Representation of the Basic Laws of Thermodynamics in Quantum Mechanics

We propose a representation of the basic laws, namely the zeroth, first, second and third law, in quantum thermodynamics. The zeroth law is represented by some parameters () that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of thermodynamic state space. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. A quantum analog of the first law can be established by utilizing these parameters. The notion of heat in quantum systems is clarified from the probabilistic point of view in quantum theory. The representation of the second law can be naturally described in terms of these parameters introduced for the respective quantum systems. In obtaining the representation of quantum thermodynamics, consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics should have been preserved throughout our formulation of quantum thermodynamics. After establishing the representation of the second law, the third law is discussed briefly. The relationship between thermodynamic temperatures and the parameters in is also discussed.

Textualism, structuralism and originalism： the art of the NPC Standing Committee＇s interpretations of the Basic Law

This paper offers an analysis of the approaches employed in the three interpretations of the Basic Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （NPC） after the return of Hong Kong to China, including textualism, structural reading and originalism. The paper stresses the application of jurisprudential theory in the skilful employment of these methods in the NPC interpretations. In the case of ＂the right of abode＂ in Hong Kong the differences between the interpretations by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong and by the NPC rest mainly in whether a formalist procedural review or a substantivist presumption of intent should be adopted in the process of determining an authoritative text that embodies the original intention of the legislation. That is not just a difference of legal interpretation but also one of jurisprudential theory and political stance. Based on the above considerations, this paper criticizes the common misconception that it is not appropriate for legislators to undertake legal interpretation, and calls for an understanding of the Basic Law in the framework of Chinese constitutional government.

The Interpretation of the Basic Law——Common Law and Mainland Chinese Perspectives

I.Introduction In Lau Kong-yung and 16 others v.The Director of Immigration[1],the case in which the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal(CFA)considered the effect of the interpretation of the Basic Law issued by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee(NPCSC)in June 1999,Sir Anthony Mason,Non-Permanent Judge of the Court,said:

The basic law of the formation and expansion in urban agglomerations

Urban agglomerations are formed when a country is in the advanced stages of industrialization and urbanization. They are highly integrated groups of cities that form and develop through a natural, gradual process as the relationship between them changes from one of competition to assimilation following law of natural development. China is currently in a new stage of transitional development characterized by its New-Type Urbanization Plan. It has entered a new era in which it is a global leader in urban agglomeration development, and China’s research and development models are being imitated and adopted by countries around the world. This paper adopts a theoretical approach to propose the basic law governing the formation, development and expansion of urban agglomerations. This includes the stage-based formation and development law, multi-scale intensive-use transmission law,crystal-structure spatial composition law, egg-shaped expansion evolution law,'saplings-to-forest' natural growth law, and sustainable development incremental increase law.Guided by these law, China has created a hierarchical organizational configuration for optimizing the spatial structure of its urban agglomerations. It has also formulated urban agglomeration development plans and proposed research-based measures to resolve problems specific to urban agglomerations and to promote their sustainable development. The law governing the formation, development and expansion of urban agglomerations play an important role in guiding their development in China and will play a greater role in the future.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CON-TINUUM THEORIES (Ⅱ)—MICROMORPHIC CONTINUUM THEORY AND COUPLE STRESS THEORY

The purpose is to reestablish the balance laws of momentum, angular momentum and energy and to derive the corresponding local and nonlocal balance equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory. The desired results for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are naturally obtained via direct transitions and reductions from the coupled conservation law of energy for micropolar continuum theory, respectively. The basic balance laws and equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are constituted by combining these results derived here and the traditional conservation laws and equations of mass and microinertia and the entropy inequality. The incomplete degrees of the former related continuum theories are clarified. Finally, some special cases are conveniently derived.

Literature overview of basic characteristics and flotation laws of flocs

Flocculation flotation is the most efficient method for recovering fine-grained minerals,and its essence lies in flotation and recovery of flocs.Fundamental physical characteristics of flocs are mainly determined by their apparent particle size and structure(density and morphology).Substantial researches have been conducted regarding the effect of floc characteristics on particle settling and water treatment.However,the influence of floc characteristics on flotation has not been widely studied.Based on the floc formation and flocculation flotation,this study reviews the fundamental physical characteristics of flocs from the perspectives of floc particle size and structure,summarizing the interaction between floc particle size and structure.Moreover,it thoroughly discusses the effect of floc particle size and structure on floc floatability,further revealing the influence of floc characteristics on bubble collision and adhesion and elucidating the mechanisms of interaction between flocs and bubbles.Thus,it is observed that floc particle size is not the only factor influencing flocculation flotation.Within the appropriate apparent particle size range,flocs with a compact structure exhibit higher efficiency in bubble collision and adhesion during flotation,thereby resulting in enhanced flotation performance.This study aims to provide a reference for flocculation flotation,targeting the development of more efficient and refined flocculation flotation processes in the future.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅰ) —MICROPOLAR CONTINUA

Based on the restudies of existing polar continuum theories rather complete systems of basic balance laws and equations for micropolar continuum theory are presented. In these new systems not only the additional angular momentum, surface moment and body moment produced by the linear momentum, surface force and body force, respectively, but also the additional velocity produced by the angular velocity are considered. The new coupled balance laws of linear momentum, angular momentum and energy are reestablished. From them the new coupled local and nonlocal balance equations are naturally derived. Via contrast it can be clearly seen that the new results are believed to be rather general and complete.

Renewal of basic laws and principles for polar continuum theories (Ⅺ)—consistency problems

Some consistency problems existing in continuum field theories are briefly reviewed. Three arts of consistency problems are clarified based on the renewed basic laws for polar continua. The first art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for polar continua. The second art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for polar continua and for other nonpolar continua. The third art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for micropolar continuum theories and the dynamical equations for rigid body. The results presented here can help us to get a deeper understanding the structure of the basic laws for various continuum theories and the interrelations between them. In the meantime, these results obtained show clearly that the consistency problems could not be solved in the framework of traditional basic laws for continuum field theories.

基于无线模块和Visual Basic的仿真演示实验设计——以牛顿第二定律实验为例

介绍了基于无线模块和Visual Basic仿真演示实验设计的功能.并以牛顿第二定律实验为例,利用霍尔传感器将实验物理变量的变化转换成电脉冲信号并通过无线模块发射.利用USB无线模块接收将信号输入计算机,然后控制Visual Basic设计的演示实验的仿真界面,实现仿真界面与演示实验同步进行.

A new model for evaluating the electrical conductivity of nonferrous slag

Electrical conductivity of molten slag is an important physicochemical property for designing the refming process in electric smelting furnaces. Though conductivities of many slag systems have been measured, the quantitative relationships of conductivity with slag composition and temperature are still very limited. In this article, the Arrhenius law was used to describe the experimental data of conductivities for CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2, CaO-MnO-AlEO3-SiO2, as well as CaO-MgO-MnO- Al2O3-SiO： systems, and it is found that activation energy can be expressed as a linear function of the content of components, where the optical basicity of slag must be within the range of 0.58 to 0.68.

THE CHARACTERISTIC， DISTRIBUTION AND CAUSING FACTORC OF THE DISABLED IN HENAN PROVINCE

Henan Province is not only one of the provinces with the most POpulation, but also one of the provinces with the most disabled people in China. The characteristics of the disabled People, the distribution law of six typeS of the disabled, and the reason c

Extending Electromagnetic Treatment to Infectious Diseases including the Ebola Virus

A blueprint for research and development for design and development of suitable electromagnetic treatment of genetic diseases (Escultura, Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 3(2), 2012) known as genetic sterilization is applied to infectious diseases including viruses. It is based on the Grand Unified Theory (Escultura, Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series, 69(3), 2008) and the Unified Theory of Evolution (Escultura, The Journal of the Science of Healing Outcomes, 2015). Since every physical characteristic of living thing is determined by a gene, so is the undesirable symptom of a disease. For virus, its undesirable symptom is determined principally by the wavelength of the natural vibration of its gene as sequence of base materials which is equal to its measure as a segment of a double helix. Radiation with wavelength equal to this measure will resonate with it. Raising its intensity suitably will sterilize the gene, stop its spread and render it harmless to the host;then the disease is treated without harm to normal cells. Another treatment is establishing resonance with radiation of wavelength equal to the measure of the virus (protein strand with the gene) across;raising its intensity suitably will burn the virus without side effect (since it is much smaller than normal cells).

The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Thermodynamics

It is proposed a representation of the basic laws (i.e. the zeroth, first, second and third laws) in thermodynamics for quantum systems in the pure and mixed ensembles, respectively. We show that the basic laws are represented by parameters that specify respective quantum states. The parameters are the elements of the thermodynamic state space Mθand the state space Mϑof the mixed ensemble for quantum systems. The introduction of such parameters is based on a probabilistic nature of quantum theory. Consistency between quantum theory and classical thermodynamics is preserved throughout the formulation for the representation of the thermodynamical laws in quantum systems (quantum thermodynamics). The present theory gives the mathematical foundations of quantum thermodynamics.

行政法典化的渐进主义路径

行政法典是规范行政权和保护公民合法权益的最高级别的规范形式。法典化反映的是编纂法典的动态的发展趋势,其表现形式可以是多元化的,构造可以是多层次的,发展可以是渐进的、多阶段的。行政法典的理论构想包含行政法总则、行政基本法、行政程序法三种模式。行政法典化受行政法体系、立法成果、行政法理论以及文化等因素影响。从目标定位来看,要降低理想型、高级形态行政法典的预期,采取一种更为务实的局部性、适应性、渐进性、阶段性为特征的适度法典化的路径。在功能主义与渐进主义的双重视角下,把行政程序法作为行政基本法典的实现路径,更具有可行性和操作性。

新时代法学基本范畴的重构——构建中国自主法学知识体系要论

在新时代背景下对法学基本范畴的内涵和体系进行重构,是构建中国自主法学知识体系的“成事之要”。“政治新时代”和“科技新时代”的到来,为法学基本范畴的重构提供了背景和动因。法学基本范畴从法学学科体系看构成了近代法律科学的“通用语汇”,从法学学术体系看可谓是法学理论创新的“思想芯片”,从法学话语体系看形塑了中国法学对外传播的“基本语法”。为了重构法学基本范畴,一方面要进行理论上的融会贯通,即贯通马克思主义、中华传统优秀法治文明和西方优秀法治文化三个传统,另一方面要对历史和当下的法治实践予以归纳提炼,并通过建构性解释上升为法学概念和范畴。重构的核心任务在于构筑兼具普遍性与中国性的法学基本范畴体系,为此既要加强对原创性概念和范畴的研究,也要加强对普遍法学概念和范畴的新内涵的研究,并按科学严密的内在结构构筑起以“法”和“法治”为核心、兼具静态性和动态性的二元法学基本范畴体系。

The Model Selection of Personal Information Protection in Criminal Procedures

In criminal procedures,the right to personal information does not conform to the human rights characteristics of criminal procedures centered on due process right,in which the right to be forgotten and the right to access data possess no attributes of independent litigation right.The theory of the independent right to personal information lacks a legitimate basis and should not be used as the protection model for personal information in criminal proceedings.Given the particularity of interest measurement and the individuality and negativity of human rights in criminal procedures,the protection of personal information in the criminal procedure should be aimed at the risk of transformation from collective general information to private sensitive information.Specifically,it is the right of personal information not to be excessively collected.Accordingly,the personal information protection should be included in the scope of criminal procedures by the conceptual interpretation of the informational privacy,i.e.,the dependency protection model.In this regard,the criminal proceeding should appropriately introduce the basic principles of personal information protection and the limited general forensic to deal with the impact and challenge of emerging right claim on the criminal justice system.

On the Right to Learn as a Fundamental Human Right

With the advent of the learning age,the connotation of the“right to education”can no longer meet the requirements of personal and social development,so it is necessary to introduce the concept of the right to learn with a richer connotation.As a basic human right,the proposal and guarantee of the right to learn directly respond to the practical problems in the information age and the learning age.The right to learn is fundamental freedom enjoyed by everyone to acquire useful knowledge,skill,value,spirit,and attitude through reading,watching,listening,thinking,researching,practicing,being educated,and other learning methods to develop and perfect a personality.The philosophical basis,connotation,attribute,extraterritorial legislative guarantee of the right to learn and the development of the times de termine it should be regarded as a basic human right.Treating the right to learn as a basic human right and systematically guaranteeing it through the amendment of China’s Education Law and other supporting legislation will contribute to the realization of this right,the improvement of national knowledge,and the progress of China’s social civilization.

智能化:当今世界现代化的一个基本特征——兼谈智能化在中国式现代化建设中的意义

当今世界现代化建设与智能革命、智能社会密切相关。“智能化”既是智能社会的主要特征,也是当今世界现代化的基本规律和主要特征。智能化在中国式现代化建设中具有重要的意义。中国式现代化建设,必须高度注重智能化建设。一是创新现代化理论,二是充分发挥中华民族的综合性思维优势,三是加快机器智能化、网络智能化和社会智能化建设。进一步加快智能化建设,对全面建设社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴具有重要意义。

论数字时代的《刑事诉讼法》修改

《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》修改已被列入全国人大常委会立法规划,在本次修改中应当回应数字时代的需求,关注在刑事诉讼中运用新型数字技术所带来的新问题。在基础理念层面,应当协调数字时代刑事诉讼中技术运用和人权保障的关系,兼顾法律修改的前瞻性与稳妥性,平衡数据安全与个人信息保护之间的冲突。在基本原则层面,应当确立合法原则,要求目的、程序与手段的合法性;通过确认比例原则,协调目的、手段与后果之间的关系;依据区分处理原则对对象、场景、行为方式与监管方式加以区分处理。在制度规范层面,应强化对数字侦查取证的控制,推动数字检察法律监督工作,规范智慧审判,确保公安机关、检察机关、审判机关的数字化改革符合刑事诉讼的基本原理。从这三个层面出发修改《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》,能使刑事诉讼的数字化转型在法治轨道内得以实现。