The focus of this research was on the equivalent particle roughness height correction required to account for the presence of ice when determining the performances of wind turbines.In particular,two icing processes(fr...The focus of this research was on the equivalent particle roughness height correction required to account for the presence of ice when determining the performances of wind turbines.In particular,two icing processes(frost ice and clear ice)were examined by combining the FENSAP-ICE and FLUENT analysis tools.The ice type on the blade surfaces was predicted by using a multi-time step method.Accordingly,the influence of variations in icing shape and ice surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance of blades during frost ice formation or clear ice formation was investigated.The results indicate that differences in blade surface roughness and heat flux lead to disparities in both ice formation rate and shape between frost ice and clear ice.Clear ice has a greater impact on aerodynamics compared to frost ice,while frost ice is significantly influenced by the roughness of its icy surface.展开更多
The effects of the erosion present on the leading edge of a wind turbine airfoil(DU 96-W-180)on its aerodynamic performances have been investigated numerically in the framework of a SST k–ωturbulence model based on ...The effects of the erosion present on the leading edge of a wind turbine airfoil(DU 96-W-180)on its aerodynamic performances have been investigated numerically in the framework of a SST k–ωturbulence model based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS).The results indicate that when sand-induced holes and small pits are involved as leading edge wear features,they have a minimal influence on the lift and drag coefficients of the airfoil.However,if delamination occurs in the same airfoil region,it significantly impacts the lift and resistance characteristics of the airfoil.Specifically,as the angle of attack grows,there is a significant decrease in the lift coefficient accompanied by a sharp increase in the drag coefficient.As wear intensifies,these effects gradually increase.Moreover,the leading edge wear can exacerbate flow separation near the trailing edge suction surface of the airfoil and cause forward displacement of the separation point.展开更多
Wind power has attracted increasing attention as a renewable and clean energy. Gear fault frequently occurs under extreme environment and complex loads. The time-varying meshing stiffness is one of the main excitation...Wind power has attracted increasing attention as a renewable and clean energy. Gear fault frequently occurs under extreme environment and complex loads. The time-varying meshing stiffness is one of the main excitations. This study proposes a 5 degree-of-freedom torsional vibration model for the planetary gear system. The influence of some parameters(e.g., contact ratio and phase difference) is discussed under different conditions of a single teeth pair and double pairs of teeth. The impact load caused by the teeth face fault, ramped load induced by the complex wind conditions, and the harmonic excitation are investigated. The analysis of the time-varying meshing stiffness and the dynamic meshing force shows that the dynamic design under different loads can be made to avoid resonance, can provide the basis for the gear fault location of a wind turbine, and distinguish the fault characteristics from the vibration signals.展开更多
In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated...In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.展开更多
When a wind turbine is struck by lightning,its blades are usually rotating.The effect of blade rotation on a turbine's ability to trigger a lightning strike is unclear.Therefore,an arching electrode was used in a win...When a wind turbine is struck by lightning,its blades are usually rotating.The effect of blade rotation on a turbine's ability to trigger a lightning strike is unclear.Therefore,an arching electrode was used in a wind turbine lightning discharge test to investigate the difference in lightning triggering ability when blades are rotating and stationary.A negative polarity switching waveform of 250/2500 μs was applied to the arching electrode and the up-and-down method was used to calculate the 50%discharge voltage.Lightning discharge tests of a 1:30 scale wind turbine model with 2,4,and 6 m air gaps were performed and the discharge process was observed.The experimental results demonstrated that when a 2 m air gap was used,the breakdown voltage increased as the blade speed was increased,but when the gap length was 4 m or longer,the trend was reversed and the breakdown voltage decreased.The analysis revealed that the rotation of the blades changes the charge distribution in the blade-tip region,promotes upward leader development on the blade tip,and decreases the breakdown voltage.Thus,the blade rotation of a wind turbine increases its ability to trigger lightning strikes.展开更多
Flow field around a two-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine(HAWT)is simulated at various tip speed ratios to investigate its wake characteristics by analyzing the tip and root vortex trajectories in the nearwake,as we...Flow field around a two-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine(HAWT)is simulated at various tip speed ratios to investigate its wake characteristics by analyzing the tip and root vortex trajectories in the nearwake,as well as the vertical profiles of the axial velocity.Results show that the pitch of the tip vortex varies inversely with the tip speed ratio.Radial expansion of the tip vortices becomes more obvious as the tip speed ratio increases.Tip vortices shed not exactly from the blade tip but from the blade span of 96.5%—99%radius of the rotor.The axial velocity profiles are transformed into V-shape from W-shape at the distance downstream of eight rotor diameters due to the momentum recovery.展开更多
The monopile foundation is the main form of offshore wind turbine foundation,and its surrounding scouring pit will reduce the constraints of the soil on the piles,which makes wind turbine foundation instability a key ...The monopile foundation is the main form of offshore wind turbine foundation,and its surrounding scouring pit will reduce the constraints of the soil on the piles,which makes wind turbine foundation instability a key issue affecting the structural safety of offshore wind turbines.In previous studies,the rotating rotor and control system are neglected when studying the influence of scour on the offshore wind turbine structure.In this paper,the numerical model of the blade-tower-monopile integrated offshore wind turbine is established,and the influence of scour on the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine is obtained considering parameters,such as blade azimuth,pitch angle,rotor speed,and soil stiffness.After calculating wind load by using the modified Blade Element Momentum theory,the impact of scour on the wind-induced response of a monopile wind turbine is achieved,considering control system and aeroelastic coupling.Therefore,a reference method is proposed for estimating scour depth according to the monopile foundation offshore wind turbine wind-induced response.展开更多
Tension leg platform (TLP) for offshore wind turbine support is a new type structure in wind energy utilization. The strong-interaction method is used in analyzing the coupled model, and the dynamic characteristics ...Tension leg platform (TLP) for offshore wind turbine support is a new type structure in wind energy utilization. The strong-interaction method is used in analyzing the coupled model, and the dynamic characteristics of the TLP for offshore wind turbine support are recognized. As shown by the calculated results: for the lower modes, the shapes are water's vibration, and the vibration of water induces the structure's swing; the mode shapes of the structure are complex, and can largely change among different members; the mode shapes of the platform are related to the tower's. The frequencies of the structure do not change much after adjusting the length of the tension cables and the depth of the platform; the TLP has good adaptability for the water depths and the environment loads. The change of the size and parameters of TLP can improve the dynamic characteristics, which can reduce the vibration of the TLP caused by the loads. Through the vibration analysis, the natural vibration frequencies of TLP can be distinguished from the frequencies of condition loads, and thus the resonance vibration can be avoided, therefore the offshore wind turbine can work normally in the complex conditions.展开更多
A series of numerical methods,which are suitable to design the shape and configuration of the icing prober for the horizontal axis wind turbine,are presented.The methods are composed of a multiple reference frame(MRF)...A series of numerical methods,which are suitable to design the shape and configuration of the icing prober for the horizontal axis wind turbine,are presented.The methods are composed of a multiple reference frame(MRF)method for calculating flow field of air,a Lagrangian method for computing droplet trajectories,an Eulerian method for calculating droplet collection efficiency,and an arithmetic for fast computing ice accretion.All the numerical methods are based on the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology.After proposing the basic steps and ideas for the design of the icing detection system,the shape and configuration of the icing prober for a 1.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine are then obtained with the methods.The results show that the numerical methods are efficient and the CFD technology plays an important role in the design process.展开更多
Engineering practice has shown that early faults of gearboxes are a leading maintenance cost driver that can easily lower the profit from a wind turbine operation.A novel oil-lubricated electrostatic monitoring of wea...Engineering practice has shown that early faults of gearboxes are a leading maintenance cost driver that can easily lower the profit from a wind turbine operation.A novel oil-lubricated electrostatic monitoring of wear debris for a wind turbine gearbox is presented.The continuous wavelet transform(CWT)is used to eliminate the noises of the original electrostatic signal.The kurtosis and root mean square(RMS)values of the time domain signal are extracted as the characteristic parameters to reflect the deterioration of the gearbox.The overall tendency of electrostatic signals in accelerated life test is analyzed.In the eighth cycle,the abnormal wear in the wind turbine gearbox is detected by electrostatic monitoring.A comparison with the popular MetalScan monitoring is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the electrostatic monitoring method.The results demonstrate that the electrostatic monitoring method can detect the fault accurately.展开更多
In this paper, an optimal control scheme for wind turbine output torque and power regulation under the influence of wind disturbances is presented. The system considered is a dynamic mechanical-based model with pitch ...In this paper, an optimal control scheme for wind turbine output torque and power regulation under the influence of wind disturbances is presented. The system considered is a dynamic mechanical-based model with pitch and generator torque actuators for controlling the pitch and generator torque. The performance of linear matrix inequality (LMI) formalism of linear quadratic regulator (LQR);linear quadratic regulator with integral action (LQRI) and model predictive control (MPC) were compared in response to a step change in wind disturbance. It is shown by Matlab simulation that the LQRI outperformed both LQR and MPC controllers.展开更多
Although the aerodynamic loading of wind turbine blades under various conditions has been widely studied,the radial distribution of load along the blade under various yaw conditions and with blade flapping phenomena i...Although the aerodynamic loading of wind turbine blades under various conditions has been widely studied,the radial distribution of load along the blade under various yaw conditions and with blade flapping phenomena is poorly understood.This study aims to investigate the effects of second-order flapwise vibration on the mean and fluctuation characteristics of the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines under yaw conditions using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).In the CFD model,the blades are segmented radially to comprehensively analyze the distribution patterns of torque,axial load,and tangential load.The following results are obtained.(i)After applying flapwise vibration,the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines decrease in relation to those of the rigid model,with significantly increased fluctuations.(ii)Flapwise vibration causes the blades to reciprocate along the axial direction,altering the local angle of attack and velocity of the blades relative to the incoming wind flow.This results in the contraction of the torque region from a circular shape to a complex“gear”shape,which is accompanied by evident oscillations.(iii)Compared to the tangential load,the axial load on the blades is more sensitive to flapwise vibration although both exhibit significantly enhanced fluctuations.This study not only reveals the impact of flapwise vibration on wind turbine blade performance,including the reduction of torque and axial thrust and increased operational fluctuations,but also clarifies the radial distribution patterns of blade aerodynamic characteristics,which is of great significance for optimizing wind turbine blade design and reducing fatigue risks.展开更多
风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参...风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。展开更多
Wind tunnel experiments of the wake characteristics of a two-blade wind turbine, in the downstream region of 0<x/R<10, have been carried out. With the help of the time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV),...Wind tunnel experiments of the wake characteristics of a two-blade wind turbine, in the downstream region of 0<x/R<10, have been carried out. With the help of the time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV), flow properties such as the vortex structure,average velocity, fluctuations velocities and Reynolds stresses are obtained at different tip speed ratios(TSR). It is found that the wind turbine wake flow can be divided into velocity deficit region, velocity remained region and velocity increased region, with generally higher velocity deficit compared with a three-blade wind turbine wake. Once a blade rotates to the reference 0° plane,the tip vortices generate, shed and move downstream with the intensity gradually decreased. The leapfrogging phenomenon of tip vortices caused by the force interaction of adjacent vortices is found and more apparent in the far wake region. The axial fluctuation velocity is larger than radial fluctuation velocity at the blade root region, and the turbulent kinetic energy shares the similar trend as the axial fluctuation velocity. The axial normalized Reynolds normal stress is much larger than the radial normalized Reynolds normal stress and Reynolds shear stress at the blade root region. As the TSR increases, the radial location where the peak axial normalized Reynolds normal stress u'u'/U^2 and axial fluctuation velocity appear descends in the radial direction.展开更多
This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power.Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control.Based on the obta...This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power.Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control.Based on the obtained wind turbine model,variable speed control schemes are developed.Nonlinear tracking controllers are designed to achieve asymptotic tracking for a prescribed rotor speed reference signal so as to yield maximum wind power capture.Due to the difficulty of torsional angle measurement,an observer-based control scheme that uses only rotor speed information is further developed for global asymptotic output tracking.The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is illustrated by simulation results.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2022-MS-305)Foundation of Liaoning Province Education Administration(LJKZ1108).
文摘The focus of this research was on the equivalent particle roughness height correction required to account for the presence of ice when determining the performances of wind turbines.In particular,two icing processes(frost ice and clear ice)were examined by combining the FENSAP-ICE and FLUENT analysis tools.The ice type on the blade surfaces was predicted by using a multi-time step method.Accordingly,the influence of variations in icing shape and ice surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance of blades during frost ice formation or clear ice formation was investigated.The results indicate that differences in blade surface roughness and heat flux lead to disparities in both ice formation rate and shape between frost ice and clear ice.Clear ice has a greater impact on aerodynamics compared to frost ice,while frost ice is significantly influenced by the roughness of its icy surface.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2022-MS-305)Foundation of Liaoning Province Education Administration(LJKZ1108).
文摘The effects of the erosion present on the leading edge of a wind turbine airfoil(DU 96-W-180)on its aerodynamic performances have been investigated numerically in the framework of a SST k–ωturbulence model based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS).The results indicate that when sand-induced holes and small pits are involved as leading edge wear features,they have a minimal influence on the lift and drag coefficients of the airfoil.However,if delamination occurs in the same airfoil region,it significantly impacts the lift and resistance characteristics of the airfoil.Specifically,as the angle of attack grows,there is a significant decrease in the lift coefficient accompanied by a sharp increase in the drag coefficient.As wear intensifies,these effects gradually increase.Moreover,the leading edge wear can exacerbate flow separation near the trailing edge suction surface of the airfoil and cause forward displacement of the separation point.
基金financially supported by the project‘Research on Key Technologies of Condition Monitoring and Intelligent Early Detection of Wind Turbine Based on Big Data’from State Grid Corporation of China(No.NYB17201600300)
文摘Wind power has attracted increasing attention as a renewable and clean energy. Gear fault frequently occurs under extreme environment and complex loads. The time-varying meshing stiffness is one of the main excitations. This study proposes a 5 degree-of-freedom torsional vibration model for the planetary gear system. The influence of some parameters(e.g., contact ratio and phase difference) is discussed under different conditions of a single teeth pair and double pairs of teeth. The impact load caused by the teeth face fault, ramped load induced by the complex wind conditions, and the harmonic excitation are investigated. The analysis of the time-varying meshing stiffness and the dynamic meshing force shows that the dynamic design under different loads can be made to avoid resonance, can provide the basis for the gear fault location of a wind turbine, and distinguish the fault characteristics from the vibration signals.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LHZ21E090003)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171279)+1 种基金Zhoushan Science&Technology Project(Grant No.2021C21002)supported by CNPq(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico,Grant No.301474/2017-6).
文摘In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.
基金supported by the China State Grid Corp headquarters project in 2015(SGTYHT/14JS-188)
文摘When a wind turbine is struck by lightning,its blades are usually rotating.The effect of blade rotation on a turbine's ability to trigger a lightning strike is unclear.Therefore,an arching electrode was used in a wind turbine lightning discharge test to investigate the difference in lightning triggering ability when blades are rotating and stationary.A negative polarity switching waveform of 250/2500 μs was applied to the arching electrode and the up-and-down method was used to calculate the 50%discharge voltage.Lightning discharge tests of a 1:30 scale wind turbine model with 2,4,and 6 m air gaps were performed and the discharge process was observed.The experimental results demonstrated that when a 2 m air gap was used,the breakdown voltage increased as the blade speed was increased,but when the gap length was 4 m or longer,the trend was reversed and the breakdown voltage decreased.The analysis revealed that the rotation of the blades changes the charge distribution in the blade-tip region,promotes upward leader development on the blade tip,and decreases the breakdown voltage.Thus,the blade rotation of a wind turbine increases its ability to trigger lightning strikes.
基金supported partly by the National Basic Research Program of China(″973″Program)(No.2014CB046201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51166009)+5 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No2012AA052900)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu ProvinceChina(No.1308RJZA283145RJZA059)the Gansu Province University Scientific Research ProjectChina(No.2013A-026)
文摘Flow field around a two-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine(HAWT)is simulated at various tip speed ratios to investigate its wake characteristics by analyzing the tip and root vortex trajectories in the nearwake,as well as the vertical profiles of the axial velocity.Results show that the pitch of the tip vortex varies inversely with the tip speed ratio.Radial expansion of the tip vortices becomes more obvious as the tip speed ratio increases.Tip vortices shed not exactly from the blade tip but from the blade span of 96.5%—99%radius of the rotor.The axial velocity profiles are transformed into V-shape from W-shape at the distance downstream of eight rotor diameters due to the momentum recovery.
文摘The monopile foundation is the main form of offshore wind turbine foundation,and its surrounding scouring pit will reduce the constraints of the soil on the piles,which makes wind turbine foundation instability a key issue affecting the structural safety of offshore wind turbines.In previous studies,the rotating rotor and control system are neglected when studying the influence of scour on the offshore wind turbine structure.In this paper,the numerical model of the blade-tower-monopile integrated offshore wind turbine is established,and the influence of scour on the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine is obtained considering parameters,such as blade azimuth,pitch angle,rotor speed,and soil stiffness.After calculating wind load by using the modified Blade Element Momentum theory,the impact of scour on the wind-induced response of a monopile wind turbine is achieved,considering control system and aeroelastic coupling.Therefore,a reference method is proposed for estimating scour depth according to the monopile foundation offshore wind turbine wind-induced response.
文摘Tension leg platform (TLP) for offshore wind turbine support is a new type structure in wind energy utilization. The strong-interaction method is used in analyzing the coupled model, and the dynamic characteristics of the TLP for offshore wind turbine support are recognized. As shown by the calculated results: for the lower modes, the shapes are water's vibration, and the vibration of water induces the structure's swing; the mode shapes of the structure are complex, and can largely change among different members; the mode shapes of the platform are related to the tower's. The frequencies of the structure do not change much after adjusting the length of the tension cables and the depth of the platform; the TLP has good adaptability for the water depths and the environment loads. The change of the size and parameters of TLP can improve the dynamic characteristics, which can reduce the vibration of the TLP caused by the loads. Through the vibration analysis, the natural vibration frequencies of TLP can be distinguished from the frequencies of condition loads, and thus the resonance vibration can be avoided, therefore the offshore wind turbine can work normally in the complex conditions.
文摘A series of numerical methods,which are suitable to design the shape and configuration of the icing prober for the horizontal axis wind turbine,are presented.The methods are composed of a multiple reference frame(MRF)method for calculating flow field of air,a Lagrangian method for computing droplet trajectories,an Eulerian method for calculating droplet collection efficiency,and an arithmetic for fast computing ice accretion.All the numerical methods are based on the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology.After proposing the basic steps and ideas for the design of the icing detection system,the shape and configuration of the icing prober for a 1.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine are then obtained with the methods.The results show that the numerical methods are efficient and the CFD technology plays an important role in the design process.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61403198,BK20140827 and U1233114)the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education(No.KYLX15_0313)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.NS2015072)the support provided by China Scholarship Council(No.201606830028)
文摘Engineering practice has shown that early faults of gearboxes are a leading maintenance cost driver that can easily lower the profit from a wind turbine operation.A novel oil-lubricated electrostatic monitoring of wear debris for a wind turbine gearbox is presented.The continuous wavelet transform(CWT)is used to eliminate the noises of the original electrostatic signal.The kurtosis and root mean square(RMS)values of the time domain signal are extracted as the characteristic parameters to reflect the deterioration of the gearbox.The overall tendency of electrostatic signals in accelerated life test is analyzed.In the eighth cycle,the abnormal wear in the wind turbine gearbox is detected by electrostatic monitoring.A comparison with the popular MetalScan monitoring is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the electrostatic monitoring method.The results demonstrate that the electrostatic monitoring method can detect the fault accurately.
文摘In this paper, an optimal control scheme for wind turbine output torque and power regulation under the influence of wind disturbances is presented. The system considered is a dynamic mechanical-based model with pitch and generator torque actuators for controlling the pitch and generator torque. The performance of linear matrix inequality (LMI) formalism of linear quadratic regulator (LQR);linear quadratic regulator with integral action (LQRI) and model predictive control (MPC) were compared in response to a step change in wind disturbance. It is shown by Matlab simulation that the LQRI outperformed both LQR and MPC controllers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51866012)the Major Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2018ZD08)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(JY20220037).
文摘Although the aerodynamic loading of wind turbine blades under various conditions has been widely studied,the radial distribution of load along the blade under various yaw conditions and with blade flapping phenomena is poorly understood.This study aims to investigate the effects of second-order flapwise vibration on the mean and fluctuation characteristics of the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines under yaw conditions using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).In the CFD model,the blades are segmented radially to comprehensively analyze the distribution patterns of torque,axial load,and tangential load.The following results are obtained.(i)After applying flapwise vibration,the torque and axial thrust of wind turbines decrease in relation to those of the rigid model,with significantly increased fluctuations.(ii)Flapwise vibration causes the blades to reciprocate along the axial direction,altering the local angle of attack and velocity of the blades relative to the incoming wind flow.This results in the contraction of the torque region from a circular shape to a complex“gear”shape,which is accompanied by evident oscillations.(iii)Compared to the tangential load,the axial load on the blades is more sensitive to flapwise vibration although both exhibit significantly enhanced fluctuations.This study not only reveals the impact of flapwise vibration on wind turbine blade performance,including the reduction of torque and axial thrust and increased operational fluctuations,but also clarifies the radial distribution patterns of blade aerodynamic characteristics,which is of great significance for optimizing wind turbine blade design and reducing fatigue risks.
文摘风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。
基金supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Open Major Basic Research Project(Grant No.20120905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51666014)
文摘Wind tunnel experiments of the wake characteristics of a two-blade wind turbine, in the downstream region of 0<x/R<10, have been carried out. With the help of the time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV), flow properties such as the vortex structure,average velocity, fluctuations velocities and Reynolds stresses are obtained at different tip speed ratios(TSR). It is found that the wind turbine wake flow can be divided into velocity deficit region, velocity remained region and velocity increased region, with generally higher velocity deficit compared with a three-blade wind turbine wake. Once a blade rotates to the reference 0° plane,the tip vortices generate, shed and move downstream with the intensity gradually decreased. The leapfrogging phenomenon of tip vortices caused by the force interaction of adjacent vortices is found and more apparent in the far wake region. The axial fluctuation velocity is larger than radial fluctuation velocity at the blade root region, and the turbulent kinetic energy shares the similar trend as the axial fluctuation velocity. The axial normalized Reynolds normal stress is much larger than the radial normalized Reynolds normal stress and Reynolds shear stress at the blade root region. As the TSR increases, the radial location where the peak axial normalized Reynolds normal stress u'u'/U^2 and axial fluctuation velocity appear descends in the radial direction.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(61533009)the 111 Project(B08015)the Research Projects(KQC201105300002A,JCY20130329152125731,JCYJ20150403161923519)
文摘This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power.Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control.Based on the obtained wind turbine model,variable speed control schemes are developed.Nonlinear tracking controllers are designed to achieve asymptotic tracking for a prescribed rotor speed reference signal so as to yield maximum wind power capture.Due to the difficulty of torsional angle measurement,an observer-based control scheme that uses only rotor speed information is further developed for global asymptotic output tracking.The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is illustrated by simulation results.