Tracing back to the historical occurrence of“virtue”,it can be found that it originated from political practice and is an effective political technology with strong historical and political attributes.Among the core...Tracing back to the historical occurrence of“virtue”,it can be found that it originated from political practice and is an effective political technology with strong historical and political attributes.Among the core concepts of Confucianism,such as benevolence,rites,virtue,etc.,virtue should be the earliest to appear.Rites can be regarded as the daily,technical and detailed representation of virtue,while benevolence contains not only all ethical expectations of virtue,but also more complex humanistic information with more explicability.In contrast,“virtue”,with its rich practical color and ancient political experience,appears so simple that when it is regarded as an ideological concept,it is almost covered by the more mature“benevolence”with similar connotation,and overshadowed by richer“rites”.Therefore,virtue is the predecessor of rites and benevolence,which is the historical pedigree of the core concepts of Confucianism.展开更多
The State Postal Bureau’s latest set of special stamps for 2003 features Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 B,C.) bronzes. This eight-stamp set is the third to feature this type of relic; a set issued in 1964 depicted bro...The State Postal Bureau’s latest set of special stamps for 2003 features Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 B,C.) bronzes. This eight-stamp set is the third to feature this type of relic; a set issued in 1964 depicted bronzes from the Yin Dynasty (14th-11th century}, and one featuring Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century-771 B.C.) bronzes was released in 1982.The Eastern Zhou Dynasty followed the Western, and during this period, bronze vessel casting developed remarkably. Artifacts from this period include sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, utensils, weapons and tools.One of these pieces, a rectangular tray decorated with tortoise and fish patterns, dates back to the late Spring and Autumn展开更多
In this paper, we discuss charcoalified foxtail millet grains dated to the middle to late Western Zhou Dynasty and collected from the Chenyuan archeological site in Shangluo, in China's southeastern Shaanxi Provin...In this paper, we discuss charcoalified foxtail millet grains dated to the middle to late Western Zhou Dynasty and collected from the Chenyuan archeological site in Shangluo, in China's southeastern Shaanxi Province. We assigned these specimens to the species Setaria italica based on the following characteristics: an obtuse chalazal apex with missing stigmatic remains; an undulant seed surface composed of rectangular cells with undulate anticlinal walls; an elongated and deeply depressed embryo extending to almost the full seed length; and spherical starch grains. We suggest that the spread of foxtail millet from its original northern distribution center to the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains could be attributed to: its prominence across Zhou crop systems; the latter area's arid or subarid climate; and the migration south of Zhou people fleeing severe conflict between their nation and northern nomads.展开更多
In ancient Chinese history,the Western Zhou Dynasty has long been renowned for having expanded its control and territory into many other states.However,historical documents and archaeological records of this period ar...In ancient Chinese history,the Western Zhou Dynasty has long been renowned for having expanded its control and territory into many other states.However,historical documents and archaeological records of this period are limited;thus the early history of the Western Zhou Dynasty's operation in eastern China and its establishment of the Qi and Lu states have been unclear.The discovery of the Chenzhuang city site in Gaoqing County,Shandong Province,with chariot-horse pits,an altar and bronze vessels with inscriptions,adds a new line of evidence for studying the history of this period.However,with no direct evidence,the nature of the city site is controversial.Plant remains,especially a large number of sweet clover seeds,recovered from this site by systematic archaeobotanical methods provide an important source of information for research into the site's function.Considering that modern sweet clover is superior fodder for horses and the sweet clover seeds from the Chenzhuang site coexist with chariot-horse pits and horse remains,it is suggested these sweet clover seeds might represent the fodder of battle steeds.This suggestion supports the opinion of those who believe the Chenzhuang city site was once an important military city of the Western Zhou Dynasty in eastern China.展开更多
By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method...By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method' (DSM) to solve the chronology problems in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The mathematical models are more suitable for those materials with the Ganzhi (the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the Chinese ancient date recorded method being of the 60-day cycle, that the repetitive cycle is independent of any astronomical parameter, each day within this cycle has its own name and can also be expressed by the numbers from 1 to 60) record of the date, lunar month, and their year intervals and all of them are in history documents, oracle bones and bronze vessels. For example, taking the 12 Zhouji materials in the period of King Xin, we derive the two best results of the first year when Xin assumed the reins of government in probably 1063 BC or 1052 BC.展开更多
文摘Tracing back to the historical occurrence of“virtue”,it can be found that it originated from political practice and is an effective political technology with strong historical and political attributes.Among the core concepts of Confucianism,such as benevolence,rites,virtue,etc.,virtue should be the earliest to appear.Rites can be regarded as the daily,technical and detailed representation of virtue,while benevolence contains not only all ethical expectations of virtue,but also more complex humanistic information with more explicability.In contrast,“virtue”,with its rich practical color and ancient political experience,appears so simple that when it is regarded as an ideological concept,it is almost covered by the more mature“benevolence”with similar connotation,and overshadowed by richer“rites”.Therefore,virtue is the predecessor of rites and benevolence,which is the historical pedigree of the core concepts of Confucianism.
文摘The State Postal Bureau’s latest set of special stamps for 2003 features Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 B,C.) bronzes. This eight-stamp set is the third to feature this type of relic; a set issued in 1964 depicted bronzes from the Yin Dynasty (14th-11th century}, and one featuring Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century-771 B.C.) bronzes was released in 1982.The Eastern Zhou Dynasty followed the Western, and during this period, bronze vessel casting developed remarkably. Artifacts from this period include sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, utensils, weapons and tools.One of these pieces, a rectangular tray decorated with tortoise and fish patterns, dates back to the late Spring and Autumn
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070184,30370237,90202019,40325007 and 40121303)the Special Fund of Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology,Academia Sinica(SFPPAS,9713)the Overseas Outstanding Scholar Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2003-1-7)
文摘In this paper, we discuss charcoalified foxtail millet grains dated to the middle to late Western Zhou Dynasty and collected from the Chenyuan archeological site in Shangluo, in China's southeastern Shaanxi Province. We assigned these specimens to the species Setaria italica based on the following characteristics: an obtuse chalazal apex with missing stigmatic remains; an undulant seed surface composed of rectangular cells with undulate anticlinal walls; an elongated and deeply depressed embryo extending to almost the full seed length; and spherical starch grains. We suggest that the spread of foxtail millet from its original northern distribution center to the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains could be attributed to: its prominence across Zhou crop systems; the latter area's arid or subarid climate; and the migration south of Zhou people fleeing severe conflict between their nation and northern nomads.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41072135)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05130603-B)the Special Natural Science Project of Independent Innovation Foundation,Shandong University (2009JC24)
文摘In ancient Chinese history,the Western Zhou Dynasty has long been renowned for having expanded its control and territory into many other states.However,historical documents and archaeological records of this period are limited;thus the early history of the Western Zhou Dynasty's operation in eastern China and its establishment of the Qi and Lu states have been unclear.The discovery of the Chenzhuang city site in Gaoqing County,Shandong Province,with chariot-horse pits,an altar and bronze vessels with inscriptions,adds a new line of evidence for studying the history of this period.However,with no direct evidence,the nature of the city site is controversial.Plant remains,especially a large number of sweet clover seeds,recovered from this site by systematic archaeobotanical methods provide an important source of information for research into the site's function.Considering that modern sweet clover is superior fodder for horses and the sweet clover seeds from the Chenzhuang site coexist with chariot-horse pits and horse remains,it is suggested these sweet clover seeds might represent the fodder of battle steeds.This suggestion supports the opinion of those who believe the Chenzhuang city site was once an important military city of the Western Zhou Dynasty in eastern China.
基金This work was supported by the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project.
文摘By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method' (DSM) to solve the chronology problems in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The mathematical models are more suitable for those materials with the Ganzhi (the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the Chinese ancient date recorded method being of the 60-day cycle, that the repetitive cycle is independent of any astronomical parameter, each day within this cycle has its own name and can also be expressed by the numbers from 1 to 60) record of the date, lunar month, and their year intervals and all of them are in history documents, oracle bones and bronze vessels. For example, taking the 12 Zhouji materials in the period of King Xin, we derive the two best results of the first year when Xin assumed the reins of government in probably 1063 BC or 1052 BC.
