Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

乡村产业振兴的农民农村共同富裕效应

实现农民农村共同富裕面临着农民增收渠道少和持续性差等现实问题,以及城乡收入差距、区域收入差距和农村内部收入差距三大挑战,乡村产业振兴为解决这些问题提供了新思路。使用2011—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,采用FGLS和PCSE回归方法实证检验了乡村产业振兴对农民农村共同富裕的影响。研究结果表明,加快乡村产业振兴有助于实现农民可支配收入增长和农民三大收入差距缩小兼得的共同富裕效应,这一结论在经过内生性和稳健性检验后依然成立。进一步研究发现,乡村产业振兴对农民工资性收入和经营净收入的促进作用明显大于对转移性收入和财产性收入的促进作用,对缩小城乡收入差距的作用大于对缩小区域收入差距和农村内部收入差距的作用。异质性分析发现,在乡村产业振兴高水平地区,乡村产业振兴可以促进农民可支配收入增长和缩小三大收入差距,即可实现富裕效应和共同效应;在乡村产业振兴低水平地区,乡村产业振兴仅对农民可支配收入增长和城乡收入差距产生显著影响。

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

我国城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型

基于空间杜宾模型,利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)1978—2022年的面板数据,研究省际城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素。结果显示,我国省际城乡收入分配差距存在空间上的依赖性和异质性。由于经济发展突出的二元性与“晋升锦标赛”下激烈的区域竞争环境,产业就业结构与城乡结构对邻近地区有显著的短期空间溢出效应。各地区须优化产业布局、加强区域协作、深化制度改革、促进乡村产业振兴,通过就业承载力的全面提升,缩小城乡收入分配差距。

土地流转与劳动力转移的要素互动对城乡收入差距的影响

要素流动对于破解城乡融合发展难题,建立均衡增长和良性循环的城乡关系具有重要影响。基于2005—2020年31个省级宏观面板数据,考察土地制度综合配套改革下土地流转与劳动力转移的互动关系及对城乡收入差距的影响与作用机制。研究发现:土地流转与劳动力转移之间具有显著的正向互动效应。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动有助于缩小城乡收入差距。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动,通过促进城市化水平、提高产业高级化程度,间接缩小城乡收入差距。此外,土地流转与劳动力转移的互动对城乡收入差距的影响具有异质性,对工资性收入差距存在显著的负向影响。为进一步缩小城乡收入差距,需要推动土地和户籍制度联动改革,扩大人地要素的权利开放程度,强化城乡土地、劳动力要素的流动性,完善土地流转和劳动力市场,引导农村转移劳动力参与土地流转。

农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响研究

教育差距是中国城乡收入差异最主要的影响因素之一,而高等教育是培养优秀人力资源的重要途径,在提高农民文化水平与劳动技能中,教育资源的投入起到了显著作用,并且有效提高了其劳动生产率,促进农民增收就业,进而缩小城乡人均收入的差异。利用我国2008—2020年的31个省(市)的省级面板数据,运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)探究农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响,利用中介效应模型检验了农村人力资本投入在粮食安全提高的影响下是否能有效缩小城乡收入差距。研究表明:①农村人力资本投入对缩小城乡收入差距起到了显著作用,其中中部地区的作用最大,而东、西部地区相较于中部地区的效果较弱。②在农村人力资本与城乡收入差距产生的效应中,粮食生产起到了积极的中介作用,这一点在中部地区最为明显。据此,提出相应的政策建议,以期为推动农业发展水平进步、农村地区振兴、农民收入切实提高提供参考,最终促进中国经济的快速、均衡和可持续发展。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。

数字经济发展对城乡收入差距的影响研究

基于2011—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,运用时间地区固定效应模型、中介效应模型、调节效应模型和空间杜宾模型实证检验数字经济对城乡收入差距的影响机制及其空间溢出效应。结果表明,数字经济的发展会扩大城乡收入差距;城镇化水平在两者关系中起着中介作用;信息化水平能够调节二者的关系;数字经济对城乡收入差距具有空间溢出效应。因此,根据结论提出政策建议以缩小城乡收入差距,从而促进社会公平与稳定和实现共同富裕。

新质生产力、农户内部收入差距与农民农村共同富裕

新质生产力以科技为主要驱动力,能够释放农业农村发展潜力,影响农民农村共同富裕。选取2013—2022年31个省级面板数据,采用基准回归模型、中介效应模型,实证检验新质生产力对农民农村共同富裕的影响效应及作用机制。研究表明:新质生产力能够显著促进农民农村共同富裕。中介效应分析显示,新质生产力发展有助于缩小农户内部收入差距,进而推动农民农村共同富裕。异质性检验表明,在城市群中,新质生产力对农民农村共同富裕的赋能作用更明显。据此,应释放新质生产力发展的新动能,完善农民机会公平保障制度,建立区域优势互补协调发展模式,进而释放农民农村共同富裕的发展潜能。

基于城乡差异视角的收入差距对消费差距影响研究

本文测算近几年来各省的城乡消费差距,发现城乡收入差距与消费差距之间的正向作用关系,说明随着城乡收入差距的下降将有利于减小城乡消费差距。同时,发现不同消费结构对发展型和享受型城乡消费差距的作用程度更大。

数字普惠金融的发展能缩小城乡收入差距吗?——基于农业全要素生产率与乡村创业活跃度视角

中国已全面建成小康社会,正向着第二个百年奋斗目标和实现共同富裕的最终目标前进。缩小城乡收入差距是共同富裕的核心要义之一,数字普惠金融的出现,恰好为缩小我国城乡收入差距提供了一个契机。本文基于2011—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,选取北京大学数字普惠金融指数,采用固定效应模型,从农业全要素生产率和乡村创业活跃度两个角度出发,对数字普惠金融与我国城乡收入差距的关系进行研究。研究发现,我国城乡收入差距会随着数字普惠金融的发展而逐步缩小。进一步地,数字普惠金融能通过提高农业全要素生产、增强乡村创业活跃度来达到缓解城乡收入差距的目的。异质性研究结果表明,在经济欠发达地区,数字普惠金融的作用效果更强,能更大程度地缓解收入差距。

广东省内对口帮扶背景下粤北民族地区经济高质量发展研究

广东省内对口帮扶政策为粤北民族地区经济社会发展乃至实现共同富裕目标提供了良好的外源性发展力量。通过粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距的实证分析,发现粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距有显著负向影响,即粤北民族地区经济发展缩小了城乡居民收入差距。但粤北民族地区整体发展与广东省内发达地区仍存在较大差距,究其根本原因在于其缺乏内生性发展动力。为此提出以资源优势打造核心竞争力等优化路径为粤北民族地区发展提供内生性发展动力,以期实现粤北民族地区经济高质量发展。

数字普惠金融对农村收入差距的影响

文章利用2011—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,以及衡量中国农村收入差距的基尼系数,探讨了数字普惠金融对农村内部收入差距的影响。研究结果表明:从整体上看,数字普惠金融具有缩小农村内部收入差距的显著潜力;从单一维度来看,数字普惠金融的覆盖广度指数和使用深度指数都具有显著缩小农村内部收入差距的能力;此外,政府支农支出和城镇化水平对缩小农村内部收入差距也有趋同作用。要有效缩小农村内部收入差距,不仅要重视数字普惠金融的发展,还要考虑其他因素的影响。

普及互联网使用有助于缩小 农村内部收入差距吗?——来自CLDS村级数据的经验证据

由于互联网具有普惠性和亲贫性,个体使用互联网对其收入增长的促进作用在群体上表现为互联网使用普及的平均收入增长效应和收入差距缩小效应。采用“中国劳动力动态调查”(CLDS)2014年、2016年、2018年三期的数据,分析互联网使用普及对农村社区(村庄)平均家庭收入和家庭收入差距的影响,结果显示:村庄内使用互联网家庭的占比提高不仅能显著提升平均家庭收入水平,而且会显著降低家庭收入基尼系数,验证了互联网的普惠性和亲贫性;当普及程度小于0.4时互联网使用对家庭收入差距的影响不显著(具有随着互联网使用率提高由正转负的趋势),当普及程度大于0.4后互联网使用对家庭收入差距具有显著的负向影响;互联网使用普及可以通过促进服务业发展、提升劳动力技能等群体改善效应缩小农村内部收入差距。因此,应当加快网络基础设施建设,推进互联网使用在农村地区的普及,着重提高弱势群体对互联网使用的可及性,推动互联网与农村应用场景的深度耦合,充分发挥互联网的普惠性和亲贫性功效,有效促进农村居民的收入水平提升和收入差距缩小。