Comparative Analysis and Legal Reflection on the Boundaries of Human Rights Due Diligence in the Supply Chain

As global supply chains become increasingly lengthy and complex, human rights due diligence in the supply chain is becoming a controversial focal point in the accountability of multinational corporations. In recent years, legislative practices in the field of human rights due diligence have shown a trend from voluntary soft law toward mandatory hard law, and from corporate due diligence for their own operations towards extended due diligence for the entire supply chain. However, there is a divergence in national practices regarding the extent to which human rights due diligence should extend along the supply chain and the manner in which it should be incorporated into domestic legal policies. International soft law interpretations surrounding the boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain are decentralized, posing risks of interpretation diversification, boundary blurring, and procedural formalization, as well as risks of misinterpretation and misuse. Meanwhile, some countries and regions are vigorously promoting mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, which has profound implications for the stability of global supply chains and the international economic and trade order. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to explore the reasonable boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain. Instead of applying a one-size-fits-all approach,the rationality of legal factors and the complexity of practical factors should be considered, applying context-specific measures based on the varying degrees of linkage between companies and negative human rights impacts in the supply chain. China should be particularly wary of the “chilling effect” of mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, attaching great importance to national supply chain security and international supply chain competitiveness.Additionally,China should actively promote the implementation of voluntary human rights due diligence under the United Nations framework, and accelerate the enhancement of China's discourse power in the international rule-making process in the fields of industry and commerce as well as human rights.

Shaping the Next Generation Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Control Tower with Autonomous Intelligence

This paper summarizes the findings of an industry panel study evaluating how new Autonomous Intelligence technologies,such as artificial intelligence and machine learning,impact the system and operational architecture of supply chain control tower (CT) implementations that serve the pharmaceutical industry.Such technologies can shift CTs to a model in which real-time information gathering,analysis,and decision making are possible.This can be achieved by leveraging these technologies to better manage decision complexity and execute decisions at levels that cannot otherwise be managed easily by humans.Some of the key points identified are in the areas of the fundamental capabilities that need to be supported and the improved level of decision visibility that they provide.We also consider some the challenges in achieving this,which include data quality and integrity,collaboration and data sharing across supply chain tiers,cross-system interoperability,decision-validation and organizational impacts,among others.

Analyzing the Construction of the International Logistics Supply Chain Management Model from the Perspective of Cross-Border E-commerce

Cross-border e-commerce has progressively evolved with the deepening of economic globalization,and it now holds a significant place in the field of e-commerce.However,due to China’s late entry into the international logistics supply chain,there are issues such as complex environment,uneven information technology,and disagreements on standards,resulting in certain cross-border e-commerce disadvantages in China.Therefore,in this context,this study analyzes the construction of international logistics supply chain management model from the perspective of cross-border e-commerce,so as to provide some reference for the development of China’s international logistics supply chain.

Selection of suitable internal controls for gene expression normalization in rats with spinal cord injury

There is a lack of systematic research on the expression of internal control genes used for gene expression normalization in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research.In this study,we used rat models of spinal cord hemisection to analyze the expression stability of 13 commonly applied reference genes:Actb,Ankrd27,CypA,Gapdh,Hprt1,Mrpl10,Pgk1,Rictor,Rn18s,Tbp,Ubc,Ubxn11,and Ywhaz.Our results show that the expression of Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp were stable after spinal cord injury,while Actb was the most unstable internal control gene.Ankrd27,Ubc,Tbp,and Actb were consequently used to investigate the effects of internal control genes with differing stabilities on the normalization of target gene expression.Target gene expression levels and changes over time were similar when Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp were used as internal controls but different when Actb was used as an internal control.We recommend that Ankrd27,Ubc,and Tbp are used as internal control genes for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research.This study was approved by the Administration Committee of Experimental Animals,Jiangsu Province,China(approval No.20180304-008)on March 4,2018.

Inventory Management of a Plant Spare Parts Supply Chain

In spare parts industries, firms are dealing with a situation which is more and more uncertain due to the supply chain structure and variable demands. This paper presents a Bayesian approach to forecast demand and subsequently determine the appropriate parameter S of an （ S - 1 ; S） inventory system for controlling plant spare parts. We apply the Bayesian approach in an innovative way to specify the initial prior distributions of the failure rates, using the initial estimates and the failure history of similar items. According to the proposed method, a lower base stock than the one currently used is sufficient to achieve the desired service level.

Investigating Supply Chain Integration Effects on Environmental Performance in the Jordanian Food Industry

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supply chain integration on environmental performance of food manufacturing companies in Jordan. Data for this study were collected from one hundred and nineteen food companies. To answer the study questions, and to verify its hypotheses, descriptive statistical tools and linear regression tests were used. The study results indicated that supply chain integration positively affected environmental performance. Additionally, the results showed that supply chain integration positively affected environmental control and pollution management.

Quantity Discount Scheme in Supply Chain under Asymmetric Information

Quantity discount scheme plays an important role in supply chain management. The different quantity discount schemes under symmetric （full） information and asymmetric information, are analyzed by using principal-agent and optimal control theory. As a result, the research reveals that the optimal quantity discount solution under symmetric information is a special case of that under asymmetric information. At the same price, the critical value of quantity discount under asymmetric information is much lower than that under asymmetric information. Therefore, this leads to less cost for retailers and smaller profit for their supplier.

全球供应链发展特点及趋势分析

供应链的数字化、供应链的绿色低碳可持续发展、供应链的韧性与安全是当前全球供应链发展的三大特点。供应链的数字化发展是形势所迫,数字化的链接和数字化的共生这两个特征也决定了供应链发展数字化方向。通过数字化来实现价值创造能力的提升,通过数字化来推进组织协同能力的提升。通过供应链的转型升级,真正运用数字化形成价值创造的能力;通过绿色低碳可持续发展,形成发展优势;通过韧性和安全能力的不断提升,形成自主可控的供应链。

国际贸易供应链韧性评估与风险传导研究--基于重大突发事件冲击下的国际视角

重大突发事件频发使得国际贸易供应链安全问题成为各国政府关注的重要议题。全文基于全球重大卫生事件冲击下的国际视角,采用CoDEA模型分步评估供应链初始节点、子链和整体链条韧性,并利用社会网络分析法,进一步探究各节点经济体在风险传导中的角色与功能。结果表明:(1)此次疫情的冲击存在于国际贸易供应链的上游、中游与下游三个节点,对整体韧性的补偿作用有限且成本高昂;(2)风险传导与风险抵御能力不同步,在此次疫情冲击下,风险传导影响力较强的经济体通常不具备较强的供应链韧性,而中国较强的风险抵御能力对强化国际供应链网络韧性起到积极作用;(3)经济体因风险厌恶情绪,试图通过边缘化规避冲击,但并未产生实质性的避险效果;(4)相较于主受益板块与经纪人板块,此次风险传导关系以溢出板块为主,过多的外溢促使风险交叉迭代传播,加剧了疫情对国际贸易供应链的冲击损伤。基于此文章提出国际贸易供应链韧性提升与风险防范的政策启示。

捆绑销售供应链定价和质量控制策略研究

文章以单供应商、单零售商生产销售畅销品和滞销品供应链为研究对象,在考虑市场需求依赖零售商定价和供应商质量控制努力前提下,分别建立单独销售和捆绑销售下的供应商占主导、零售商占主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,推导出各模型下零售商的最优定价、供应商的最优质量控制策略。通过比较分析2种博弈模型下的供应链成员的策略和利润,得出如下结论:与供应商占主导相比,当零售商占主导时,无论是单独销售还是捆绑销售,零售商都会对滞销品制定较高的零售价格,供应商都会对滞销品投入较多的质量控制努力费用;在单独销售情形下,零售商对畅销品制定较高的零售价格,供应商对畅销品投入较多的质量控制努力费用;在捆绑销售情形下,结果恰好相反,零售商对畅销品制定较低的零售价格,供应商对畅销品投入较少的质量控制努力费用。无论是单独销售还是捆绑销售,供应商和零售商都在各自占主导时获得最大利润,也即序贯博弈中先动优势可以带来更多收益;但对供应链整体来说,零售商占主导的Stackelberg博弈是供应链双方的最佳选择。

风险叠加背景下我国粮食安全面临的挑战及对策

受地缘冲突、极端气候、贸易保护主义日益盛行等因素影响,全球粮食市场不稳定性显著增强。一方面,印度等主要粮食出口国陆续实施粮食出口限制政策以保障本国粮食安全;另一方面,厄尔尼诺现象下极端天气频发,叠加地缘政治经济冲突,引发新一轮国际粮价大幅上涨,冲击我国粮食进口国际供应链。为保障我国的粮食安全,应进一步优化饲料粮生产结构,有效降低粮食产后损失率,积极参与全球粮食安全治理,推动中国粮企布局全球粮食产业链供应链,并加大期货市场风险防范力度。

美日欧产业链安全保障机制的逻辑解构与比较分析

国际局势急剧变化导致全球产业链重构,以美日欧为代表的发达国家出台了一系列产业链安全保障措施,显著影响国际分工体系。以“指导思想—政策工具”为分析框架,可以相对全面而有效地解构其产业链安全保障机制的逻辑。在指导思想方面,美国旨在追求“美国优先”的绝对安全与霸权地位,日本总体继续坚持“综合安全保障”的理念,欧洲国家则主要强调“战略自主”。政策工具设计分三个层面实施:在国家层面,美日欧都强调重塑制造业生产能力,但侧重领域不同;在区域层面,美日欧更强调近岸外包与友岸外包并行,并辅之以基础设施投资合作;在全球层面,构建高标准国际经贸规则和强化国际技术标准制定权是其关键诉求。展望未来,一定时期内美日欧的产业链安全保障机制的实施将对中国产业链安全造成较大挑战,以区域合作为关键机制的多链并行或将成为重要趋势。

国际海运供应链风险、脆弱性、韧性研究综述及展望

国际海运供应链作为一个复杂的网络组织,为全球产业链提供运输服务,对全球化、世界经济一体化起到推进作用,但自然灾害频发、疫情冲击、政治环境不稳定等使得国际海运供应链网络更加脆弱,供应链中断发生的可能性显著增加。因此,对国际海运供应链风险、脆弱性、韧性进行研究至关重要。文章对国内外有关国际海运供应链风险、脆弱性、韧性的文献进行梳理和评述,指出目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来发展方向进行展望。

《物流与供应链管理》全英文课程思政建设研究

来华留学生教育不仅是知识的传授,而且是培养“知华、友华、爱华”国际人才的重要途径之一,其中不可或缺的就是课程思政,但当前全英文专业课程仍是思政建设的盲区。本文基于《物流与供应链管理》课程视角,针对外文教材、学生基础、师生沟通、课程联动等方面存在的问题,探索了适合来华留学生的课程思政元素挖掘方案与教学设计思路,提出了中国情怀培养、“熟知点”切入、思政素材传递形式多样化等具体实施路径。

Quality control of the agricultural products supply chain based on"Internet+"

This paper describes a quality-control supply-chain model using the"Internet+"paradigm.The model is based on principal-agent theory,which considers the reputational loss due to inferior products and external responsibility identification.After model analysis and simulation verification,the results show that the optimal quality-control level and market price of agricultural products can be achieved in the agricultural supply chain based on"Internet+"if and only if the information platform’s claim to the agricultural producer is less than the agricultural producer’s claim to the delivery service provider.Also,a rise in consumers’claims or the agricultural producer’s reputational loss due to inferior products will motivate the quality control of an agricultural procedure.Meanwhile,the market price of agricultural products will also increase with enhanced quality control procedures.The quality-control level of a delivery service provider is inversely proportional to the information platform or its own reputational loss.Thus,the key to promoting quality control along the supply chain is to strengthen the responsibility confirmation of an inferior product between the agricultural producer and the delivery service provider.

俄乌冲突下的能源安全及我国的应对

美西方国家对俄罗斯能源实施的严厉制裁将严重影响全球能源安全。俄乌冲突对欧洲地区能源安全的影响,主要表现在能源供应链出现较大程度的断裂,以及经济和社会发展遇阻两方面。美国虽然已实现了能源独立,但由于与全球能源市场的高度一体化,亦使其深陷能源危机的漩涡,加速了美元地位的下降。一轮又一轮的制裁使俄罗斯在国际能源市场的话语权下降,传统能源生产和出口受到重创。为有效应对能源安全问题,欧洲地区正寻求能源供应多元化,并加快推进清洁能源和可再生能源;美国一方面积极抢占欧洲能源市场,另一方面缓慢补充石油战略储备;而俄罗斯积极寻求能源出口转向,加速能源经济技术转型。我国应在顶层设计上抓紧审议通过《能源法》,加大清洁能源和可再生能源的研发力度和支出,深度参与全球能源市场,不过度依赖某一特定国家或地区的进口能源。

供应链核心企业财务公司的双边利率定价模型研究

供应链核心企业财务公司的目标是提升链内企业总体资金能力。本文以最优控制理论为指导,基于已有的定价策略模型,以资金成本、预期损失、信誉水平为影响因素构建供应链核心企业财务公司的双边利率定价模型,求解财务公司双边利率的最优值,通过算例分析和图像模拟验证了结果的可行性。结果表明:财务公司的最优贷款利率和最优存款利率之间存在相互影响的函数关系;最优贷款利率随单位成本和信誉水平增加而增加,随预期损失的增加而减小;最优存款利率随单位成本和预期损失的增加而减小,随信誉水平增加而增加,旨在有效指导供应链财务公司进行合理的利率定价。

Game Theory Analysis of Quality Control in Two-Echelon Supply Chain

Game theories were used to study the problem of quality control in the two-echelon supply chain which has one manufacturer and one supplier in this paper. Firstly, a stackelberg game was introduced into the quality control of a two-echelon supply chain. In this general non-cooperative quality control game situation, the manufacturer acts as the leader, the optimal action policies were obtained for the manufacturer and the supplier. Then, a Nash bargaining model was used to analyze optimal action selection in the cooperative quality control game situation and to determine the profit segment between two supply chain members after collaboration. By comparison of two game equilibrium results above, it was found that the cooperative quality control game structure is superior to the general non-cooperative quality control game structure during the process of quality management in the two-echelon supply chain. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the conclusion of this paper.