe River has been basically inhibited. Nevertheless, the water pollution in Huaihe River is, on the whole, still very serious for many reasons, including special climatic conditions, terrible lack of water resource, obsolete industrial structure and unsound management system for the river, etc. This essay deeply analyzes the rea- sons why the water pollution of Huaihe River is ＂chronic＂ and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures for how to continuously improve the water quality of the river. In the end, this essay argues that it still takes 30-50 years or even a longer period, even if every measures are implemented smoothly and strictly, to actually make the water of Huaihe River clean and gradually restore its normal ecological and environmental functions.

Effect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yellow River

According to the results of the water and sediment regulations of the Yellow River in year 2002—2007,the effect of erosion and deposition on the lower reaches,the amount and distribution of erosion and deposition in the river mouth area,the adjustment of river regime,the effect of river regulation projects and changes of flowing capacity of the channel are analyzed.It is revealed that the water and sediment regulation is efficient to reduce deposition and improve the flowing capacity and the conditions of sediment transport.

Numerical simulation of pollutant diffusion and decay process after a water pollution incident in the Three Gorges Reservoir

We established a hydrodynamic model to simulate the pollutant transport and decay process in the case of a pollution incident in the sections of the Yangtze and the Jialing passing through the city area of Chongqing. The Boussinesq assumptions and the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid were applied to setting up the pollutant diffusion equations and the equations for the decay process. E. colt was taken as the example pollutant, and chloride dosage, light, temperature and ultraviolet intensity were considered in the equations for bacterial decay process. The calculated values of the fluid velocities in the two rivers agree well with corresponding measured results, indicating an ideal accuracy of the model. In simulation, the concentration of E. colt in water was assumed to be zero before the accident. The and 1.75 m/s for the Yangtze flow, and the downriver boundary was upriver boundary velocity was -1.35 m/s for the Jialing flow water depth set at 0. Simulation results show that the bacteria are transported downstream along the riverbank. A long and narrow pollutant belt develops at 12 h after the start of the accident ascribed to the quick longitudinal transfer. After the pollution sources are cut off, the pollutant concentration decreases slowly, mostly by advection and diffusion, suggesting inadequate self-purification ability of the rivers and the necessity of effective decontaminating measures in the case of a pollution incident, The model can be a useful tool for understanding the polluting situations of an improper discharge incident and evaluating the effects of decontaminating measures for the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Adaptive control model of water resources regulation in the Yellow River

According to the principle of procedure control and the characteristic of stochastic of inflow and water demands, this paper deals with the application of adaptive control to a water resources regulation system. The main control objective is to approach the vested target of water resources allocation by controlling the reservoir discharge and water demand. The adaptive control implemented is based on the linear quadratic control approach. Models of water balance, reservoir adjusted model and allocation model are used for the control purposes. The results show the performance of this adaptive scheme and its ability to control the water resources allocation process.

WATER POLLUTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Based on the statistical data related to water pollution in recent years, this paper firstly describes in detail the current status of water pollution and water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and coastal waters in China, then makes a comprehensive analysis on future trends of water pollution in China. The authors hold that the economic power, technology level and management level have determinative influences on the current status and future trends of water pollution. At last, this paper discusses briefly the policies and measures for preventing and controlling water pollution in the light of the national conditions.

STUDY ON THE POLLUTION OF URBAN SCENIC WATER BODY BY MUNICIPAL DRAINAGE IN FLOOD SEASON AND ITS CONTROL PLANNING

In this article, based on river quality simulation and system optimization, a water quality model was established for scenic river after rainfall discharge in flood season, with the target of making water pollutants meet the standard in priority and saving expenditure on pollution control. With the principle of reducing sewage from combined sewage pumping station and heavily polluted initial rainwater, a mathematical multiobjective planning model was constructed for rain sewage pollution control in flood season, and one scenic river in a northern city was taken for simulation example. The results show that： the optimization result meets the requirements of planning, among which, sewage reduction from the combined pumping station accounts for 17.38% in the total reduction of rain sewage, and the reduction in the heavily polluted rain water accounts for 77.24% in the total reduction of rainwater pumping station. The planning scheme can provide theoretical basis for pollution control of scenic river in flood season, and for rational reconstruction and layout of outfalls along two banks of the river.

Analysis of the Water Environmental Capacity of Zhongba-Nyingchi Section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

The Yarlung Tsangpo River,the longest river in Tibet,houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province.Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet,the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased.Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet.This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of CODcr, NH3-N and TP in the study area.Based on these data,determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control.The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality.The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally,but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas,and levels above state standards of CODcr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas.Therefore,emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

黄河入海口水污染多元主体协同治理法律规制研究

黄河入海口水污染多元主体协同治理法律规制既是推动流域和海域水污染一体化治理的法治选择,也是建设美丽港湾、实现黄河入海口生态文明的关键环节。当前,多元主体视角下黄河入海口水污染协同治理还存在市场主体参与法律规定落实缺位、公众参与法律规制与客观现实疏离、黄河流域管理机构法律关系与功能定位受限等问题。为适应国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的战略需求,亟须落实市场主体参与的法律法规路径、拓宽公众参与法律规制范畴、明确黄河流域管理机构法律地位,为黄河渤海交汇带的经济建设、社会发展和环境治理的协同方略提供法治思路。

曹娥江流域水环境容量与污染负荷分配研究

以曹娥江流域为研究对象,计算水环境容量,将其分配至各控制单元并细化到污染源类型,提出各控制单元污染物的削减量,以期提升曹娥江水环境质量。结果表明:1)2016—2021年,曹娥江流域内的屠家埠、汤曹汇合口和曹娥江大闸闸前3个监测断面的COD、氨氮、TP均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类要求。2)COD、氨氮、TN、TP入河量分别为16013.20、959.10、3658.53、416.05 t/a,且主要以非点源为主。3)基于满足曹娥江流域水体监测断面和入海断面水质达标的约束条件下,COD、氨氮、TN、TP水环境容量分别为47945.18、2435.81、6863.19、474.98 t/a。流域内COD还有剩余水环境容量,不需削减,氨氮、TN、TP分别需削减6.91、501.52、128.34 t/a。

黄河流域水污染跨部门协同治理的问题检视及法律保障

黄河流域生态环境脆弱,水资源短缺,河流纳污能力较弱,水污染呈现复合性特征。由于流域具有系统性、关联性、动态性特征,单一政府部门独立治理无法解决流域整体水污染问题。应积极探索跨部门联动、多方配合的协同治理模式。当前,协同治理的相关法律供给不足、部门利益冲突、数据信息共享滞缓、行政体制分割、生态保护补偿制度激励性不足等问题是实现跨部门协同治理的主要阻碍。应以“整体主义”思维完善综合性立法,明确部门职权划分的同时,健全协同治理体制和责任共担机制、统一部门治理目标、利用大数据技术建立信息共享平台,畅通数据循环,完善生态保护补偿制度,激发部门参与协同治理的主动性。

环巢湖地区沙河流域污染负荷总量控制及削减措施

针对巢湖污染负荷总量控制的问题,以巢湖二级子流域沙河流域为研究对象,基于对沙河流域水文特征、河道水质受损情况、污染源分布及源强评估分析,建立了陆域污染物负荷与水质定量响应关系,识别了流域重点控制区域,通过水文模拟模型(HSPF)模拟了流域污染负荷总量控制目标值,并制定了污染负荷削减分配方案。结果表明:在工业点源污染、生产区径流污染、村镇生活污水处理严格执行巢湖流域地方排放标准,镇区截污纳管率提高到80%,村镇坑塘治理率达到85%以上等削减措施情景下,各管控区域出口断面水质可达到目标水质考核要求。

突发水污染事件风险分析——以引江济淮工程(河南段)为例

从交通事故风险、污水排入风险以及其他风险等方面识别引江济淮工程(河南段)突发水污染事件的风险源,建立适应性的风险评价指标体系、指标等级划分标准和风险等级评价模型,综合评估7个评价河段突发水污染事件风险等级。结果表明:2个评价河段的风险等级为重大(Ⅱ级),5个评价河段的风险等级为较大(Ⅲ级)。从降低风险源危险性、提高风险控制有效性等方面提出突发水污染事件风险管控对策措施。本研究为降低引江济淮工程(河南段)突发水污染事件的发生概率和危害程度提供了支撑,对发挥工程综合效益、保障受水区供水安全、维护良好的水生态环境具有重要意义。

城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究

针对城市水污染日益严重的问题,提出城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究。采集滨河公园河道各采样点水体样本,以理化指标、重金属和类金属含量及对应WQI和TLI评估上、下游水质。分析后可知,园林景观对河道水污染防治作用明显,且部分指标间存在关联作用,进一步分析植被过滤带、台地式石笼护岸、河岸斜坡式缓冲带和生态浮岛中各种植类型的净化效果,实验分析得出各种植类型均具备防治效果,其中乔灌木群落栽植效果最佳,因地制宜地结合各种植类型能够有效防治河道水污染。

近煤薄层灰岩水文地质特征及其在超前区域治理中的作用

超前区域治理是华北型煤田底板水治理的重要技术。为研究薄层灰岩在超前区域治理中的意义,以山东黄河北煤田为研究区域,以徐家庄灰岩为研究对象,对徐家庄灰岩水文地质条件进行了研究,并对徐家庄薄层灰岩在底板突水中的作用以及作为超前区域治理目的层的意义等方面进行了研究。研究表明,薄层灰岩是黄河北煤田广泛发育与奥陶系灰岩与主采煤层之间的一层薄层灰岩,富水性弱─强,是阻止奥陶系灰岩岩溶水突水的关键层位。通过邱集矿治理实践,表明徐家庄薄层灰岩是底板区域治理的重要目的层,对该含水层的注浆改造对于实现奥灰威胁下矿井的安全开采具有重要意义。

黑臭水体河底末端修复治理研究

分析黑臭水体的形成原因,从黑臭水体评价、水生动物修复、人工曝气、微生物强化修复几方面阐述黑臭水体河底末端修复治理技术,并结合相关案例,根据黑臭水体的修复治理需要,研究黑臭水体河底末端修复治理策略,解决水体污染问题,保证污染治理效果。

黄河干流甘肃白银-宁夏沙坡头段水体污染现状评价及源解析

为查明黄河干流甘肃白银-宁夏沙坡头段水体污染现状,系统采集代表性水体样品69组,测定As、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和Mn浓度,分别采用重金属污染指数、内梅罗综合指数和潜在生态风险评估模型对6种元素污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价,并结合研究区工农业分布现状,基于皮尔逊相关性分析和主成分分析法解析主要污染源。结果表明,研究区水体中Mn超标,As、Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb达Ⅱ类水质标准;在空间分布上,各元素浓度从上游至下游呈逐渐上升趋势,且高浓度点位大都位于入河交汇处及下游邻近河段。重金属污染指数评价结果表明研究区水体属非常轻微污染水平,内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明水体介于尚清洁状态到重度污染状态之间;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,单元素潜在生态风险指数和多元素综合潜在生态风险指数均属于轻微生态风险。As、Cu和Mn主要为工业源和自然源的复合污染源,Cd和Pb主要受农业源和工业源的复合影响,Zn主要来源于交通污染,人类活动是影响研究区水质的关键因素。

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan： methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins （RBWPs） since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans （H-RBWPs） over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.