Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

“Macrohistory” and “Microhistory” in the writing of library history: From the perspective of library archives in the periods of late Qing Dynasty and Republican of China

Research paradigms determine the ways the history is written and the consequent research products.By analyzing the present historiography paradigms in library history,their characteristics and limitations,this study proposes new paradigms based on library archives in the periods of Late Qing Dynasty and Republican China.

Institutional Reform and Social Changes in Northeast China during the Late Qing:A Case Study of Appeal Trials

Institutional reform and social changes in northeast China during the late Qing period are usually attributed to the Qing dynasty changing its policy on immigration to northeast China.However,institutional reform because of debt appeals between civilian creditors and the Mongolian princes is often overlooked.Using administrative cases from Fengtian Governor Archives and Kirin Prefecture Archives,this study identifies how the governor officers of northeast China changed Mongolian land rights and official finance institutions through appeal judgments in the late Qing dynasty.Appeals were related to Mongolian land rights reform and promoted the financial institutional reform in northeast China.This study concludes by arguing that the judgments affected the profits of the litigants and changed the local society.

晚清民国常武地区针灸医家挖掘和整理

晚清至民国时期,在常武地区,以费、马、巢、丁为代表的孟河医派,在中医的发展史上留下过浓墨重彩的一笔,这四大医家均是以内外科而闻名于世。在同时期,常武地区同样走出了很多著名的针灸医家。文章通过整理和发掘,回溯常武地区走出的针灸医家的故事,研究其对针灸发展的主要贡献,丰富常武地区针灸学术史。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

清末民初讽喻联的“言文合一”趋向及意义

清末民初的讽喻性楹联在中国古代讽喻传统的基础上,与白话运动相结合,在音韵、句式、技巧等方面出现不同程度的新变。平仄规则的自由化、句式词汇的白话化、修辞技巧的谐趣化,使得清末民初讽喻联在“形”与“神”双重层面契合了“言文合一”理念,成为“我手写我口”的实践性文体。清末民初讽喻联最直接且最真实地反应了民众的心声,作为强有力的“战斗武器”,于嬉笑怒骂之中,剖析黑暗惨痛之现实。

清季民初孙中山与传统尚俭思想文化刍议

清季民初,孙中山十分青睐传统尚俭思想文化,自觉秉持其精神追求改良、革命和构建及再造共和。这大致分清季政治变革、民初构建共和与再造共和三阶段,波及范围不断拓展。其主要内涵涉及藉俭以资政来推进政治近代变革,用俭以益效推进经济近代化,用俭以良俗来改良社会风尚。他既大力提倡尚俭精神又身体力行,终成中国近代理性人格的楷模。其前后持续不断且丰富多彩的革命言行及其所彰显的注重效益至上、积极融合中西文化和追求合理中道的理论特色客观上推动着传统尚俭思想文化近代化。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。

Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

To understand historical human-induced land use/cover change （LUCC） and its climatic effects, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use/cover changes with explicit spatial information. In this study, based on the historically documented cropland area at county level, we reconstructed the spatially explicit cropland distribution at a cell size of 1 km × 1 km for the Songnen Plain in the late Qing Dynasty （1908 AD）. The reconstructions were carried out using two methods. One method （hereafter, referred to as method 1） allocated the cropland to cells ordered from a high agricultural suitability index （ASI） to a low ASI, but they were all within the domain of potential cropland area. The potential cropland area was created by excluding natural woodland, swamp, water bodies, and mountains from the study area. The other method （hereafter, method II） allocated the cropland to cells in the order from high ASI to low ASI within the domain of cropland area in 1959. This method was based on the hypothesis that the cropland area domain in 1959 resulted from enlargement of the cropland area domain in 1908. We then compared these two reconstructions. We found that the crop- land distributions reconstructed by the two methods exhibit a similar spatial distribution pat- tern. Both reconstructions show that the cropland was mostly found in the southern and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain. The two reconstructions matched each other for about 68% of the total cropland area. By spatially comparing the unmatched cropland cells of the two reconstructions with the settlements for each county, we found that unmatched cropland cells from method I are closer to settlements than those from method I1. This finding suggests that reconstruction using method I may have less bias than reconstruction with method I1.

清末民初《西游记》英译研究

《西游记》是中国古典小说域外传播最为成功的作品之一,影响力甚至超过国内推崇的《红楼梦》。从英译动机、译介策略和译文特征方面入手,清末民初《西游记》英译的历史演进轨迹可划分为滥觞期(1884—1895)、开拓期(1896—1911)和发展期(1912—1930)三个阶段。译介队伍由初始的传教士拓展为作家、记者和汉学家等多元化译者;英译作品的传播经历了从报刊连载、文学史、作品集到独立发行的过程;取经前的故事内容译介频次高,反映了西方译者的翻译立场和审美价值。

清末民初本土科学教科书中“文化自信”的特征研究

新时代教育改革背景下,在课程与教材体系中贯穿文化自信成为教科书编写的现实需求。清末民初是中国教育新旧交替、中西文化碰撞交融的大变革时代,教科书中的文化内容也具备典型的时代特征。以清末民初商务印书馆出版的两套本土科学教科书为研究对象,从内容特征、融入方式两个维度对教科书中“文化自信”的内容进行分析,发现该时期科学教科书具有文化融入类别丰富、实用性特征突出、充分发挥文化的教育功能等特征。这一时期的科学教科书能够为当代教科书编写提供参考。

《申报》所载西方制冷知识的研究

中国古代一直都有使用天然冰制冷的记载,随着近代中国对于冷藏食品需求的增长,逐渐形成了制冷制冰业。19世纪末西方制冷知识传入中国,人造冰的出现逐渐取代天然冰的地位,冷冻冷藏等产业逐步发展起来。通过民国时期制冷制冰业最集中的上海和上海近代影响最大的中文报纸《申报》对制冷技术的刊载,着重讨论以制冰为主的西方制冷知识以及制冷技术。整理分析了《申报》刊登的大量制冰相关内容,其中涉及设备广告、制冰业行业发展调查和发展综述等,总结《申报》在制冷知识的传播与普及方面起到的重要作用,以及对我国制冷行业发展所起的推动作用。

近代外交转型视域下的南海海疆交涉

近代以来,海疆危机频发,海疆交涉频繁。先后有清末中日东沙主权交涉、民国中日东沙海产纠纷交涉、中法西沙群岛主权交涉以及南海九小岛交涉等。南海海疆交涉仰赖外交部门主持大局,更离不开广东地方政府的参与和支持。随着地方外交权限的削弱,海疆交涉一度呈现出中央、地方分别主导或互相合作的复杂局面。

民国初年民事“第一法源”的确立——民初大理院对“现行律民事有效部分”的形塑

学界普遍认为《大清现行刑律》民事部分的效力由1912年4月3日南京临时参议院的决议所确立,但梳理史料却能得出不同的结论。原因在于,该决议由南方政权作出且并未被北洋政府承认,故民事法源的空白未在立法层面得到解决。“现行律民事有效部分”的确立,离不开大理院在“司法兼营立法”过程中的塑造。民初民事“第一法源”的确立,大致经历了通过《大清民律草案》的尝试与挫败、大理院确立“现行律民事有效部分”的地位、剥离《大清现行刑律》刑法属性及该律地位的巩固等阶段。纵观民事“第一法源”的确立,自清末兴起的“诸法合体说”起了关键作用,大理院根据该观点将《大清现行刑律》区分为不同的部门法,既解决了“无法可依”的困境,又避免另立新民法将会遭受的阻力。