Spatial differences of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)among counties(cities)on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains

The county(city)located on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains is the primary area to solidify and extend the success of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China in poverty alleviation.Its Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)are intertwined with the concerted economic and social development of Xinjiang and the objective of achieving shared prosperity within the region.This study established a sustainable development evaluation framework by selecting 15 SDGs and 20 secondary indicators from the United Nations’SDGs.The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the progress of SDGs at the county(city)level on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.The results indicate that there are substantial variations in the scores of SDGs among the nine counties and one city located on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.Notable high scores of SDGs are observed in the central and eastern regions,whereas lower scores are prevalent in the western areas.The scores of SDGs,in descending order,are as follows:62.22 for Minfeng County,54.22 for Hotan City,50.21 for Qiemo County,42.54 for Moyu County,41.56 for Ruoqiang County,41.39 for Qira County,39.86 for Lop County,38.25 for Yutian County,38.10 for Pishan County,and 36.87 for Hotan County.The performances of SDGs reveal that Hotan City,Lop County,Minfeng County,and Ruoqiang County have significant sustainable development capacity because they have three or more SDGs ranked as green color.However,Hotan County,Moyu County,Qira County,and Yutian County show the poorest performance,as they lack SDGs with green color.It is important to establish and enhance mechanisms that can ensure sustained income growth among poverty alleviation beneficiaries,sustained improvement in the capacity of rural governance,and the gradual improvement of social security system.These measures will facilitate the effective implementation of SDGs.Finally,this study offers a valuable support for governmental authorities and relevant departments in their decision-making processes.In addition,these results hold significant reference value for assessing SDGs at the county(city)level,particularly in areas characterized by low levels of economic development.

Temporal and spatial responses of ecological resilience to climate change and human activities in the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China

In the Anthropocene era,human activities have become increasingly complex and diversified.The natural ecosystems need higher ecological resilience to ensure regional sustainable development due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as other intensified human activities,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.In the study,we chose the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(EBNSTM)in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China as a case study.By collecting geographic data and statistical data from 2010 and 2020,we constructed an ecological resilience assessment model based on the ecosystem habitat quality(EHQ),ecosystem landscape stability(ELS),and ecosystem service value(ESV).Further,we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecological resilience in the EBNSTM from 2010 to 2020 by spatial autocorrelation analysis,and explored its responses to climate change and human activities using the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model.The results showed that the ecological resilience of the EBNSTM was at a low level and increased from 0.2732 to 0.2773 during 2010–2020.The spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecological resilience exhibited a spatial heterogeneity characteristic of"high in the western region and low in the eastern region",and the spatial clustering trend was enhanced during the study period.Desert,Gobi and rapidly urbanized areas showed low level of ecological resilience,and oasis and mountain areas exhibited high level of ecological resilience.Climate factors had an important impact on ecological resilience.Specifically,average annual temperature and annual precipitation were the key climate factors that improved ecological resilience,while average annual evapotranspiration was the main factor that blocked ecological resilience.Among the human activity factors,the distance from the main road showed a negative correlation with ecological resilience.Both night light index and PM2.5 concentration were negatively correlated with ecological resilience in the areas with better ecological conditions,whereas in the areas with poorer ecological conditions,the correlations were positive.The research findings could provide a scientific reference for protecting the ecological environment and promoting the harmony and stability of the human-land relationship in arid and semi-arid areas.

Evolution of economic linkage network of the cities and counties on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,China

The exchanges between cities and counties in the northern slope economic belt of Tianshan Mountains(NSEBTM)are increasingly frequent and the economic linkages are increasingly close,but the spatial distribution of economic development and linkages among the cities and counties within NSEBTM is uneven.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the evolution of spatial-temporal pattern of the economic linkage network of cities and counties on NSEBTM to promote the coordinated and integrated development of the regional economy on NSEBTM.In this study,we used the modified gravity model and social network analysis method to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the economic linkage network structure of cities and counties on NSEBTM in 2000,2010,and 2020.The results showed that the comprehensive development quality level of cities and counties on NSEBTM increased from 2000 to 2020,its growth rate also increased,and its gap between cities and counties continued expanding.Both the spatial distribution patterns of the comprehensive development quality level of cities and counties on NSEBTM in 2000 and 2010 were presented as“high in the middle and low at both ends”,while the spatial distribution pattern of 2020 was exhibited as“high value and low value staggered”.The total amount of external economic linkages of cities and counties on NSEBTM showed an obvious upward trend,and its gap between cities and counties continued expanding,presenting a pattern of“a strong middle section and weak ends”.The direction of economic linkages of NSEBTM existed obvious central orientation and geographical proximity.The density of economic linkage network of NSEBTM increased from 2000 to 2020,and the structure of economic linkage network changed from single-core structure centered with Urumqi City to multicore structure centered with Urumqi City,Karamay City,Shihezi City,and Changji City,shifting from unbalanced development to balanced development.In the future,we should accelerate the construction of urban agglomeration on NSEBTM,cultivate a modern Urumqi metropolitan area,improve comprehensive development quality of the cities and counties at the eastern and western ends,strengthen the intensity of economic linkages between cities and counties,optimize the economic linkage network,and promote the coordinated and integrated development of regional economy.

Sustainable land-use patterns for arid lands: A case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

Sustainable land use patterns are ecological and economic prerequisites of regional sustainable development. This is especially true for arid lands, where the environment is wholly fragile thanks to extremely limited precipitation, and where human activities have greatly transformed natural desert system by clearing natural vegetation, expanding oases and even building dams on inland rivers. However, the current studies on land use patterns are still characterized by field investigations and case studies, with almost no solid scientific basis. This paper holds that land types and their combination patterns are the principal basis for designing sustainable land use patterns, and that GIS and RS-based large-scale land type mapping and the study of their spatial combination structures should be coordinated with the demand of social development. The existing environmental problems induced by irrational land use mostly result from their deviation from the natural properties of land types. Taking the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains （NSTM） as an example and considering land type patterns as the basis of land use patterns, this paper improves the vertical oa- sis-and-mid-mountain two-belts development model and the sustainable mountain land use model for arid lands put forward in recent years; and in terms of oases patterns, it outlines oasis development models, including intensive land use pattern in alluvial-diluvial fans, moderate agricultural development pattern in alluvial plains, and ecological land use pattern in river-end oases.

An analysis of oasis stability in arid areas:a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

This paper discusses oasis stability at regional scale with a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM). The results showed certain significant aspects. (1) As long as water resources in the oasis keep stable and their utilization efficiency can be maintained or gradually increased, the primary productivity could be continuously increased and the natural primary productivity keeped relatively stable. In this case, it is considered that the oasis is stable and its sustainable development can be achieved at regional scale. (2) Considering the availability of water resources in the oases, the oases on the alluvial-diluvial fans are highly stable. In the alluvial plain downstream of the groundwater overflowing zones the oases are moderately stable and in the lacustrine deltas or dry lacustrine deltas the oases are lowly stable. (3) Enlargement of oases and the increase of water resources and vegetation coverage in the oasis will certainly enhance the 'cold-island effect' of the oasis and increase the stability of oases.

Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change(LUCC)is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities,and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value(ESV).In this study,we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China from 1975 to 2018.During the study period,LUCC in the study region varied significantly.Except grassland and unused land,all the other land use/cover types(cultivated land,forestland,waterbody,and construction land)increased in areas.From 1975 to 2018,the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced.The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10^(8) CNY,which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land.Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types.Ultimately,understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.

Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging

Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21^（st） century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains（TKM） based on the general circulation model（GCM） simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5（CMIP5） under the representative concentration pathway（RCP） lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging（BMA） technique. Results show that（1） BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables;（2） at the end of the 21^（st） century（2070–2099） under RCP8.5, compared to the control period（1976–2005）, annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%;（3） precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and（4） snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.

昆仑山北坡水资源科学考察初报

2021年10月首批启动了第三次新疆科学考察——“昆仑山北坡水资源开发潜力及利用途径科学考察”。结合多源遥感信息和2022—2023年野外科考工作,对昆仑山北坡的水文水资源变化和水资源利用进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,昆仑山北坡山区的气温、降水分别以0.14℃·(10a)^(-1)和6.53 mm·(10a)^(-1)幅度增加。(2)冰川变化相对稳定,积雪面积和积雪深度表现为略微增加。(3)永久性水体和季节性水体面积分别显著增加79.89%和144.49%。(4)东昆仑-库木库里盆地的阿牙克库木湖和阿其克库勒湖两大湖泊的水域面积分别增加了68.91%和58.22%,盆地内多条河流具备水资源开发潜力。(5)昆仑山北坡陆地水储量总体呈增加趋势,表现为从西向东增加趋势越加显著。(6)昆仑山北坡的主要河流和田河、克里雅河和车尔臣河年均径流量2010—2023年较1957—2023年分别增加了20.24%、27.85%和45.17%。(7)基于不同气候变化情景模拟预测至21世纪中后叶,主要河流径流量将保持上升态势,区域水资源量总体呈增加趋势。昆仑山北坡的水资源禀赋可为区域绿色高质量发展提供有利的水资源保障条件。

供需平衡视角下昆仑山北坡县域单元地表水资源开发利用潜力初探

定量分析地表水资源开发利用潜力有助于明晰区域水资源禀赋,对区域未来水资源科学规划和可持续开发利用具有重要的指导意义。通过供需水量平衡,从地表径流量、生态需水量、地表水可利用量角度,初步探讨了昆仑山北坡县域单元的地表水资源开发利用潜力,以期为昆仑山北坡科学规划和兵团南进布局提供水资源保障依据。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡河流径流2000年后呈显著增加趋势,主要河流2001—2010年年均径流量较2000年以前平均增加了23.36%,2011—2020年较2000年以前平均增加了42.89%,其中车尔臣河增幅最大,和田河增幅最小。(2)车尔臣河流域、克里雅河流域和和田河流域的生态基流量分别为4.67×10^(8)m^(3)、5.38×10^(8)m^(3)和20.26×10^(8)m^(3),天然植被生态需水量分别为4.34×10^(8)m^(3)、4.00×10^(8)m^(3)和2.62×10^(8)m^(3)。(3)昆仑山北坡各县域单元现状地表水已用水量范围为0.1×10^(8)~8.73×10^(8)m^(3),地表水资源潜力范围为-0.07×10^(8)~3.17×10^(8)m^(3),空间差异非常显著,其中水资源潜力大于2.00×10^(8)m^(3)的有墨玉县、铁门关市38团、策勒县、且末县、和田县、民丰县和洛浦县。现状区域的地表水资源调蓄能力不足,水资源利用上限偏低,虽有潜力但有水难用,未来昆仑山北坡各县域单元需制定修编更为适宜的地表水资源规划并加强基础水利工程建设,提升地表水资源利用效率,为区域高质量发展提供水资源支撑保障。

昆仑山北坡区域高质量发展面临的问题、机遇与挑战

昆仑山北坡区域是新时代维护国家安全的重要战略部署区和“丝绸之路经济带”核心区关键通道,战略地位十分突出。但由于历史和自然的原因,该区域经济发展相对滞后。系统分析显示,昆仑山北坡区域目前存在的水资源利用上线偏低、水利工程建设严重滞后、城镇化进程缓慢、产业布局相对单一且缺少重要产业布局,以及区域高质量发展动能不足等问题,结合区域自然环境特点和发展机遇,提出加快构建经济带城市群体系,打造多产业协同发展的昆仑山北坡经济带,大幅提升水资源上线和水利工程管控能力,为昆仑山北坡农业提质增效提供水资源保障,系统打造昆仑山北坡农-林-牧复合基地,构建多元化食物供给体系,以能补水,提升资源综合利用效率,通过兵地优势互补、资源共享,加快推进昆仑山北坡经济带建设和高质量发展等建议。研究成果可为加快昆仑山北坡经济带生态安全和高质量发展提供科技支撑。

中昆仑山北坡水汽含量的计算及其特征分析

干旱区水汽变化影响区域水资源系统的结构和演变,基于2020年1月—2022年12月中昆仑山北坡地区4个地基GPS遥感大气可降水量资料(GPS-PWV)、2个探空站观测资料和108个地面气象观测站逐时水汽压资料,利用一元线性拟合方法建立了适用于中昆仑山北坡地区的大气水汽含量(W-PWV)和地面水汽压计算模型(W-e)并对计算结果进行评估,分析了中昆仑山北坡地区东段、中段、西段W-PWV的时空分布特征及降水开始时刻与W-PWV峰值的关系。结果表明:(1)W-PWV年平均高值区位于研究区西段,中段次之,东段沙漠南缘W-PWV最低。海拔高度大于1500 m测站W-PWV随高度升高逐渐减少。夏季地面气象观测站平均W-PWV是春、秋季的2倍左右;(2)研究区W-PWV月变化具有单峰型特征,其中海拔高度1300~1500 m测站的W-PWV在7月和8月达到峰值,其余测站的W-PWV在8月达到峰值,海拔低于2000m和高于2000m测站W-PWV分别在夜间和白天维持较高值;(3)水汽含量模型计算的测站W-PWV与降水开始时刻有较好的对应关系,降水前各站W-PWV均存在不同程度跃变过程,降水过程前1~2h内W-PWV峰值达到测站W-PWV月平均值的1.5倍以上。

Fluctuation of Picea timberline and paleoenvironment onthe northern slope of Tian-shan Mountains during the late Holocene

As a good indicator of Holocene climate, the fluctuation of alpine timberline is a synthetical result of impacts of many environmental factors dur-ing geological and historical periods and modern times. As the dominant tree species of mountainous conifer forests on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, the distribution of Picea schrenkiana and its population size are sensitive to climatic change. The typical natural profile of Huashuwozi and the nearby Xiaoxigou archaeologi-cal profile, located in Quanzijie Township, Jimusaer County in Xinjiang, were chosen to analyze and compare the relative high-resolution pollen records, and to measure 14C dating and SEM (scanning elec-tron microscope) microstructure for charcoal frag-ments contained in Xiaoxigou profile’s cultural layers. The results show that in these two profiles, the high percentages of Picea (more than 20% and 35%, re-spectively) appeared in the stratum of the same pe-riod (2000-1300 a BP), which corresponds to the charcoal fragment’s age of Picea schrenkiana con-tained in Xiaoxigou cultural layers. These results convincingly revealed that during the period of 2000-1300 a BP, the timberline for Picea schrenkiana on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang declined by about 330m compared with the present.

天山北坡经济带植被覆盖度动态变化研究

为探明天山北坡经济带植被覆盖度时空变化及其原因,本研究基于MODIS13Q1NDVI数据、气象数据、地形数据、人文数据,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验和稳定性分析方法,探究2000-2020年天山北坡经济带植被覆盖度(FVC)时空变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明:天山北坡经济带的FVC表现为两条平行的高覆盖度带.其中中部地区具有较高的植被覆盖度,而边缘地区的植被覆盖度相对较低.2000~2020年间,天山北坡经济带的FVC在时空上呈轻度变化,约占总变化的70%.植被改善区域主要呈现带状分布,集中在研究区的中部,而植被减少区域主要分布在研究区的南缘.整体上,天山北坡的植被覆盖度呈现出西北至东南的相间分布趋势,并且有逐渐上升的趋势.与东部地区相比,西部地区的植被改善更为明显.2000~2020年间,天山北坡经济带的FVC整体上表现出较高的稳定性和较小的波动,其变异程度介于弱变异和中等变异之间.但是,在克拉玛依市北部、乌鲁木齐市西南部以及研究区南缘的零星地区,FVC存在较强的变异.通过地理探测器模型对天山北坡经济带FVC影响因素的研究表明,人类活动(人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型)是FVC空间分异的主要解释因素.从驱动因素来看,人口密度P值为0.283,对FVC影响最大,夜间灯光P值为0.125,土地利用类型P值为0.179.

昆仑山北坡地表水氢氧稳定同位素空间分布特征

氢氧稳定同位素作为示踪剂被广泛用于水文循环过程研究。地表水是水循环的重要组成部分,是区域水汽来源和现代水文过程分析的有效载体。基于新疆第三次科学考察,于2018年8月至2023年8月在昆仑山北坡采集了地表水样本并测量其氢氧稳定同位素数据,同时汇编了区域以往的地表水同位素数据,分析了昆仑山北坡地表水氢氧稳定同位素的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡地表水同位素值呈现出西低东高的空间变化特征,区域地表水线为δ^(2)H=5.98×δ^(18)O-6.86(R^(2)=0.65,n=141)。(2)对比昆仑山北坡地表水和降水氢氧稳定同位素值发现地表水同位素平均值普遍低于加权降水同位素值。(3)昆仑山北坡地表水同位素空间格局受到西风携带的外来水汽和局地再循环水汽共同影响,此外蒸发也会改变区域地表水同位素值。

近40 a昆仑山北麓典型河流生态基流时空特征

生态基流是河流生态系统健康稳定的关键,对于水资源缺乏的干旱区内陆河流尤为重要。以昆仑山北麓克里雅河、尼雅河与车尔臣河3条典型季节性内陆河为研究对象,选取1978—2014年流域水文数据,利用QP法、Tennant法、近10 a最枯月平均流量法和Texas法4种水文学方法,计算确定河流生态基流并据此分析其时空分异特征与影响因素。结果表明:Tennant法更适合昆仑山北麓河流生态基流计算。从时间变化来看,3条河生态基流年内最大值均出现在7月份,最小值均出现在1月份;年生态基流最大值均出现在2010年左右,最小值在1980年前后,分别以1.378、0.653、3.066 m^(3)/s·(10 a)^(-1)的速度增加。3条河流生态基流空间分布,春季表现为车尔臣河>克里雅河>尼雅河,夏季和秋季均表现为克里雅河>车尔臣河>尼雅河,且同一河流波动变化明显,不同河流之间变化差异不显著(p>0.05)。影响生态基流年内时空差异的主要因素分别是气温、降水和人类活动,其中以车尔臣河流域气温、降水与生态基流的相关性最强,相关系数r分别为0.876、0.917。考虑生态基流时空分布与流域气候变化特征,综合提出3条河流年内各月生态基流管控目标。研究结果可为昆仑山北麓河流生态保护与水资源管理调度提供参考。

中昆仑山北坡极端暴雨对流—对称不稳定性及其触发机制分析

本文利用ERA-50.25°×0.25°再分析资料,通过计算2020年5月6~7日中昆仑山北坡极端暴雨天气过程中湿位涡和锋生函数,给出暴雨过程大气不稳定性演变特征,明确锋面系统在对流触发中的作用,并得出以下结论:(1)本次中昆仑山北坡暴雨期间,200 hPa高空两支急流造成辐散叠加区,500 hPa中亚低涡、高原北部切变线缓慢移动过程中,配合低层700 hPa地形辐合抬升、地面高压前冷气团与塔里木盆地暖气团交汇,为中昆仑山北坡浅山区云团发展提供有利的动力、热力条件。(2)暴雨分为两个阶段,第一阶段(EP1)于田至且末一线降水期间,对流层低层暴雨区为对流不稳定大气层结;第二阶段(EP2-1)策勒地区短时强降水期间,策勒对流层低层逐渐由对流不稳定大气转为条件对称不稳定大气层结,对流层低层Mpv2变化由大气的湿斜压性和低层水平风的垂直切变所造成;受前期降水和凝结潜热释放影响,第二阶段(EP2-2)策勒至洛浦一线低层增暖增湿,对流层低层转为对流不稳定大气层结。(3)地形辐合抬升是第一阶段降水中尺度云团生成的主要原因,低层冷锋锋生触发对流不稳定能量释放,且末附近云团迅速发展,同时塔里木盆地气流沿地形爬坡至高原北部,在500 hPa附近冷锋锋生,与高原北侧暖锋短时间对峙形成冷式锢囚锋,锋面附近垂直运动增强使得对流云团快速发展,与且末附近对流云团合并加强,造成第一阶段(EP1)于田至且末一线降水天气;第二阶段(EP2-1)策勒短时强降水期间,对流层低层700 hPa冷锋锋生,云团移动方向暖湿入流气流与云下蒸发和云后入流冷气团相遇,暖气团沿底层冷池进一步爬升,使得云团迅速发展至成熟阶段,造成策勒地区出现短时强降水天气;随着中亚低涡逐渐进入研究区,对流层低层—中层冷锋锋生,进一步加强了上升运动的发展,是第二阶段(EP2-2)策勒至洛浦一线持续性降水天气的重要原因。

2019年6月下旬中昆仑山北坡两场强降水对比分析

利用常规观测、NECP 2.5°×2.5°和EC 0.25°×0.25°再分析等资料,对比分析2019年6月25日(简称“过程1”)和28日(简称“过程2”)中昆仑山北坡两场强降水过程。结果表明:两场过程影响系统均有高空西南急流、中层低值系统、低层辐合线;“过程1”强降水范围大,持续时间长,影响系统移动缓慢,冷空气从东西两侧进入昆仑山北坡,同时西太平洋副热带高压西侧西南风将大量水汽输送至昆仑山北坡,低层有偏东和偏北、偏西风辐合;“过程2”为分散、对流性强降水,低值系统移动迅速、对流层有逆温和不稳定层结,午后升温和低层弱辐合、山前偏北风是对流触发条件。中高层偏西偏南风水汽输送至昆仑山北坡,在低层合适的风场将水汽输送汇集到昆仑山北坡是强降水的关键“,过程1”水汽输送强度和厚度明显强于“过程2”。另外,地形对于降水的增幅表现在热力和动力两方面。

天山北坡城市群人居环境适宜性评价

基于人居环境自然和人文综合要素,构建了人居环境综合适宜性指数(HSCI),以天山北坡城市群为研究区,分析其2022年的空间分异规律。结果表明:(1)天山北坡城市群自然环境的空间适宜性受地形起伏度和温湿指数影响显著,整体为一般适宜区集中连片分布、高度适宜区零星分布在天山北坡山麓地带的绿洲。其中胡杨河市和乌鲁木齐县的自然环境适宜性最好;(2)人文环境的空间适宜性受夜间灯光指数和基础服务指数的影响较大,整体形成以乌鲁木齐市和石河子市为中心的“双核”空间特征,并有向周围递减的趋势;(3)天山北坡城市群人居环境综合适宜性指数最好的地方人口分布最多,充分体现了乌鲁木齐市作为区域极核的地位;(4)人居环境适宜性指数与天山北坡城市群的人口、经济和土地匹配程度不足。高质量和较高质量区土地面积仅占总量的2.62%,经济则占总量的54.69%,人口高达总量的59.06%。说明天山北坡城市群地区人口与经济在适宜性方面具有高度匹配性,但人居适宜性指数较高的土地存在过度集中和利用的情况。

天山北坡典型草地施肥阈值及不确定性分析

在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有重要的意义。施肥作为促进作物生长的一种方式,合理施肥也可以提高退化草地的NPP。基于此,本研究拟以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的4种草地类型:高山草甸(AM)、中山森林草甸(MMFM)、低山干草原(LMDG)和平原荒漠草原(PDG)为研究对象,基于反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)分析该区典型草地生态系统净初级生产力对施加不同氮肥的响应,并揭示施肥阈值及最优施肥方式。结果表明:1)适度氮肥添加促进了各个类型草地生态系统NPP的增长,但草地NPP对施肥量的响应存在阈值,且不存在适用于4种草地类型的统一最优施肥方式。LMDG草地生态系统对施氮肥的响应最敏感。2)PDG草地NPP达到最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加100 kg·hm^(-2)硝酸盐,NPP的最大值为68.72 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。LMDG草地NPP最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加尿素260 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为263.28 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。MMFM草地生态系统达到NPP最大的施肥方式为一年一次施尿素80 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为171.22 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。无水氨作为在AM草地中反应最好的氮肥,以最小的施肥量(60 kg·hm^(-2))达到了NPP的最大值(114.62 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。3)通过蒙特卡洛不确定分析的结果显示,施肥时间对PDG和LMDG的影响更为明显,施肥量波动对LMDG和MMFM的影响较其他两种草地更为明显。

天山北坡城市群高质量测度与障碍因子诊断研究

通过熵权TOPSIS方法,测度2020年天山北坡城市群高质量发展水平,并采用障碍因子模型和耦合协调模型,判定影响高质量发展的障碍因子和城市内部协调度。结果表明:高质量综合得分排名为乌鲁木齐市>克拉玛依市>石河子市>吐鲁番市>五家渠市>昌吉市>阜康市;影响乌鲁木齐市主要障碍因子是建成区绿化覆盖率、每万人图书馆数量、人均城市道路面积、建成区排水管道密度;其余城市的主要障碍因子是进出口贸易额、城市GDP、每万人专利授予量、参加基本养老保险的人数;乌鲁木齐市属于轻度失调,石河子市、克拉玛依市和昌吉市属于严重失调,吐鲁番市、五家渠市和阜康市属于极度失调。天山北坡城市群高质量发展水平与内部耦合协调水平低且呈非均衡的空间分布格局,未来应充分发挥各市的区位、资源和产业优势,着力补齐短板,注重全方位协调发展,提升发展质量。