Floristic Study of Vascular Plants in Typical Plant Communities in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

[Objective] Species composition and flora of vascular plants in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed,to provide scientific basis for the estimation and protection of plant diversity,construction of ecological security shelter for the Tibetan Plateau.[Methods] In the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,quadrat (line transect) method was applied to investigate the phytocoenoses in sample plots,and relative literature was used to analyze the floristic composition and floristic element of vascular plants in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.[Results]① There are 96 species (including subspecies and variations),69 genera of 35 vascular plant families,accounting for 16.83%,5.48%,1.66% and 11.63%,2.02%,0.31% of total vascular plant families,genera and species in Tibet and China.② There are 24 monotypic-genus families,accounting for 68.57% of the total family number in the local area;22 monotypic-species families,accounting for 62.86% of the total family number in the local area.Local flora shows the characteristics of ancient relict,such as Euphorbiaceae,Rubiaceae,Liliaceae and Ranunculaceae,they are all ancient primitive groups of the third flora and the fourth flora.③ Local vascular plant genera fall into 10 areal types and 8 variations.④ Temperate elements are much more than tropical elements,R/T is 0.19,indicating that vascular plants have typical temperate nature and residual tropical nature.There are only a few endemic genera,but more endemic species to the local area,and these species are closely related,of which there are some transitional species,indicating that local flora is too young to experience more differentiation and specialization.⑤ There are 24 Chinese endemic species,accounting for 25% of total number of species in the local area;among which there are 12 endemic species to Tibet,accounting for 50% of endemic species to China,12.5% of total number of species in the local area.Four key wild plant species are included in the second batch of national key protection.[Conclusions]① There are scarce plant groups in the local area.② Among the obvious advantages,single-genus (species) families possess the absolute advantage,and the flora has ancient origins.③ The local flora has diversified distribution types,and the complicated geographical elements.④ Temperate species possess obvious advantages,and the flora is young.⑤ Rich unique and rare species have high species diversity protection and research value.

Analysis on Landscape Pattern in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River:Taking Zhongba County,Angren County, Rikaze City as Example

Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City located at the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River as landscape units , this paper studied the difference of the landscape pattern under various degrees of human disturbance in the three areas. The results showed that： the three areas all reflected the same characteristic of landscape pattern in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the natural landscapes were in the absolute dominant position. However, from Zhangba to Rikaze, with human disturbance intensity increasing, anthropogenic features of landscapes became more and more outstanding, In Zhongba, the landscape structure appeared to be simpler with coarse grains and a less rich diversity, Conversely, in Rikaze, the landscape showed a complicated shape with finer grains and a relatively richer diversity, This reflected that the impact of human activities to natural landscape behaved a gradually-growing trend from the upper reach to the middle one of Yarlung Zangbo River Basin.

Unsteadiness of COD in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Minjiang River

This paper explores and identifies the rules of the unsteady evolution of COD in the upper and middle reaches of Minjiang River through multi-scale analysis on the weekly COD data for the last six years provided by the Water Quality Monitoring Station,Minjiang River Bridge,Leshan City,Sichuan Province.The results of the wavelet analysis indicate that the COD index oscillates alternatively and differently at each time-scale in an oneyear cycle,and the density of COD,subjected to the runoff volume,the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake and agricultural seeding and industrial construction,etc.,is high in winter and spring,mild in summer and autumn.

The SIA method for spatial analysis of precipitation in the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River

Using geographic information system (GIS) techniques and the newest seasonal and annual average precipitation data of 679 meteorological stations from 1971 to 2000, the multiple regressions equations of the precipitation and topographical variables are established to extract the effect of topography on the annual and seasonal precipitation in the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Then, this paper uses a successive interpolation approach (SIA), which combines GIS techniques with the multiple regressions, to improve the accuracy of the spatial interpolation of annual and seasonal rainfall. The results are very satisfactory in the case of seasonal rainfall, with the relative error of 6.86%, the absolute error of 13.07 mm, the average coefficient of variation of 0.070, and the correlation coefficient of 0.9675; in the case of annual precipitation, with the relative error of 7.34%, the absolute error of 72.1 mm, the average coefficient of variation of 0.092, and the correlation coefficient of 0.9605. The analyses of annual mean precipitation show that the SIA calculation of 3-5 steps considerably improves the interpolation accuracy, decreasing the absolute error from 211.0 mm to 62.4 mm, the relative error from 20.74% to 5.97%, the coefficient of variation from 0.2312 to 0.0761, and increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.5467 to 0.9619. The SIA iterative results after 50 steps identically converge to the observed precipitation.

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF RADIATION FOG IN XUANEN MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF HUBEI,CHINA

Based on data of radiation fog events in Xuanen, Hubei province, 2010, this paper analyzes the microphysical process and evolution characteristics of radiation fogs with complicated substrate in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and compares them with findings in other areas. Results are as follows: radiation fog in Xuanen is evidently weaker in droplet number concentration and liquid water content than land fogs in other areas. Its liquid water content fluctuates obviously, 0.01g/m3 with visibility of 1,000 meters, which is quite different from that in urban areas, but similar to the Nanling Mountains. Bi-modal droplet distribution is likely to occur in Xuanen mountain radiation fog(MRF) events. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be piecewise described well by the Gamma distribution. There is a positive correlation between liquid water content, fog droplet concentration and mean radius, especially in the development and dissipation stage. Condensation growth and droplet evaporation are major processes of Xuanen MRF. The dissipation time coincided with the time when the grass temperature reached the peak value, which indicated that dew evaporation is a key role in maintaining Xuanen MRF. In the early stage of dense fog's growth, droplets with diameter of over 20 micrometers can be observed with visibility of800-1,000 m, which might be caused by the transportation of low cloud droplets to earth's surface by turbulence. Big droplets in the initial stage correspond to higher water content, leading to the higher observed value of water content of Xuanen MRF.

长江中上游重要渔业水域环境质量评估

为准确评估长江中上游重要渔业水域水环境质量现状及变化趋势,提高水质评价效率,本研究基于11个水质参数,采用水质指数法(water quality index,WQI)对2006-2021年长江中上游三个重要渔业水域水质进行了综合评价,建立WQI min综合评价模型。结果显示:(1)长江中上游重要渔业水域的水温和高锰酸盐指数呈上升趋势;基于地表水环境质量标准(GB38338-2002),单因素水质评价结果表明监测水域内整体水质处于地表水Ⅴ类水标准,部分年份达劣Ⅴ类,主要污染指标为总氮。(2)通过综合评价方法分析,长江中上游重要渔业水域整体为“良”;2006~2021年长江中上游重要渔业水域水质质量呈逐年改善的趋势,且上游保护区的改善较大。(3)基于WQI方法,确定了长江中上游重要渔业水域的关键水质参数为:总氮、高锰酸盐指数、汞、溶解氧、氨氮、悬浮物以及水温,分别构建了上游保护区、中华鲟保护区以及四大家鱼保护区的WQI_(min)模型;考虑权重和不考虑权重的WQI min模型对比分析表明,考虑权重的WQI min模型的水质评价结果更加准确,该方法可有效评估长江中上游重要渔业水域的水质变化特征并可扩展用于其他水域。

1951—2020年黄河上中游径流变化特征及归因分析

【目的】河川径流是地表重要的水资源,对其变化特征和原因进行解析,是流域水资源科学管理规划的前提。【方法】本文采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验、Budyko弹性系数法等方法分析了黄河上游和中游近70年(1951—2020年)径流变化的趋势和成因。【结果】(1)1951—2020年黄河上游年降水量呈不显著增加趋势(4.04 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05),中游呈不显著减少趋势(4.90 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);上游、中游年潜在蒸散发均呈不显著增加趋势(1.77、2.23 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);(2)黄河上游和中游1980—2020年土地利用/覆盖变化明显,主要表现在林草面积的增加,上游、中游年NDVI分别以0.025/(10 a)、0.042/(10 a)的速率显著增加(P <0.01);(3)1951—2020年,上游和中游年径流量分别以3.46、7.46 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少(P <0.01),并分别在1986年、1990年发生突变;(4)上游和中游径流对降水变化最为敏感,其次是土地利用/覆盖变化、潜在蒸散发变化,且径流对各影响因子的敏感性逐年增强,即气候和土地利用/覆盖的变化将更容易引起径流的变化;(5)土地利用/覆盖变化是导致黄河上游和中游径流减少的主要原因,其次是降水和潜在蒸散,但各影响因子对径流变化的影响性质和程度在上游和中游不同区间存在一定的差异。其中,上游地区降水、潜在蒸散发、土地利用/覆盖变化对径流的影响性质和程度分别为-14.04%、1.30%、112.73%;中游地区分别为21.54%、3.63%、74.83%。【结论】1951—2020年黄河上游和中游径流变化是气候变化和土地利用/覆盖变化共同作用的结果,但主要影响因素为人类活动主导的土地利用/覆盖变化,且各因子对径流的影响在不同区间存在一定的差异。本研究结果可为黄河上游和中游不同区间的水资源管理和综合治理提供理论支持。

黄河中上游区土地使用结构与布局复合优化

黄河中上游地区生态环境脆弱,空间发展问题突出,探索该区域土地使用结构和布局优化配置是实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的有效途径。该研究以黄河中上游地区为研究对象,基于该区域土地使用、社会经济等数据,运用多目标规划(multi-objective programming,MOP)和PLUS模型模拟了惯性发展、生态保护、经济优先和生态-经济均衡4种情景下研究区未来土地格局和变化趋势,并在平衡生态与经济的目标下提出最优土地使用结构和布局方案。结果表明:1)4种情景下,土地使用比例结构存在较大差异;2)均衡情景下的区域土地使用结构和空间布局方案为最优,其综合效益值最高且达到19481.00亿元,与生态保护情景相比其经济效益(12223.88亿元)增长了4.07%,与经济优先情景相比其生态价值(7257.12亿元)增长了2.32%;经济优先情景下综合效益值为20273.96亿元,是4种情景下最高的。研究可为黄河中上游区域未来土地使用规划编制和土地可持续利用规划提供依据。

考虑径流过程矢量化的机器学习洪水预报模型

准确的超前洪水预报有利于开展防洪减灾工作和优化水资源调度。本文提出一种针对场次洪水的径流过程矢量化方法(Runoff Process Vectorization, RPV),并耦合3种机器学习(Machine Learning, ML)模型构建了RPV-ML洪水预报系列模型。以黄河中上游孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河3个典型流域为研究区,分别基于43、28、37场洪水的降雨径流数据,按照洪水场次7∶3的比例进行模型训练和验证。研究表明:(1)相同预见期条件下RPV-ML模型在孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河流域洪水预报纳什效率系数更高、均方根误差和洪峰相对误差更低,RPV-ML模型比ML模型具有更好的预报性能,在预见期为4~6 h时优势更显著;(2) RPV-ML和ML模型预报精度会随着预见期增加逐渐下降,但RPV-ML预报精度呈现缓慢下降趋势,具有更好的鲁棒性;(3)基于RPV改进的时间卷积网络(Temporal Convolutional Network, TCN)可以更好地克服预报误差问题,RPV-TCN模型在3个流域预报性能最好。

晚清长江中上游民船运输状况——以《长江三峡及重庆游记》为中心的考察

1883年英国商人立德乐通过实勘实测的方法记录了其在长江中上游流域乘坐民船的航行情况,并留下数万字的旅行记录——《长江三峡及重庆游记》,生动再现了晚清我国长江中上游流域传统民船的运输状况。通过对行记的考察可以厘清我国民船的运输情形,自从清代前期长江流域全面贯通以来,逐渐积累了成熟的造船技术、完善的民船运营结构、丰富的行船经验等,都促进了长江民船运输专业化,高效率水运系统的形成。与近代轮船运输相比,传统民船在运输价格、航行范围、运营的灵活性上都具有优势,即使在晚清长江中上游开通轮船运输后,民船运输仍在持续发展。

基于文献计量分析的长江中上游鱼类资源研究综述

针对长江中上游鱼类资源领域研究,以主题“长江上游”“长江中游”“金沙江下游”“鱼类资源”“鱼类早期资源”为检索条件,筛选了2023年7月前中国知网及Web of Science核心合集数据库收录的503篇文献,利用CiteSpace进行文献计量分析并绘制科学知识图谱,在此基础上从文献数量分布、研究机构及代表作者分布、研究主题内容、研究热点及演变趋势方面对长江中上游鱼类资源领域研究进行了综述。结果表明:中国科学院和中国水产科学研究院等是该领域的领军机构;从发展趋势上看,该领域已形成了鱼类资源现状及变化趋势、鱼类资源的影响机制以及鱼类资源的保护对策3个重要的研究热点和方向。后面需进一步完善江段鱼类资源的长期动态监测方法、梯级开发背景下鱼类资源的变动情况以及鱼类资源的协同保护方法等方面的研究。

“双碳”和“高碳”情景下金沙江中上游流域未来径流模拟

受全球气候变化影响,金沙江中上游流域的水文情势发生了较大改变,模拟金沙江中上游流域未来径流,对区域水资源利用具有重要意义。根据中国的“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标,基于CMIP6的5种全球气候模式(GCMs),耦合SWAT模型和CA-Markov模型,预估了未来“碳达峰”时期(2021—2040年)和“碳中和”时期(2041—2060年)的流域径流变化趋势,为水资源的管理与规划提供理论支撑。结果表明:2021—2060年间金沙江中上游流域呈现暖湿趋势,“高碳”情景下气温和降水量增幅更大。未来土地利用变化表现为除未利用地面积减少之外,其他类型土地面积均有增加。“双碳”情景下年径流量呈现增加趋势,“碳达峰”时期增长率为1.55×10^(8)~2.01×10^(8) m^(3)/a,“碳中和”时期增长率为2.07×10^(8)~4.02×10^(8) m^(3)/a;“高碳”情景下未来时期年径流量呈现减少趋势,“碳达峰”时期减少率为0.99×10^(8)~1.07×10^(8) m^(3)/a,“碳中和”时期减少率为0.85×10^(8)~1.06×10^(8) m^(3)/a;从月平均径流量来看,“双碳”情景下水资源更加丰富,年内分配更为均匀。

韩江中上游地区的崩岗分布特征

选取韩江中上游地区2016—2022年的Sentinel-1/2卫星星座遥感影像和其他辅助数据,基于机器学习方法进行区域尺度的崩岗识别和崩岗影响因子测度。结果表明:1)分类模型的总体精度达到84%,Kappa系数为0.8。其中,崩岗识别的用户精度和生产者精度都超过95%,且其FScore为0.97。2)截至2022年,韩江中上游地区的崩岗侵蚀面积共有435.5 km^(2),各县(市、区)崩岗侵蚀面积差异明显,年变化趋势不一。其中,五华县崩岗侵蚀面积最多(199.2 km^(2)),其年平均变化率为16.29 km^(2)/a。梅江区崩岗侵蚀面积最少(1.6 km^(2)),其年平均变化率为0.18 km^(2)/a。3)韩江中上游地区崩岗发生概率与高程、坡度、植被覆盖、地质类型、人口密度、大气压、降雨量、经向风速、纬向风速和风速等10个因素存在显著相关性(P<0.001)。在一定的变化范围内,高程、坡度、地质类型、大气压、经向风速、纬向风速和风速对研究区崩岗发生为正向影响,植被覆盖、人口密度和降雨量对崩岗发生为负向影响。

淮河中上游地区新石器时代中期文化影响研究

淮河中、上游地区处于我国地理单元上的过渡中心,也是史前文化交流碰撞的“漩涡地带”。新石器时代中期两区域以淮河及其支流为纽带开启了文化上的互动交流,并逐步增强。两者之间的文化交流互动直接促进了淮系文化的形成与发展,并对淮河上游所在中原地区文化传播与扩散及早期中国各地考古学文化由分散、孤立走向交流、融合形成相对的文化共同体产生了积极的影响。

黄河中上游地区铁路建设项目的水土保持及其监理

以黄河中上游地区铁路建设项目水土保持监理工作为背景,总结了该类工程的水土保持工程措施及监理工作开展的思路。介绍了案例工程情况,阐述了水土保持施工的准备工作、防治措施等内容。在监理工作方面,从监理项目部建设、管理制度建设、过程控制和资料管理等方面提出了完善思路。

考虑气象因素的金沙江上游流域春季中长期径流模拟研究

针对金沙江上游水文、气象要素复杂,来水预测困难的客观实际,对金沙江上游降水、气温的变化特征进行分析,找出影响气温和降水变化的关键因子,研究关键因子与春季径流的相关性、春季径流与气象站观测数据的相关性,确定影响春季径流的气象要素,搭建预测径流的气候模型。结果表明,金沙江上游春季降水年际波动缓慢,其中3月呈先增长后降低趋势,4、5月降水呈增加增长趋势;同年各月气温呈升温趋势,其中3月平均气温上升最快,4、5月上升速度相当;月平均最低气温与气候指标的正相关性最好,其次是5月降水量,最高气温相关性较低;石鼓水文站3、4月径流量与气候指标正相关性最好;预报模型的方程预测径流量可以与实际径流量达到95%以上的准确度,且都可通过0.05的置信度区间检验。

黄河上中游地区水‒粮食‒能源协同发展战略研究

黄河上中游地区是我国水资源、粮食、能源矛盾最为突出的区域之一,系统识别水‒粮食‒能源安全形势并提出应对措施,是该地区实现高质量发展的重要保障。本文在科学认识水‒粮食‒能源纽带关系基本内涵的基础上,研判了地区水资源、粮食、能源发展的新形势,剖析了水‒粮食‒能源协同发展面临的机遇和挑战,针对黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展目标,提出了新发展理念下水‒粮食‒能源协同安全的“四化一创”保障战略框架。研究建议,重视水资源在纽带关系中的核心作用,实现水资源支撑作用最大化;将能源作为区域高质量发展的战略性支柱产业,实现能源对经济社会发展带动作用最大化;强化农业用水支撑,实现粮食安全保障作用最大化;加强水资源保护,实现粮食、能源对水资源与生态环境干扰的最小化;加强基础科技研究,发展水‒粮食‒能源安全保障技术。

生态环境保护与农业经济高质量发展的协调性--以黄河中上游四省(区)为例

在构建生态环境保护与农业经济高质量发展评价指标的基础上,利用熵权法与耦合协调测度模型,考察黄河流域中上游四省(区)生态环境保护与农业经济高质量发展的协调性。研究结果表明,2010—2020年青海的协调性最高,其次是陕西,甘肃、宁夏分别处在该流域的第三、第四位,显然两个因素之间的协调性在黄河流域四省(区)从上游到中游在空间上呈现典型的“V”形分布。鉴于该流域各省(区)在生态环境保护与农业经济高质量发展之间的耦合度、协调度以及相对发展程度上存在明显差异,需要各地政府继续加大生态环境保护工程建设,加强农业绿色发展投资,从农业科技、环境监管、生态补偿等多方面加强区域协调发展,以期为该流域生态环境建设、农业经济高质量发展提供制度保障。

黄河中上游黄河鮈的年龄鉴定与生长模型筛选

【目的】鉴定黄河鮈的年龄,分析其生长特性,丰富黄河中上游黄河鮈的生物学研究资料。【方法】在宁夏回族自治区、甘肃省境内共7个站点采捕黄河鮈,以耳石作为年龄鉴定材料,选择Von Bertalanffy生长方程(VBGF)、逻辑斯谛生长方程(Logistic GF)、Gompertz生长方程(Gompertz GF)和幂指数生长方程(Power exponential GF)4种模型分别模拟黄河鮈的体长生长,采用极大似然法估算模型参数,通过计算各模型的AIC值评估模型的拟合效果,确定黄河鮈的最适生长模型。【结果】共采集到黄河鮈样本550尾,分为5个年龄组,即1~5龄,其中2龄组数量最多,共351尾;体长为2.60~17.41 cm;体重为0.18~99.39 g。4种模型对黄河鮈的拟合结果为,Gompertz生长模型的AIC值最小(4.99),拟合效果最好;其次为Logistic GF(14.58)和VBGF生长模型(16.29);幂指数生长模型AIC值最大(82.42),拟合效果最差。黄河鮈生长模型的Gompertz GF为Lt=18.81×exp{-exp[-0.66×(ti-1.73)]}。【结论】Gompertz GF为黄河中上游黄河鮈的最适生长模型。