Perfection of the legislation of the crimes by the Chinese elderly

The nineteenth session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People＇s Congress in February 25, 2011 approved the ＂PRC Criminal Law Amendment （eight）＂, which for the first time added the provision of the lenient punishment for the elderly crimes. The provision filled the legislative blank of the criminal responsibility of this special group of the old people in the criminal law of our country. But at the same time, we should also clearly see the deficiencies of the amendment （eight）. This paper attempts to sort out the rationality of the lenient application of the punishment on the older people from the aspect of the criminal policy oftemperingjustice with mercy and other aspects, and to construct and perfect the specific legislative proposals that the amendment （eight） puts forward.

Reconstructing the Data Crime Governance Model from the Perspective of Criminal Compliance

With the advent of the risk society and the era of big data,criminal law must respond to data crime in a more proactive manner.The traditional way of conviction and sentencing adopted by the current criminal law for data crime can no longer meet the requirements of the times.Compliance should be introduced into criminal law to improve the governance system of data crime.There are three ways to incorporate compliance into criminal law:(1)as the exemption cause of enterprise crime;(2)as the general circumstances of sentencing in the General Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China;(3)as the special circumstances of sentencing in the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China.The latter two approaches are more suited to China’s national conditions.

The Discussion of the Compensation Ability Terms on Traffic Accident Crime

In 2000, the interpretation of the specific application of law on the trial of traffic accident criminal cases was issued by the Supreme People＇ s court. The second article and the fourth article in the judicial interpretation take the ＂no ability of the amount of compensation＂ as conviction and aggravated punishment standard after the traffic accident, causing the academic community fierce controversy. This article briefly states the publishing background, applicable conditions, defects and its positive significance of the two provisions. This paper nresents the immature modification suggestions for the two nrovisions.

China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

Principal Component Analysis of Male Criminal Behavior

The present study was conducted in order to establish factors that can potentially facilitate crime, as well as the status of the emotional wellbeing presented in the prison population. The sample was composed of 358 inmates of the Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation number 7 in Mexico. A questionnaire was specifically developed;it evaluated sociodemographic factors and Likert scales of substance intake, domestic violence, and depressive symptoms. Validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.703) of the instrument showed appropriate relations between the reagents of the scales;results showed—through Chi-Square analysis—statistically significant differences in the correlations between sociodemographic factors, domestic violence, addictions, and depressive symptoms. Although results showed a connection between domestic violence and substance abuse with criminal behavior, low socioeconomic conditions exhibited a higher degree of correlation with criminal activity. On the other hand, high depression symptoms are present in one out of every five inmates.

ssues of Human Beings Trafficking in Albania

The theme of trafficking of human beings treats one of the most severe and dangerous criminal phenomena of the organized crime in Albania. The objects of this paper are： human trafficking; ways of trafficking; risk of Albanian society; and investment of the criminal benefits deriving from trafficking in legal economic activities, it is of great importance for the treatment of proactive investigations to the trafficking of human beings. Another important aspect of the trafficking investigations is the investigation of criminal assets and the way how they are used in the economy of the country. In this paper, we stress that the investigation of criminal assets benefited by the crime of trafficking human beings as well as other wealth financed by these assets is important as the investigation of the criminal activity of trafficking itself. Also, we aim to evaluate the necessity of acting of all law enforcement agencies and other state institutions in order to be successful in the fight against the crime of trafficking of human beings. At the end of this paper, we do treat the necessity and the ways of collaboration of law enforcement agencies, NGOs, and structures of local government for rehabilitation of the victims of trafficking and their integration in the social life.

Community Crime Prevention Initiatives, Collective Efficacy, and Criminal Investigations

While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness campaigns, community-driven research, and programs that facilitate effective police-community relations can aid the investigator in collecting testimony that might otherwise go unreported. Specific examples of how cases have been cleared due to the beneficial inclusion of citizen satisfaction research, crime prevention resources, and volunteer personnel demonstrate how community, crime prevention, and investigation of criminal behavior can be interlinked. The theme of this paper rests on the notion that the community＇s sense of collective efficacy, crime prevention efforts, and criminal investigation processes are not mutually exclusive, but instead should be considered as related aspects of the crime-fighting spectrum.

A CRITIQUE OF THE CRIME OF DELIBERATELY RENDERING AN ARBITRAL AWARD IN VIOLATION OF LAW

The crime of deliberately rendering an arbitral award in violation of law was provided at the end of Article 20 of the Amendment VI to the Criminal Law of the People＇s Republic of China. Such a crime is likely to be misunderstood because views are sharply divided on its implication and scope of application. In addition, pertinent provisions are not manipulable. The wording of violation of law should not be included in articles of the law, as legalese. The charge is the product of redundant legislation, whose provisions are bound to be considered as pieces of blank paper. The creation of the crime disrespects arbitration, and removes the peculiarities of it. The charge of the crime undermines the profession of international arbitration. Therefore, the crime should be repealed. Where cases were arbitrated wrongly, and social harms were caused, criminal law and other laws would serve as remedies.

从消极惩罪到积极治理:中国特色轻罪治理体系的反思与完善

当今中国社会的犯罪现象正在经历从重罪到轻罪的重大变化,我国轻罪治理体系也应与时俱进地进行完善。这要求我们取轻罪之长,避轻罪之短。首先,要明确轻罪的定义,可以法定刑3年有期徒刑为上限、以处带有保安处分性质的限制或剥夺人身自由措施为下限,这一轻罪概念既契合我国刑事立法和司法的现实,也是面向未来轻罪立法的一种前瞻性考虑。然后,对轻罪扩张现象进行反思,厘清轻罪扩张带来的正面功能和负面效应,指明其具有回应民意、完善立法、规范行为的优势,也揭示其简化司法、异化刑罚、附随后果过剩的缺陷。在此基础上,对我国轻罪治理体系进行完善,在实体层面依据《刑法》第13条的但书规定和第37条的定罪免刑规定,建立多元的轻罪处遇模式;在程序法层面贯彻“三分原则”;在附随后果上严格限制适用主体、对象和内容;在前科消灭上逐步建立犯罪记录封存、注销和复权制度。这样多措并举,推动我国轻罪治理体系从消极惩罪向积极治理的现代化转型。

生态环境法典的罪刑条款设置

“《刑法典》是环境刑法更好的归属”的观点,只是一种主观判断,不一定符合事实;我国清末以来的刑法典都预设了多元刑事立法模式,单一刑法典模式不是由刑法典自身形成的,而是由于其他法律不设置罪刑条款形成的,生态环境法典应当直接设置环境犯罪的罪刑条款;罪刑条款应当与行为规则、行政处罚条款密切接近,故应采取分散型设置方式;行政刑法的特点是通过补强行为规则,确保行为规则的有效性,故生态环境法典中的罪刑条款通常采取行政犯的表述方式,但部分条款也可以采取刑法犯的表述方式;罪刑条款应以行政处罚条款为基础,通过增加不法要素与责任要素的方式,使环境犯罪具备应受刑罚处罚性;处理行政处罚与刑罚处罚的关系时,重在防止以刑罚处罚替代行政处罚;应当将行为人积极履行《民法典》规定的“修复生态环境责任”,规定为环境犯罪的减免处罚事由;生态环境法典中的罪刑条款设置应注重必要性、明确性、合理性、协调性,不必顾虑与现行刑法典中环境犯罪条款的重复与交叉。

数字经济刑法客体的理论构造:安全与发展

全面发展数字经济的既定重大方针,已触发中国式数字经济刑法的萌芽与生长,也开启了传统经济刑法的数字转型。围绕传统经济刑法客体的讨论、分歧与共识,既凸显客体及内容的重要地位,也显示出理论研究的复杂性。尽管可以吸取上述讨论中的“先见”,但更应扎根数字经济,经由数字经济刑法的前提设定新的犯罪客体及其内容。现阶段,侧重围绕数据犯罪的客体论争虽具有一定的现实合理性,却也一定程度上遮蔽了数字经济刑法客体的特定性、整体性与周全性。全面兼顾安全与发展是数字经济的终极追求与价值根基,也应当是数字经济刑法的基本理念与一般规律。围绕数字经济的应用场景,结合数字经济刑法的内外生态,可将安全与发展的保护内容予以具体化、类型化。

《刑法修正案(十二)》下行贿犯罪的均衡适用

《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修改,旨在实现与受贿犯罪惩处的实质均衡,并增强行贿犯罪处罚条款的积极预防功能。这体现的是对行贿犯罪的预防性严惩,而非单纯对其进行严厉惩治。司法应遵循该修法精神指引,确保罪名适用的稳健性。为实现修正案关于贿赂犯罪的处罚均衡性目标,需要将预防性严惩的修法精神与宽严相济、从严治吏等一贯的刑事政策相结合,将“入罪认定总体稳健,量刑评价适度从严”作为新法适用方向。贿赂犯罪的保护法益为职务行为的自主决策权,对行贿犯罪的惩处力度取决于侵害该法益的具体形式,而非“受贿行贿同等罚”。新增的行贿罪从重处罚情节仅为量刑情节,应根据从重处罚的实质依据对各个情节进行目的性限缩解释,以确保司法适用的精确性与均衡性。

自然人犯罪案件刑事合规的理论证成及其适用限度

自然人犯罪案件是指在刑事诉讼程序中仅对自然人展开刑事追诉的案件。自然人犯罪案件适用刑事合规仍然具有预防犯罪价值、社会公共利益价值,符合合作规制理论;刑事合规对企业经营自主权的干预具有正当性依据;对自然人刑事责任的减免亦符合刑事法原理,因而自然人犯罪案件适用刑事合规能得到理论证成。由于我国民营企业尚处于发展阶段,司法实践中单位犯罪的范围被明显限缩,对自然人犯罪案件适用刑事合规亦有其现实理由。但上述做法只在企业对自然人犯罪具有犯罪学意义上的影响力且同意合规的情况下才能适用,且合规的实施必须遵循比例原则,自然人刑事责任减免亦须以罪责刑相适应原则为限度。

单位犯罪成立条款的立法修正——以单位刑事责任理论为分析工具

有关单位犯罪的刑法规定的修改和完善,应以组织体责任论作为单位承担刑事责任根据的学理基础。在将单位与自然人刑事责任追究分别予以考量的前提下,必须厘清单位刑事责任与单位中自然人刑事责任的关系。相较于“平行方式”“总分方式”“剩余方式”,“连带方式”重视单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的特征,在定罪时形成必要兼顾,在量刑时形成彼此关照,因而在法理论证上更易形成说服力,在司法实践中也更具可操作性。在此基础上,探讨完善单位犯罪成立条件的具体路径:应借鉴《民法典》《公司法》等法律优化单位犯罪主体范围;从违反对外义务和对内义务理解单位犯罪的行为类型属于真正的不作为犯;单位不像自然人那般具备认识能力和控制能力,无法在单位犯罪中完全贯彻罪责主义或者主客观相统一原则;“事前合规”可从违反义务的角度以积极条件的方式加以规定,而“事后合规”则不应在定罪阶段予以考虑,应在量刑阶段作为减免单位责任的事由。

刑事抽样证明扩张适用的风险及防控

为应对网络犯罪海量证据运用与罪量证明难题,司法解释扩张了刑事抽样证明的适用范围。这种扩张适用主要表现为从法定的特殊犯罪拓展为具有海量证据的犯罪,从实物证据扩张至部分言词证据,从控诉方延伸至辩护方。然而,在相关规则尚不完备的情况下,易出现过度减轻控诉方的证明义务,不当加重辩护方的辩护负担,大幅增加审判方的裁判错误等风险。鉴此,应系统建构风险防控的技术与法律机制。在技术方面,抽样总体满足数量与同质性要求,抽样样本量采用数量和比例相结合的判定标准,抽样方法应当具有可靠性。在法律方面,建立健全刑事抽样证明适用必要性的司法审查机制,明确规定刑事抽样证明主体的抽样开示义务,严格要求刑事抽样证明必须达到排除合理怀疑标准。

犯罪预防、被害人保护与犯罪追诉权配置——以《刑法修正案(十二)》为背景

《刑法修正案(十二)》引发了有关亲告罪设置范围的讨论。当前支撑国家追诉原则的“公共利益”,在法益侵害的框架下理解,混入了不具有法益资格的宏大概念,且犯罪与法益之间的事实关联常被替换为被害人的主观联想;在犯罪预防的意义上理解,则会导致过度主观化、情绪化。犯罪追诉权的配置是一个权衡问题,如果犯罪仅侵犯个人法益,追诉犯罪可能反噬被害人的利益,且预防犯罪的利益并非明显优于被害人因犯罪追诉而被侵蚀的利益,就应当将犯罪追诉权配置给被害人。立法未将民营企业内部犯罪规定为亲告罪,但应当根据立法目的对相关规定作合目的性改造,将其追诉权配置给被害企业。

High-profile类案件的犯罪情报特点及研判方法

在警务大数据背景下,通过分析我国目前实施的情报主导警务战略所面临的发展瓶颈,指出挖掘海量数据中的增值情报对公安工作的侦办和预警具有重要作用。依托《警务大数据背景下的犯罪情报研判方法》的课题研究,以白银杀人案件为例,分析现有犯罪情报研判方法的不足并探索前沿情报分析手段,促使情报转化的效能进一步提高。

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

我国背信犯罪的教义学阐释——以《刑法修正案(十二)》为起点

背信犯罪的目的型法益是财产,手段型法益是信任,其中“信任”法益居于从属地位。背信犯罪的主体是为他人处理事务者,这里的“事务”应具有财产性和“他人性”,“利他性”不等于“他人性”。非法经营同类营业罪的特征是“干自己的事,使单位受损”,因此不是背信犯罪。背信犯罪的事务应具有裁量性,不包括纯粹机械性劳务。德国将背信罪分为“滥用权限型”与“违背信任型”,将越权代理归入后者。然而,罪名的行为类型应是并列关系,而非包含关系,且滥用代理权与超越代理权在财产损失的认定上没有区别。背信犯罪的行为类型应划分为不当代理行为和非代理行为,前者涉及内部关系和外部关系,后者仅涉及内部关系。传统观点认为,一项罪名要么是针对个别财产的犯罪,要么是针对整体财产的犯罪,这种看法过于绝对。盗窃罪、诈骗罪及背信犯罪均存在针对个别财产的情形和针对整体财产的情形。在三方给付的场合认定整体财产损失,应以全部给付(担保人给付)时为时间标准。