Triassic Granitic Magmatism at the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Implications of Geochronology and Geochemistry for the Tectonic Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The early Mesozoic marked an important transition from collisional orogeny to post-orogenic extension at the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC). In this study, we undertook zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock majorand trace-element geochemical analyses of early Mesozoic granitic rocks in the Chifeng area to establish their geochronological framework, petrogenesis, and implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asia Orogenic Belt(CAOB). Zircon U-Pb dating results show that these rocks were emplaced in three stages during the Triassic:(1) syenogranites during 250-248 Ma,(2) granodiorites during 244-243 Ma, and(3) monzogranites and granodiorites during 232-230 Ma. These Triassic granitoids belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series and are evolved I-type granites. They have high SiO2 and low Mg O contents with enrichments in light rare-earth elements, Zr, Hf, Rb, Th, and U, and depletions in Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, and Eu. These geochemical data indicate that the granitoids were derived from partial melting of a lower-crustal source under relatively low-pressure conditions and subsequently underwent extensive fractional crystallization. Considering both the geochemical data and regional geological information, we propose that the 250-248 Ma syenogranites were emplaced in an extensional environment linked to slab break-off after closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO) along the Solonker-Xra Moron-Changchun suture zone. The 244-243 Ma granodiorites were formed in a compressional orogenic setting during collision between the Erguna-Xing’an-Songliao composite block and the NCC. The 232-230 Ma granodiorites and monzogranites were emplaced during the transition from compressional orogeny to post-orogenic extension. Overall, the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Chifeng area can be divided into three main stages:(1) closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and extension related to slab break-off during the Early Triassic;(2) continuous collisional compression during the Middle Triassic after closure of the PAO;and(3) post-orogenic extension during the Late Triassic, most probably due to lithospheric delamination after amalgamation of the Erguna-Xing’an-Songliao composite block and the NCC.

Chronology,Geochemistry and Tectonic Settings of the Hadamiao Granodiorite on the Northern Margin of the North China Platform

The Hadamiao granodiorite,located on the northern margin of the North China platform and acting as the country rock of gold deposits in the Hadamiao region,was formed in the same age and similar tectonic settings with the Hadamiao gold deposit and the large-scale Bilihe gold deposit in the same area.By using the LA-ICP-MS method,the U-Pb age obtained is 267±1.3 Ma,which represents the crystallized age of the granodiorite,and that of the xenolithic zircon is 442.8±5 Ma. Base on the main elements,it exhibits the features of calc-alkaline to high-potassium calc-alkaline series,low silicon,and quasi-aluminous I-type granites,and with high magnesium（Mg~#=0.45-0.57） and high sodium contents（Na_2O/K_2O=0.98-2.29）.The SREE values（81.6-110.15 ppm） are relatively low,the fractionations between LREE and HREE are obvious,showing a right-inclined dispersion in the REE distribution diagram.Compared with the primitive mantle,the rock is relatively rich in LREE（La and Ce）,LILE（K,Sr,and Th）,and intensively depleted in HFSE（Ti,P,Nb and Ta）.The ratios of Sr/Y and（La/Yb）_N and the contents of Rb,Nb and Y are relatively low,the Sr values are high （436.35-567.26 ppm）,and the Yb contents of most samples are low（1.25-1.8）,which indicate the features of typical continental margin arc and adakitic rocks.According to the values ofε_（Nd）（t）（-2.4 to ＋0.2） and I_（Sr）（0.7028-0.7083）,and variations of the La/Sm ratios,the Hadamiao granodiorite was formed from mixing of the thickened molten lower crust and the mantle wedge substances.The rock was related to the southward subduction and accretion of the Paleo-Asia Ocean in the Late Paleozoic, being Late Paleozoic magma of the continental margin arc formed on the basement of the Early Paleozoic accretion complexes,and showing a trend of turning into adakitic rocks,which indicates their great metallogenic（Au） potential.

Final-stage Southward Subduction of the Eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean:Evidence from the Middle Permian Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC)contains widespread Permian magmatic rocks,but the origin of these rocks remains controversial.This uncertainty hampers us from better understanding of tectonic framework and evolution of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean,particularly with respect to its final-stage subduction and closure time.To address these questions,this study presents petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,whole-rock geochemical and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data for these Permian mafic intrusions in the northern margin of the NCC.Precise zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that these mafic intrusions were emplaced in the Middle Permian(ca.260 Ma).Geochemically,the studied mafic intrusions have high MgO and transition metals element contents,with high Mg^(#) values,indicating a mantle origin.These mafic intrusions are characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs;e.g.,Rb,Ba,and K)and light rare earth elements(LREEs),and depletions in high field strength elements(HFSEs;e.g.,Nb,Ta,and Ti)and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),indicating that they were formed in a subduction-related setting.These geochemical features,together with zircon ε_(Hf)(t)values(-1.1 to+11.2),indicate that their parental magmas were derived from partial melting of heterogeneous mantle wedge metasomatized by subduction-related fluids,with the contributions of slab sediments.The studied mafic intrusions also show wide range of major and trace elements contents,and variable Mg^(#) values,Eu and Sr anomalies,suggesting that their parental magmas had undergone variable degrees of fractional crystallization.Together with the E-W trending Permian continental arc along the northern margin of the NCC,we confirm that the generation of the Middle Permian mafic intrusions was related to southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic lithosphere beneath the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean had not closed prior to the Middle Permian.

Geological characteristics and tectonic signifcance of unconformities in Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block. Geologic characters and spatial distributions of five of these un- conformities, which have resulted from different geological processes, have been studied. The uncon- formity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity, representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin. The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fluctuations, leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands. The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting, whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event. It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.

A New Fauna——Qinghezhen Fauna——from the Northern Margin of the North China Platform

In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform.it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suitesimilar to the Early Palaeozoic Ondor Sum Group in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The stratahave been named in northern Liaoning as the Qinghezhen Group. The emphasis of this paper is on the discus-sion of the simall shelly fossils found in the siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Qinghezhen Group. Thisophiolite suite stretches in an E-W direction for about 1000 km along the northern margin of the North ChinaPlatform. in which 15 fossil localities with stable stratigraphic horizons have been discovered. In this paper. 4types. 7 genera (including 5 new ones) and 10 species (including 8 new ones and 1 new subspecies) aredescribed, which are collectively referred to as the Qinghezhen Fauna. The characteristics of these fossils are:shell form simple. the maximum length not exceeding 4 mm. with obvious shell wall and wall ornaments. TheQinghezhen Fauna is comparable in shell structure of some genera and species with the Meishucun Fauna inSouth China, but differs from the latter in having only monotonous fossil groups developed in a distinctly va-ried ecological environment. The two faunas may belong to the same evolutionary stage of the Early Cambrianbut have developed parallelly in different regions. The existence of the Qinghezhen Fauna represents an impor-tant biological event in the Early Cambrian in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The discovery of theQinghezhen Fauna will bring new knowledge and profound influence to a series of problems on basic geologyand mineral deposit prospecting such as the Cambrian faunas. biogeographical povincialism in China and thegeotectonic features of the northern margin of the North China Platform.

Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Mesoproterozoic Passive Continental Margins of China: A Case Study of the Langshan-Zha'ertaishan Belt,Inner Mongolia, China

Most ore-forming characteristics of the Langshan-Zha'ertaishan hydrothermal exhalation belt, which consists of the Dongshengmiao, Huogeqi, Tanyaokou and Jiashengpan large-superlarge Zn-Pb-Cu-Fe sulfide deposits, are most similar to those of Mesoproterozoic SEDEX-type provinces of the world. The characteristics include: (1) All deposits of this type in the belt occur in third-order fault-basins in the Langshan-Zha'ertaishan aulacogen along the northern margin of the North China Platform; (2) these deposits with all their orebodies hosted in the Mesoproterozoic impure dolomite-marble and carbonaceous phyllite (or schists) have an apparent stratabound nature; ores display laminated and banded structures, showing clear depositional features; (3) there is some evidence of syn-sedimentary faulting, which to a certain extent accounts for the temporal and spatial distribution and the size of the orebodies in all deposits and the formation of intrabed conglomerates and breccias; (4) they show lateral and vertical zonation of sulfides; (5) The Cu/(Pb+Zn+Cu) ratio of the large and thick Pb+Zn+Cu orebodies gradually decreases from bottom to top; and (6) barite is interbedded with pyrites and sometimes with sphalerite. However, some characteristics such as the Co/Ni radio of the pyrites, the volcanism, for example, of the Langshan-Zha'ertaishan metallogenic belt, are different from those of the typical SEDEX deposits of the world. The meta-basic volcanic rock in Huogeqi, the sodic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Dongshengmiao and potassic bimodal-volcanic rocks with blastoporphyritic and blasto-glomeroporphyritic texture as well as blasto-amygdaloidal structure in the Tanyaokou deposits have been discovered in the only ore-bearing second formation of the Langshan Group in the past 10 years. The metallogeny of some deposits hosted in the Langshan Group is closely related to syn-sedimentary volcanism based on the following facts: most of the lead isotopes in sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite plot on both sides of the line for the mantle or between the lines for the mantle and lower crust in the lead isotope composition diagram; cobalt content of some pyrites samples is much higher than the nickel content (Co/Ni=11.91-12.19). Some volcanic blocks and debris have been picked out from some pyritic and pyrrhotitic ores. All Zn-Pb-Cu-Fe sulfide orebodies in these deposits occur in the strata overlying metamorphic volcanic rocks in the only ore-bearing second formation. In the Jiashengpan deposit that lacks syn-sedimentary volcanic rocks in the host succession only Pb and Zn ores occur without Cu ore, but in the Dongshengmiao, Tanyaokou and Huogeqi deposits with syn-sedimentary volcanic rocks in the host succession Cu ores occur. This indicates a relatively higher ore-forming temperature. The process of syn-sedimentary volcanic eruption directly supplied some ore-forming elements, and resulted in secular geothermal anomaly favorable for the circulation of a submarine convective hydrothermal system, which accounts for the precipitation of deep mineralizing fluids exhaling into anoxidic basins along the syn-sedimentary fault system in the Langshan-Zha'ertai rift. The Dongshengmiao, Tanyaokou, and Huogeqi deposits hosted in the Langshan Group appear to be a transitional type of mineral deposit between SEDEX and VMS-types but with a bias towards SEDEX, while the Jiashengpan deposit hosted in the Zha'ertai Group is of a characteristic SEDEX type. This evidence, together with other new discoveries of Mesoproterozoic volcanic rocks and the features of lithogeny and metallogeny of the Bayun Obo deposit in the neighborhood emphasize the diversity, complexity and uniqueness of the Mesoproterozoic Langshan-Zha'ertai-Bayun Obo ore belt.

Discovery of the Early Paleozoic Boin Sum-Ordor Sum Island Arc in the Hadamiao Gold Ore District, Inner Mongolia and its Significance to the Evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

Early Paleozoic granodiorite has been identified on the northern margin of the North China craton in the east section of the central-Asian orogenic belt, which was previously known as early Indosinian in age. By using the LA-ICP-MS method, the obtained zircon U-Pb age is 445.6 2.7 Ma, which represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite. The granodiorite near the east of the large-sized Bilihe gold deposit is of the tholeiite series with low potassium. It is quasi-aluminous I-type granite, enriched in sodium （Na2 O/K2O=7.29 9.77） and magnesium （Mg # =0.51 0.67）. The ΣREE value is relatively low, obvious differentiation is shown between LREE and HREE and within LREE, and the Eu anomaly is low and negative （δEu=0.74 0.91）. In the primitive-mantle normalized spider diagrams of trace elements, the granodiorite is relatively rich in LREE and LILE （Ba, Sr, Th）, and strongly depleted in HFSE （Nb, Ta, Ti and P）, which shows features of subduction zone components （SZC）. In the discrimination diagrams of tectonic settings of granite for Rb vs. （Nb＋Y）, Rb vs. （Ya＋Ta）, La/Nb vs. Ba/Nb and Th/Nb vs. Ba/Nb, the granodiorite exhibits typical features of island arc granite. The normalized values of K and Rb are extremely low, while the values of Sr and Eu are very high, which are similar to those of island arc magma that has undergone metasomatism of fluid from the oceanic crust. The granodiorite is relatively depleted in ε Hf （t） （5.1 7.1） and low in ε Hf （t） model ages （1089 921 Ma）. In the ε Hf （t） vs. age （T） diagram, the distribution area of the granodiorite is accordant with the field of the Xing’anling-Mongolia orogenic belt, which indicates that the magmatic sources are mainly the mixture of partial melting of wedged mantle subjected to metasomatism of fluid from the oceanic crust and young substance from the crust. The granodiorite is similar to the felsic arc magma in the Damao Banner, Bate Obon, Boin Sum and Ordor Sum regions, and they altogether constitute an early Paleozoic accretionary island arc magmatic belt on the northern margin of the North China craton. A number of early Paleozoic zircons trapped in late Paleozoic intrusions in the Hadamiao and Bilihe regions and the discovery of the early Paleozoic island arc magmatic belt near the east of the Bilihe gold deposit suggest that the late Paleozoic volcanic-intrusive rocks have a basement of early Paleozoic arc accretionary complexes. This is just the evident of the multiphase subduction and accretion model of the Paleo-Asian Ocean （PAO）. Paleozoic structures and magmas on the northern margin of the North China craton are shown from south to north as the late Paleozoic Andes-type arc magmatic belt in the Inner Mongolia plateau, the Chifeng-Bayan Obo fault and the late and early Paleozoic arc magmatic belt, which shows that after the early Paleozoic arc-continent collisional orogeny and at the stage of the late Paleozoic accretionary orogeny, the PAO plate was likely to continuously pulsate and underthrust beneath the early Paleozoic island arc accretionary complex belt and its front, i.e. the North China craton. During the early Paleozoic collisional orogeny, the PAO plate might not experience large-scale breakup or delamination. The characteristics of the early Paleozoic island arc accretionary complex basement have a significant control on late Paleozoic diagenesis and metallization in the Hadamiao and Bilihe gold concentrated areas.

Study of crustal thickness and poisson's ratio of the south of Erenhot area by teleseismic receiver function

The Xing’an Mongolian Orogenic Belt(XMOB) and the northern margin of North China Craton(NCC) have undergone multistage tectonic superimposition and the tectonic evolution is extremely complicated. We collect the teleseismic data of 44 temporary broadband seismic stations deployed in the XMOB and the northern margin of NCC to calculate the P wave receiver functions. The crustal thickness and average crustal ratio as well as the Poisson’s ratios beneath 33 stations are estimated using the H-κ stacking method. The results show:(1) the crustal thickness of the study area ranges from 38.7 to 42.7 km, with an average thickness of 41.2 km. There is a great difference in crustal thickness on both sides of Solonker suture zone. The characteristics of crustal thickness support the geodynamic model that the Paleo-Asian Ocean subducted and closed at the Solonker suture zone.(2) The Poisson’s ratios in the study area are low, ranging from 0.215 to 0.277, with an average value of 0.243, suggesting that the rock composition of the area is dominated by felsic-acid rocks.(3) There exists a negative correlation between the Poisson’s ratio and the crustal thickness. Combined with the lower values of Poisson’s ratio, we speculate that the delamination is the major mechanism in crustal extension and thinning in the study area.

Discovery of Late Paleozoic retrograded eclogites from the middle part of the northern margin of North China Craton

The retrograded eclogites have been discovered in the middle part of the northern margin of the North China Craton, which occur as lens or boudin within bio-tite-plagioclase gneisses in Paleoproterozoic Hongqiyingzi Group. The peak eclogite facies (P > 1.40—1.50 GPa, T = 680—730℃) mineral assemblage is composed of garnet, ompha-cite and rutile (±quartz), which was overprinted by the granulite facies mineral assemblage of vermicular symplec-tite of sodic clinopyroxene and plagioclase which replaced the precursory omphacite, and then amphibolite facies ret-rograded minerals with characterization of Amp+Pl ke-lyphitic rim and symplectite, and amphibole replaced clino-pyroxene. The protolith of retrograded eclogites is oceanic basalt formed at 438±11 Ma.The peak eclogite facies meta-morphic age of the retrograded eclogite is 325±4 Ma. These relict eclogites may be formed by the subduction of Pa-leo-Asian oceanic crust beneath the North China Craton during Late Paleozoic. The discovery of relict eclogite in this paper provides a new insight into farther understanding of tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the North China Craton, and the relationship between the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the North China Craton.

内蒙古大青山-盘羊山晚中生代-早新生代构造事件及其对华北北缘构造演化的启示

内蒙古大青山和盘羊山位于华北克拉通北缘,其复杂的地质构造对华北克拉通北部中—新生代构造演化具有重要的指示作用。大青山以北的盘羊山逆冲体系,形成于晚二叠世至早三叠世古亚洲洋的闭合,晚侏罗世可能受蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合的影响而重新活动。大青山地区发育4期中—新生代变形构造,从老至新依次是:SE-NW向伸展形成的呼和浩特变质核杂岩、NW向逆冲的大青山逆冲体系、以不变形花岗岩为核心的构造穹窿、大青山山前断裂及高角度正断层。发生于约142~132 Ma的SE-NW向伸展,形成于造山增厚地壳的重力垮塌,并形成呼和浩特变质核杂岩和相关的拆离体系。大青山逆冲体系形成于约130~120 Ma,代表造山过程中地壳荷载与板块汇聚的抗衡导致的构造反转,另一可能是古太平洋俯冲的远程效应。自约120 Ma以来,大青山处于一个构造-热松弛期,导致该区约120~90 Ma的冷却事件被广泛记录,并形成以不变形花岗岩(约114 Ma)为核心的穹窿构造;这些事件可能与华北克拉通的峰期破坏相关。大青山山前断裂和相关的高角度正断层开始于始新世,可能是印度-欧亚大陆碰撞和太平洋板块运动方向改变的远程效应所致。古亚洲洋和蒙古-鄂霍次克洋的闭合导致华北克拉通北缘地壳增厚,引发早白垩世造山晚期的垮塌和伸展,形成呼和浩特变质核杂岩。自120 Ma开始,大青山开始受华北克拉通破坏的影响,并形成后造山伸展。新生代,大青山受新特提斯和太平洋构造域的远程影响。

Geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Mesozoic basalts from the North China Craton: A case study in Fuxin, Liaoning Province

Occurrence of Cretaceous basalts in Fuxin County, Liaoning Province provides us an opportunity to understand Mesozoic mantle processes beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton (NNCC). Fuxin Jianguo basalts occur as volcanic channel phases with well-developed columnar jointings and contain few spinel lherzolite and pyroxenite xenoliths. They are poor in silica and rich in alkalis, Ti and Al, belonging to alkaline basalts. In trace element compositions, Jianguo basalts are moderately enriched in LREE and LILE, but not depleted in HFSE. They have low Sr and high Nd and Pb isotopic ratios. These geochemical characteristics suggest that Jianguo basalts originated from the depleted asthenosphere, representing an undifferentiated and uncontaminated primitive magma. Presence of these basalts indicates that the lithosphere beneath the region had thickness less than 65 km at the time of basalt eruption and was mainly composed of fertile pargasite-bearing spinel lherzolite and plagioclase pyroxenite. The voluminous basaltic-andesitic magmatism during the early Jurassic-late Cretaceous time indicates that the commencement and accomplishment of lithosphere thinning in the NNCC was much earlier than that in the southern margin, since the mafic-intermediate volcanism only occurred at the Cretaceous time in the southern margin and the basalts with an asthenosphere isotopic signature at the Tertiary. This shows that highly spatial and temporal heterogeneity existed in the Mesozoic lithosphere evolution.

吉林敦化地区万宝岩组碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素组成:对区域构造演化的制约

为制约古亚洲洋在吉林东部地区的最终闭合时间,本文选取吉林省敦化地区万宝岩组变质粉砂岩为研究对象,开展系统的碎屑锆石微量元素组成和U-Pb-Hf同位素研究,确定了万宝岩组的沉积时限和物源区特征,并通过碎屑锆石微量元素获得晚古生代地壳厚度的变化规律,探讨了华北板块北缘东段晚古生代的构造演化历史。万宝岩组由互层的大理岩、变质粉砂岩和变质细砂岩组成,碎屑锆石定年结果显示,万宝岩组最年轻峰值年龄约为316 Ma,此外还存在355、398、1 842和2 360 Ma的峰值年龄。其中,古生代碎屑锆石(409~312 Ma)以具有负的εHf(t)值(-15.32~-1.60)及新太古代—古元古代的TDM2年龄(2 293~1 480 Ma)为特征,侵入万宝岩组闪长岩体的时期为276 Ma。综合研究认为,敦化地区万宝岩组沉积时限为312~276 Ma,即早二叠世时期,其沉积时限和岩石组合特征可与延边地区的庙岭组相对比。万宝岩组中的古生代碎屑锆石来自华北板块太古宙—古元古代结晶基底物质的部分熔融。结合其中古元古代碎屑锆石(62.9%)的大量出现,暗示敦化地区或/和附近地区存在华北板块前寒武纪的结晶基底。通过地壳厚度计算表明,敦化地区和内蒙古地区晚古生代的地壳厚度变化趋势一致,说明二者晚古生代的演化历史趋于同步。约245 Ma地壳厚度达到最大(80 km),暗示了古亚洲洋的最终闭合。

内蒙古喀喇沁旗大西沟萤石矿床成因:来自稀土元素、流体包裹体和H-O同位素的制约

萤石是战略性矿产,对于维护国家资源安全和经济稳定发展具有重要作用。内蒙古喀喇沁旗位于华北板块北缘,是萤石矿的重要产区,笔者对喀喇沁旗大西沟萤石矿床进行了稀土元素、流体包裹体和H-O同位素分析,探究其成矿流体性质及矿床成因。大西沟早阶段萤石稀土元素含量高于晚阶段萤石,早、晚阶段萤石具有相近的Y/Ho值,指示其同源性,在Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解中,样品全部落入热液矿床范围内,指示矿床为热液成因。早、晚阶段萤石均具有Eu的负异常和Ce的弱负异常,说明其形成于还原环境。萤石中流体包裹体类型以富液相的气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于160~190℃,盐度集中于0.18%~2.57%NaCl_(eqv),密度集中于0.88~0.94 g/cm^(3),综合区域萤石矿床的H-O同位素数据,单一型萤石矿床的H-O同位素组成具有明显的纬度效应,指示成矿流体以大气降水为主。大西沟萤石矿床为中低温热液脉型矿床,根据矿脉穿插关系,推断大西沟萤石矿床形成于燕山晚期(<120 Ma),晚侏罗世和早白垩世两期韧性构造变形形成的大量断层和裂隙为成矿流体运移和聚集提供通道,水岩作用是萤石的主要沉淀机制。

河北省北部晶质石墨矿层岩(矿)石地球化学特征与成因分析

晶质石墨是一种新兴战略矿产。近年在河北省北部发现了多处大中型晶质石墨矿床,主要赋矿层位于新太古代崇礼上岩群、古元古代红旗营子岩群等,具有良好的成矿潜力。通过系统的野外地质调查与采样、分析测试工作,详细研究了赋矿层位的岩相学、地球化学特征,并对碳质来源进行了分析。结果表明:赋矿岩石主要为含石墨黑云斜长变粒岩、片麻岩与透辉岩,原岩恢复以砂泥质碎屑岩、钙质沉积岩为主。主量元素含量变化较大, SiO2含量为38.90%~80.42%, CaO+MgO为2.05%~31.93%, Al2O3为1.50%~15.34%;稀土元素含量为79.1~321.4μg/g, PAAS标准化分布模式一般具有右倾或较平坦分布特征, δCe略具负异常,部分具有δEu异常。微量元素特征指示沉积环境为滨浅海环境,部分地区存在富氧条件,局部为还原环境或存在热液加入。石墨中碳同位素值为–26.0‰~–20.7‰,主要来源于生物成因有机碳;大理岩碳同位素值为–3.8‰~1.1‰,主要来源于碳酸盐岩成因无机碳。区内晶质石墨矿层分布受到地层、岩性、岩相控制,含矿有利层位为古陆边缘滨浅海相富含有机质的砂泥质碎屑岩、钙质沉积岩。矿床成因为沉积变质型矿床。

冀北梁头岩体年代学和地球化学特征及对古亚洲洋闭合时限的启示

华北板块北缘古亚洲洋闭合时间一直存在较大分歧,冀北张北梁头二长花岗岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,毗邻古亚洲洋构造域东南缘,对揭示古亚洲洋闭合时限具有重要启示。笔者等以梁头岩体为研究对象,开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,梁头岩体的侵位年龄为262.5±2.6 Ma,形成时代为晚二叠世。岩石学和岩石地球化学研究表明,梁头岩体具有较高的SiO_(2)(70.27%~73.89%),Na_(2)O(4.2%~4.55%),K_(2)O(3.87%~4.64%),Sr(417×10^(-6)~827×10^(-6))含量,较低的Yb(0.286×10^(-6)~0.518×10^(-6)),Y(2.74×10^(-6)~6.98×10^(-6))含量。岩石富集Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Ti、P、Nb、Ta等高场强元素和HREE,轻重稀土分馏明显(LaN/YbN=15.6~67.3),具有弱的正Eu异常。该岩石显示高锶低钇中酸性岩(Adakite,埃达克质岩)的地球化学特征,形成于陆缘弧环境,为陆弧岩浆岩。锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-17.50~-11.12,模式年龄tDM2为1989~2390 Ma。结合华北克拉通北缘晚石炭世—早二叠世陆弧岩浆岩的时空分布与演化特征,梁头陆缘弧二长花岗岩体的存在表明古亚洲洋在晚二叠世(262.5±2.6 Ma)可能仍处于向华北克拉通北缘的俯冲消减过程中,古亚洲洋闭合时间可能应在晚二叠世末。

综合物探方法在内蒙古敖汉旗林家地地热资源勘查中的应用试验

在“碳达峰、碳中和”双碳目标背景下,如何科学、高效地进行地热资源的勘查开发是地热产业的关键问题。本文针对目前普遍关注的中深层地热资源勘查技术难题,以内蒙古敖汉旗林家地为研究区,开展了综合地球物理勘探方法的有效性试验研究。在区域地质条件和水文地质条件分析基础上,初步查明了敖汉旗林家地一带地温场特征和地下水化学特征;运用可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)、微动测深和放射性氡气剖面测量多种方法组合,基本查明了研究区地层、岩浆岩及断裂构造的分布,推测了地热异常区控制因素及热水运移情况,并据此设定了勘探孔位,进行了960 m钻探验证。结果表明:综合运用可控源音频大地电磁法和微动测深等物探方法,并结合放射性氡气剖面测量进行辅助验证,对开展中深层地热资源勘查较为有效,可为其他地区地热资源勘查提供方法参考。

Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of Meta-Volcanic Rocks of the Bainaimiao Group, Sonid Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, China

The Bainaimiao Group, which crops out in the Sonid Right Banner area of Inner Mongolia, China, comprises mainly metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks. This group can be divided into two formations: a lower formation characterized by intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks, and an upper formation of intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks. Zircon dating indicates that biotite leptynite from the lower formation and chlorite-sericite schist from the upper formation crystallized at 499±2 and 478±2 Ma, respectively, corresponding to different volcanic events. Meta-volcanic rocks of the Bainaimiao Group belong to the calcalkaline series, and the SiO2 concentrations suggest that their protoliths were mainly basalts and rhyolites. Greenschist rocks of the group are enriched in light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to heavy rare earth elements(HREEs), with(La/Yb)N ratios of 3.08–10.9. In addition, they are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements, including Rb, Ba and K, and depleted in the high-field-strength elements Nb, Ta and Ti. The felsic meta-volcanic rocks also exhibit relative enrichments in LREEs compared with HREEs, with high(La/Yb)N ratios of 2.92–9.89, and are enriched in Rb, Ba, Zr and Hf, and depleted in Sr, Nb and Ta. These geochemical characteristics indicate that the meta-basic volcanic rocks were originated from partial melting of sub-arc mantle wedge that had been previously metasomatized by subducted-slab-derived fluids, whereas the meta-felsic volcanic rocks were generated by partial melting of continental crust. These results suggest that the meta-volcanic rocks of the Bainaimiao Group are the products of oceanic plate subduction magmatism along an active continental margin, which can be attributed to Early Paleozoic subduction of the PaleoAsian Ocean plate beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton.

Permian High Ba-Sr Granitoids:Geochemistry,Age and Tectonic Implications of Erlangshan Pluton,Urad Zhongqi,Inner Mongolia

Erlangshan Pluton from Urad Zhongqi, central Inner Mongolia, is located in the middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Plate. The rocks consist mainly of diorites with gneissic structure. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that the diorites belong to metaluminous, high- potassium calc-alkaline series, with chemical signatures of I-type granites. They are characterized by low SiOz contents (56.63%-58.53%) and A/CNK (0.90-0.96), high Al2O3 contents (17.30%-17.96%) and Na20/K20 ratios (1.20-1.70), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba=556-915 ppm, Sr=463-595 ppm), and relative depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) in primitive mantle-normalized spidergram, and right-declined rare earth element patterns with slightly negative Eu anomalies (8Eu=0.72-0.90). They have Sr/Y ratios (20-25) evidently less than Kebu Pluton (49-75) to its east. Sensitive high resolution ion micro-probe U-Pb zircon dating of the diorites has yielded an intrusive age of 270±8 Ma. This leads us to conclude that Erlangshan diorites were formed by mixing between the middle or lower crustal-derived magma and minor mantle-derived mafic magma, followed by fractional crystallization, which was trigged by crustal extension and fault activity in post-collisional setting.

辽北开原地区晚古生代—早中生代混杂岩的厘定及其地质意义

辽宁省开原地区地处华北克拉通北缘,域内沿清河断裂出露一套中浅变质岩系,前人先后将其称为“辽河群”、“清河镇群”、“开原岩群”、“清河构造混杂岩”,但对其物质组成和形成时代尚未形成统一认识。通过系统总结不同岩石锆石U-Pb测年结果和地球化学数据,该套变质岩系是由新太古代、古元古代、晚二叠世-中三叠世不同时代地质体组成,其中早三叠世的海相沉积盖层和大面积的晚二叠世-中三叠世活动大陆边缘岛弧岩块指示古亚洲洋的闭合过程,碰撞背景下形成的变质英安岩(244 Ma)将古亚洲洋的最终闭合时间限定为中三叠世。综合对比区域地质资料,古亚洲洋在开原地区的俯冲闭合作用导致形成这套变质程度不同以新太古代华北板块基底岩石、晚二叠世-中三叠世火山岩为“岩块”,变粒岩、浅粒岩等变质碎屑岩为“基质”的混杂岩系。

华北克拉通北缘早白垩世金成矿与地幔物质的贡献

华北克拉通北缘是我国重要的金成矿带,早白垩世金矿床主要分布在成矿带的中-东段赤峰-朝阳矿集区、五龙-猫岭矿集区、夹皮沟矿集区、老岭矿集区及附近区域。本文综述了华北北缘早白垩世金矿床的地质及同位素地球化学特征,讨论了早白垩世地幔组分参与金成矿的证据和过程。研究表明,华北北缘早白垩世金矿床与矿区内中-基性岩脉具有密切的时空关系;金矿脉中石英流体包裹体氢-氧同位素、碳酸盐矿物碳同位素及含金黄铁矿氦-氩同位素组成揭示成矿流体以岩浆水为主,具有壳-幔混合来源的特征;硫-铅-锶-钕同位素组成显示成矿物质具有显著的上地幔贡献。个别金矿床原位硫同位素组成反映成矿流体经历了强烈的水-岩反应,从围岩中萃取了部分硫等成矿组分。总体上,华北北缘早白垩世金矿具有基本一致的地质和地球化学特征,反映了幔源岩浆对金矿床的成矿流体及成矿物质具有重要贡献,其金成矿过程与早白垩世(140~120Ma)华北克拉通破坏及相关的壳幔相互作用有关。