Agroforestry and its Application in Amelioration of Saline Soils in Eastern China Coastal Region

Some environmental problems, especially soil salinity hinder the regional sustainable development of eastern China coastal region. Salinity mainly comes from tide weave, seawater flooding and seawater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater, which is the result of unfitful land use systems, leads to seawater intrusion and salt concentration increase. Agroforestry systems can enrich soil fertility and prevent soil salinization, furthermore help maintain biodiversity and enhance productivity. For the intergrated multiple ecosystems the most critical issue is to select optimum tree species and rationally arrange these plants. The basics of this multiple ecosystem is that different plants will occupy variable ecological niches within an area, both in space and in soil depth. Shelterbelts and trees intercropping with agricultural crops are major types of the multiple ecosystem. Shelterbelts can reduce wind speed and consequently lessen evaporation and erosion of the soil, increase pasture growth by up to 60% on exposed sites, increase crop yields by up to 25%. Besides intercropping with jujube, other agroforestry multiple ecosystem such as forestry plus agriculture, forestry plus agriculture plus fishery, and forestry plus animal husbandry are the most appropriate ways to utilise land resource in this region.

Amelioration of Saline-Sodic Soils with Tillage Implements and Sulfuric Acid Application

Amelioration of saline-sodic soils through land preparation with three tillage implements （disc plow, rotavator and cultivator） each followed by application of sulfuric acid at 20% of gypsum （CaSO4-2H2O） requirement or no sulfuric acid application during crop growth period was evaluated in a field study for 2.5 years at three sites, i.e., Jhottianwala, Gabrika （Thabal）, and Thatta Langar, in Tehsil Pindi Bhattian, Hafizahad District, Pakistan. Within 2.5 years, there was a decrease in the salinity parameters measured （electrical conductivity, pH, and sodium adsorption ratio）, with a gradual increase in rice and wheat grain yields. It was observed that the disc plow, which not only ensured favorable yields but also helped improve soil health at all the three sites, was the most effective tillage implement. Also, application of sulfuric acid resulted in higher yields and promoted rapid amelioration of the saline-sodic soils.

Bio-amelioration of alkali soils through agroforestry systems in central Indo-Gangetic plains of India

A long-term field study was initiated during 1995 at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow （26047＇58＂ N and 80°46＇24＂ E） to analyze the effect of agroforestry systems on amelioration of alkali soils. Three agroforestry systems （pas- toral, silvipastoral and silvicultural） were compared with the control where no agroforestry system was introduced. Tree-based silvicultural and silvipastoral systems were characterized by tree species Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica along with grass species Leptochloafusca, Panicum maximum, Trifolium alexandrium and Chloris gayana. Growth of ten-year-old Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica planted in combi- nation with grasses was significantly higher over the silviculture system with the same species. Tree biomass yields of P. juliflora （77.20 t·ha-1） and A. nilotica （63.20 t·ha-1） planted under silvipastoral system were significantly higher than the sole plantation of （64.50 t·ha-1 and 52.75 t·ha-1）. Fodder yield under the pastoral system was significantly higher than the silvipastoral system during initial years but it was at par with that of silvipastoral systems after eight years of plantation. The microbial biomass carbon in the soils of silvipastoral systems was significantly higher than in soils under sole plantation of trees and control systems. The Prosopis-based silvipastoral system proved more effective in reduc- ing soil pH, displacing Na＋ from the exchange complex, increasing or- ganic carbon and available N, P and K. Improvement in soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, soil moisture and infiltration rate was higher in the Prosopis-based silvipastoral system than in the silviculture system or control On the basis of biomass production and improvement in soil health due to tree ＋ grass systems, silvipastoral agroforestry system could be adopted for sustainable reclamation ofhighly alkali soils.

Role of the different planting age of seabuckthorn forests to soil amelioration in coal mining subsidence land

To investigate the effects of seabuckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides)on soil amelioration,using the space replacement method,soil physical and chemical indexes as well as the microorganism quantity and soil enzyme activities were analyzed.The results showed that:the soil bulk density of surface soil decreased and soil porosity and field capacity increased after afforestation with seabuckthorn.The plant was found to effectively reduce the soil pH,increase the soil conductivity,soil organic matters and available nutrients.Soil microorganism quantity,soil enzyme activities were both higher in 0-20 cm layer than in 20-40 cm layer.With the increase years of remediation with seabuckthorn,the quantity of soil microorganism and enzyme activities were increasing to a higher level 5 to 8 years later.Our study indicates that seabuckthorn can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties,increase the quantity of soil microorganisms and enzyme activities,which is of great significance for the ecosystem restoration in mining areas.

Amelioration of Saline Soil by the Application of Gypsum, Calcium Chloride, Rice Husk and Cow Dung

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cow dung, rice husks, calcium chloride and gypsum on soil reclamation and compare the effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil reclamation during the period of 5th March to 20th April, 2017. The experiment was laid to fit a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments [Reference soil (T0), Cow dung (T1), Rice husk (T2), Gypsum (T3), Calcium chloride (T4), Cow dung + Rice husk (T5) and Gypsum + Calcium chloride (T6)] each having three replications for this experiment. After incubation (45 days), the laboratory investigation was carried out in the Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. Results indicate that the individual or combined effect of gypsum (T3) was more effective in changing EC and SAR. Gypsum application in combination with calcium chloride (T6) improved the soil chemical properties by reducing the EC. Among the treatment, calcium chloride (T4) had a remarkable effect in reducing sodium adsorption ratio and gypsum had a remarkable effect in reducing pH. Cow dung (T1), rice husk (T2), combination of cow dung and rice husk (T5) were less effective to reduce EC, pH and SAR. It’s measured for soils of different soil amendments varied significantly

Effect of Furfural Residue on Control of Soil Alkalization and Amelioration of Solonetz

Furfural residue, an industrial waste, is a kind of strongly acidic organic materials. Its comprehensive utilization in agriculture showed a significant effect on control of soil alkalization, amelioration of solonetz and increase of crop yields. In detail it may adjust pH, depress alkalinity, reduce bulk density and compactness and increase water permeability and retention ability of the soil. Meanwhile agricultural use of furfural residue provided an effective way to avoid its pollution of the soil, Water and air.

Dynamic Changes of Tobacco-growing Soil Nutrients and Enzymes After Application of Amelioration Materials

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the improvement effects of different soil amelioration materials such as lime,green manure and bio-organic fertilizer on acidic tobacco-planting soil.[Methods]The dynamic changes of soil pH,soil nutrients and enzyme activity were studied by applying lime,lime+green fertilizer,and lime+green fertilizer+biological organic fertilizer.[Results]①After the application of amelioration materials,the soil pH and available phosphorus content of tobacco-growing soil showed a stepwise change of first increasing and then decreasing,and became stable at 60 d after tobacco transplanting;the soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium content showed a gradual change trend of"high-low-high";and the soil invertase and urease activity showed a gradual change trend of"low-high-low".②To 90 d after tobacco transplanting,the application of amelioration materials increased soil pH by 1.29-1.62 units,and increased organic matter content by 15.21%-20.86%,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content by 6.83%-18.17%,available phosphorus content by 54.15%-217.85%,rapidly available potassium content by 11.42%-30.86%,soil invertase activity by 70.09%-18.93%,and soil urease activity by 64.07%-130.47%.③The combination of lime+green manure+alkaline microbial organic fertilizer had the best effect on the improvement of acidic tobacco-growing soil,and the effect of lime+green manure+acid microbial organic fertilizer on acidic soil was the second.[Conclusions]When applying lime,green fertilizer and alkaline bio-organic fertilizer should be applied to achieve sustainable improvement of strongly acidic soil.

Changes of Word Meaning in English-Generalization/Specialization and Pejoration/Amelioration

Changes of word meanings in English are often achieved by the processes of generalization/specialization and pejoration/amelioration.By generalization or specialization,the literal meanings of a word are broadened or narrowed.While by pejoration or amelioration,the associations of a word go downhill or rise.Trough supplying certain examples,a brief picture about meaning changes of words in English is drawn.

Property and performance amelioration of pelagic clay from the East Pacific

To make use of the pelagic clay as polymer filling,the properties of clay sediments from the ocean investigation zone of China in the East Pacific were studied by the SSA,XRF,ICP/MAS,FTIR,XRD,SEM,DTA/TG and granularity distributing etc.,and experiments were settled to improve the whiteness and activation of the clay based on these data.Compared with land clay,pelagic clay holds many particular features,such as fine particles and incompact accumulation,worse crystallization and more defects,high activity,complex mineral and chemical components,and low whiteness etc.Processing the purified pelagic clay with acids and zinc,then baked it at different temperatures,the whiteness of clay can be increased from 23.8% to 73.1%,and the optimized conditions is:consistency of vitriol 25%,ratio of clay to water 4∶1,reaction time 4h,reaction temperature 90℃,dosage of zinc 2.0 g/L,and baking temperature 700℃.And the SSA of whited clay is increased too.Using the dry milling method to modify the pelagic clay with organic reagents,the optimized technique is KH550,concentration 1.5%,reaction time 20 min.XRD,FTIR and SEM testing indicate that the mechanism of organic activation was mainly surface absorbing and chemical combination secondly.

Arsenic toxicity in mice and its possible amelioration

Oral administration of arsenic trioxide(3 and 6 mg/kg body weight/d) for 30 d caused, as compared with vehicle control, dose dependent significant reductions in body weight, absolute weight, protein, glycogen, as well as, total, dehydro and reduced ascorbic acid contents both in the liver and kidney of arsenic treated mice. Succinic dehydrogenase(SDH) and phosphorylase only in the liver activities were significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner. Acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in the liver of low dose arsenic treated animals; however, significant rise in its activity was observed in high dose group. As compared with vehicle control, treatment also caused significant dose dependent reductions in SDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in the kidney of mice. Vitamin E cotreatment as well as, 30 d withdrawal of arsenic trioxide treatment with or without vitamin E caused significant amelioration in arsenic induced toxicity in mice. Administration of vitamin E during withdrawal of treatment also caused significant amelioration as compared from only withdrawal of the treatment. It is concluded that vitamin E ameliorates arsenic induced toxicities in the liver and kidney of mice.

小麦专用肥配施改良剂对旱地小麦产量、品质及肥水效率的影响

为探讨小麦专用肥配施改良剂的肥效,明确其对旱地强筋小麦产量、根系发育、品质及养分、肥水效率的影响,于2021—2023年定位研究了不施氮肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、小麦专用肥(T1)、小麦专用肥+秸秆原位腐熟剂(T2)、小麦专用肥+秸秆原位腐熟剂+羧甲基纤维素钾(T3)处理下,旱地强筋小麦的产量及其构成、根系发育、品质及养分、肥水效率。结果表明:与FP处理相比,T2、T3处理籽粒产量及其构成因素均呈上升趋势,分别增产5.89%和11.53%;地上部生物量分别增加3.67%和4.26%;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和籽粒养分均有所增加;氮肥农学效率分别提高43.42%和70.55%;肥料偏生产力分别增加5.93%和7.77%;氮肥利用率分别提高10.78个百分点和27.73个百分点;经济效益分别增长5.13%和12.01%。T2处理下,面团的粉质特性和拉伸特性指标均表现最好。研究表明,N∶P2O5∶K2O配比为21∶18∶5的小麦专用肥配施秸秆腐熟剂和保水剂可提高旱地小麦产量和肥水效率。

不同材料复合添加对土壤铬形态的影响

以铬污染黄壤为研究对象,选择有机材料(泥炭)、pH值调节剂(沸石)、生物炭(鸡粪)3种不同种类的土壤重金属污染改良剂,采用正交试验L_(9)(3^(4))设计和室内盆栽试验,考察不同复合材料组对土壤中重金属铬形态、pH值、有机质含量的影响。结果表明:沸石的添加提高了土壤pH值、有机质含量,增加了土壤可还原态、可氧化态铬含量;鸡粪的添加通过提高土壤pH值从而增加土壤可还原态铬的含量;泥炭的添加提高了土壤有机质含量、土壤可氧化态铬含量,降低了土壤可交换态铬含量。

磷石膏改良滨海盐土效果及对小麦生长的影响

江苏滨海盐土(盐碱土)约66.22万公顷,大多未开发利用,主要因为含盐量很高,迫切需要进行改良。本试验采用田间试验方法,利用磷肥厂副产物磷石膏进行盐(碱)土改良试验。试验设置不施肥、不施用磷石膏、单施复合肥、施用复合肥+磷石膏不同用量等8个处理进行。结果表明,施用磷石膏可以降低盐碱土土壤pH,与不施用磷石膏的对照相比,施用磷石膏后表层0~20 cm土壤pH下降0.07~0.40个单位,碳酸氢根离子下降15.81%~43.53%;土壤钠离子浓度下降17.25%~89.83%,土壤钾离子含量增加8.17%~384.90%,土壤钙离子含量增加59.51%~1977.72%,土壤有机质增加4.51%~19.50%。施用磷石膏处理小区小麦叶片全氮含量较不施磷石膏处理增加7.85%~26.21%,叶片全磷含量增加5.02%~35.97%;小麦增产11.41%~45.26%。滨海盐土及盐碱土可以采用磷石膏进行改良,有较好的改良效果。综合考虑,以处理为30%复合肥1050 kg·hm^(-2)+磷石膏1125 kg·hm^(-2)和30%复合肥1050 kg·hm^(-2)+磷石膏2250 kg·hm^(-2)处理效果最好。

我国耕地质量主控因素及提升策略

我国耕地质量总体偏低,严重威胁国家粮食安全和生态环境安全。目前我国耕地质量的主控因素尚缺乏系统研究,不同类型障碍耕地的质量提升技术策略也不明晰。因此,本文在全面阐述我国耕地质量现状的同时,重点调研揭示了东北黑土地、北方旱地、南方水田、南方旱地、设施农地和盐碱耕地6类典型耕地的突出问题,深入分析了耕地质量问题的主控因素和耕地质量下降的驱动机制。以耕地保护与合理利用为核心,从耕地监测、改良、培肥、利用4个方面,提出维持和提升耕地质量的核心策略,明确耕地科技创新的主要方向。阐明农田工程、保护性耕作、科学施肥、水资源高效利用、耐逆适生作物品种选育等关键耕地质量提升技术途径的适用性。旨在梳理全面综合提升耕地质量的科技需求,为耕地保护相关政策的制定提供重要参考,支撑耕地的农业生产和生态服务功能提升,实现藏粮于地、藏粮于技和农业绿色可持续发展的战略目标。

脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤综合效果评价研究

为探究区域脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤的综合效果,通过文献调研统计分析了施加量在0~60 t·hm^(–2)范围内的脱硫石膏,对土壤pH、交换性钠百分率、浸提液电导率和作物产量的变化特征。基于灰色关联分析法和熵权法建立了以脱硫石膏施加量为自变量的盐碱土壤综合改良评价模型。结果表明:施用脱硫石膏可降低土壤pH和交换性钠百分率,提高作物产量(油葵、苜蓿、玉米、水稻、小麦、枸杞和甜高粱),但增加了土壤浸提液的电导率值。随着脱硫石膏施加量的增加,土壤pH和交换性钠百分率的降低率及作物产量的增加率呈先增加后减少的趋势,而土壤浸提液电导率的增加率呈增加的趋势。在中度或重度盐碱土壤为获得作物高产,脱硫石膏施加量不宜超过30 t·hm^(–2)。为综合分析脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤的效果,本文基于熵权—灰色关联度评价模型,分析脱硫石膏最佳施加量。轻、中度盐碱土施加18~22 t·hm^(–2)的脱硫石膏;重度盐碱土施加23~29 t·hm^(–2)的脱硫石膏可取得良好的改土增产效果。研究成果为脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤提供参考依据。

银杏内酯B对肥胖小鼠的改善作用研究

为探究银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B,GB)对肥胖小鼠的干预作用,首先采用高脂膳食诱导构建C57BL/6J小鼠肥胖模型,随后将肥胖小鼠按体重随机分为4组,模型组(PG)、GB低剂量组(GBL)、GB中剂量组(GBM)和GB高剂量组(GBH),进行为期8周的干预实验,测定各组小鼠肥胖相关指标,如体重变化、脏器脂肪系数、血脂指标等。GB干预后,GBM和GBH组小鼠的体重增长明显小于PG组(P<0.05),同时,GBH组的小鼠脏器脂肪系数均显著降低(P<0.05)。另外,GBM和GBH组小鼠的血脂指标总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HLD-C)均得到显著(P<0.05)改善,尤其是GBH组小鼠;最后,组织病理学结果显示,GBM和GBH组小鼠肝脏脂肪沉积明显减轻。进一步实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction,qRT-PCR)结果显示,和PG组相比,GBM和GBH组小鼠肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)的mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),而解偶联蛋白2(Uncoupling protein 2,UCP-2)的mRNA水平显著增加(P<0.05)。本研究发现中高剂量的GB可以有效改善小鼠的肥胖,并且这种改善作用可能和PPARγ-UCP-2信号途径相关。

4种多酚对丙二醛诱导花生球蛋白氧化的改善作用

为探究多酚对蛋白质氧化的改善作用,通过丙二醛建立花生球蛋白氧化体系,并采用槲皮素、儿茶素、绿原酸及没食子酸4种多酚干预氧化进程,分析其对花生球蛋白氧化程度和加工特性的影响。结果表明:4种多酚均对丙二醛氧化花生球蛋白有明显的改善作用,其中儿茶素使花生球蛋白的羰基浓度减少了98.10%,溶解度增加7.30%;没食子酸使花生球蛋白的疏水性降低35.57%;而槲皮素使花生球蛋白的游离氨基浓度增加了83.31%;4种多酚均使内源荧光强度不同程度增大,其中没食子酸的干预最明显,最大增幅为38.37%。相关性分析进一步说明多酚干预可在一定程度上降低花生球蛋白的氧化进程。因此,4种多酚均可改善丙二醛对花生球蛋白氧化作用,其中以儿茶素的改善效果最明显。

丛枝菌根真菌对不同铅锌矿渣处理模式生态拦截效果的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为大多数植物的共生真菌,对植物富集重金属和提高植物耐受性具有积极作用,本研究通过分析丛枝菌根真菌的孢子数和侵染率对不同矿渣处理模式的土壤相关指标、植物生长指标、根系形态、土壤重金属流失量的差异性和相关性变化,揭示AMF对4种处理模式生态拦截效果的影响。【方法】以栾树为主要供试植物,设计4个处理组:CK(100%矿渣)、K0(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%CaCO_(3))、S(栾树)、CP(栾树+夹竹桃+香根草),通过模拟矿山玻璃装置系统进行实验。【结果】1)4种矿渣处理模式的AMF土壤孢子密度CP>S>K0>CK,4种矿渣处理模式的土壤孔隙度、含水率、有机质含量变化趋势与孢子数变化趋势一致。脲酶、磷酸酶随着改良剂的增加和植物的种植而增加,与孢子数正相关,过氧化氢酶总体呈现出CK>K0>CP>S组的规律,且差异性显著,与4个处理组AMF孢子数呈现负相关。2)S组与CP组株高、生物量差异明显,S组AMF与植物生物量显著相关,复合种植后,AMF与植物株高、地上生物量和总生物量显著相关与地下生物量极显著相关,植物根系形态提升明显。3)Pb流失量呈现出CK>K0>S>CP的规律,与AMF孢子数负相关,添加改良剂后,土壤Pb流失量大幅度降低。栽种栾树后,土壤流失量逐渐趋于稳定,Zn流失量呈现出K0>CK>S>CP的规律,添加改良剂后,孢子数增加,Zn流失量高于空白组,种植栾树,AMF提升明显,Zn流失量显著减少,稳定性增加。【结论】AMF对土壤的酸碱度具有调节作用,同时AMF对植物的生长与发育存在一定的正向促进作用。植物复合种植根系更复杂,更能促进AMF的生长和传播以及增加植物之间的养分和水分共享,还能够渗透入土壤深层影响Pb和Zn元素的迁移和转化。植物Zn、Pb含量主要集中在根系部分,AMF与流入植物的Zn、Pb金属相关性主要体现在茎叶上。地下部分AMF对Zn元素的影响显著,在栾树生长阶段AMF作用主要体现在是提高Zn的迁移与转化,以及将其转运至地上茎叶部分,但该作用对于Pb元素的影响效果不明显。

苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散特征研究进展

本文系统总结了黏粒分散特征表征方法,归纳可用于表征黏粒分散程度的主要指标;概述了黏粒分散对土壤物理性质的影响;重点阐述影响黏粒分散的因素,包括:土壤酸碱性、离子浓度、土壤有机质、农业管理措施、外源物质施用等;提出了黏粒分散控制方法。根据Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)不同分散和絮凝能力得出,离子性指数、电荷稀疏性、净分散量、土壤结构稳定性的阳离子比和阳离子交换量等是表征黏粒分散特征的常用指标;电动电位势和浊度与黏粒分散存在密切联系,有待进一步应用于苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散研究。黏粒分散破坏土壤结构,导致土壤水力传导率下降,严重阻碍土壤正常功能。黏粒分散机理:不同阳离子价态不同和不同土壤溶液浓度不同导致黏粒表面正电荷层厚度不同,引起黏粒之间范德华吸引力和静电排斥力作用效果差异,正电荷层较厚导致黏粒分散。通过明晰黏粒分散机理,有助于掌握影响黏粒分散的主要因素,抑制苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散,改善土壤结构,以期为苏打盐碱土治理提供理论参考和技术指导。

盾构余泥用作3种绿化植物种植基质的改良处理及可行性评价

[目的]研究城市固体废弃物盾构余泥的资源化处理方式,为盾构余泥的资源最大化利用和多元化利用提供参考。[方法]将盾构余泥和园林废弃物按不同比例配制成复合基质,通过盆栽试验研究不同基质的pH、容重、孔隙度、阳离子交换量、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量等基本理化性质,及各处理的发芽情况,分析不同基质对种子萌发的影响,探究适合用于绿化种植的基质配比。[结果]各改良基质处理下3种植物的综合评价指数不尽相同。熵权TOPSIS集成评价法分析结果显示,T40-5对盐肤木和草决明的综合评价指数最高,T50-3对刺槐的综合评价指数最高。[结论]盐肤木和草决明的最佳基质配方为:40%盾构余泥+40%园林废弃物+8%生物炭+10%膨润土+2%缓释颗粒肥;刺槐的最佳基质配方为:50%盾构余泥+30%园林废弃物+10%生物炭+8%膨润土+2%缓释颗粒肥。