The Diffusion of Bilateral Tendencies in the Common Trade Policy of the European Union During the Global Financial and Economic Crisis

In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the diffusion of bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the European Union （EU） during the global financial and economic crisis. Realistic point is important trends in the trade regime during the economic crisis. The decisions taken by the representatives of the governments participating in the World Trade Organisation （WTO） are, to a significant degree, influenced by various lobbies, such as organisations and unions of food producers or other non-governmental organisations, including trade unions, The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the international trade policy during the world financial and economic crisis 2008-2010. The particular mains concern the political economy models of foreign trade policy, protectionistic pressures in different political system, the level of protectionistic pressures, food producer pressures, international trade liberalization, and environmental protection bilateral tendencies in the common trade policy of the EU and the respond of the EU to the economic crisis, it must be emphasized that on a theoretical level, understanding the choice of trade policies between liberalizm and protectionisme is very important. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalisation, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas （FTAs） begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others.

Cyprus, the European Union and the Recent Crisis： Inspiration for New Processes of Convergence or Incentive for Regional Disparities？

In the EU （European Union）, Cyprus＇s problems aren＇t new. Ten years later, the same debate is being held all over again, just from a different point of view. It is emblematic of this current financial crisis because the banking system is much bigger than GDP （Gross Domestic Product）. Setting aside the sluggish economic performance, as well as the usual gap between northern and southern regions, people are uncomfortable with the EU. Getting the EU to finance a deficit is very tempting because it seems to be a politically and socially painless option, but can we count on the EU to devise such a smoothly running system？ Cyprus is interesting on many levels, from the debate concerning the limits of cohesion policy to the need of finding new solutions for the European periphery. It raises the question of whether a real fiscal and political union is possible, in light of the actual geoeconomic and geopolitical dynamics among the EU, Turkey, and Russia. The aim of this paper is to explore the possible mechanisms for an integration of Cyprus in order to go beyond fiscal burden sharing. It is an important starting point to paving the way to new policies and strategies for changing the objectives of economic convergence.

Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China:An Analysis of Formal Institutions

Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.

Challenges of Business in Poland in Old and New EU Policy Fields： Analytical Approach

The aim of the article is to analyze the challenges of developing business in Poland in old and new EU policy fields For the last two decades, Polish policy of business operations has been implemented at a national level largely on the basis of the aims pursued by the European Union, which influence the modernization of the state in regards to economic progress, infrastructure development and technological advancement. Such provisions were included, for instance, in the new and last cohesion policy prospect for the period of 2014-2020. One of the goals of this article is to present a model of functioning and development of business in Poland, taking into account the strategies of the European Union in the period 2014-2020. In this article I made attempts to answer the following questions： What is the level of impact exerted upon Polish business by new policies introduced by the EU？ Is the introduction of new EU policies significant for the development of business in Poland？ Or does it cause its partial destruction that impedes the development of companies, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, which significantly contribute to the increase and development of GDP in Poland and in most member states of the EU？ Is the functioning of business in Poland dependent on new EU policies and new legal regulations introduced by decision-makers at the national level？

A Brief Introduction of EU Language Policy——Multilingualism and its Negative Implications

Recently, a rise in attention of Brexit has come to the public. The UK and European Union would both have an enormouamount of influence mutually. One of the important issues raised by the European Union(EU) is also deserved to cope with, namely language policy. In this paper, I develop an analysis aimed at presenting the basis introduction of multilingualism and its negative effectduring the implementary process. The paper focuses on the current language policy—how does the multilingualism work and some challenges confronted by EU language official institution, whether maintaining or abandoning the present form of institutional multilingualism or not to keep balance between promoting diversity and achieving efficiency.

Energy Security in the European Union

According to the European Commission, the three challenges that Europe must face related to energy are sustainability, security of supply and reaching an effective competitiveness in the internal energy market. To meet these three challenges, the Commission deems necessary to implement a common energy policy. To this end, it proposed an action plan based on the effective creation of an internal energy market, the solidarity between Member States and security of supply for oil, gas and electricity, Therefore energy security is one of the main concerns, and so one of the priorities, of the new European energy policy proposed by the Commission. This paper tries to show that even though energy has been on the basis of what we call today European Union, it has been extremely complicated to get a common energy policy. Bearing this in mind, energy security has been one of the main areas of consensus that has led EU to the mentioned Commission proposal, and we can see now the first steps of the so much wanted common energy policy.

欧盟教育数字化政策演进、目标转向与价值取向

教育数字化转型已成为世界范围内教育改革的重要载体和方向。通过梳理欧盟20余年来关于教育数字化的关键性政策文件和报告,发现欧盟教育数字化政策经历了起步阶段、布局阶段、深化阶段再到战略阶段的演进,从基础设施建设到数字技能标准制定,再到数字权益保障、数字伦理安全等,对教育数字化进行了全方位、多层级的规划布局,逐步完善数字教育生态整体建设。期间,欧盟教育数字化目标不断变化,体现出从因势利导到主动赋能的趋势:资源配置从基础设施建设到数字教育生态;运行机制从一力主导到基于共同愿景的协同合作;教学能力从学会使用到掌握数字技术教学并提供创新思维;人才培养从拥有数字素养到掌握数字技能的复合型人才。欧盟教育数字化政策的演进与行动轨迹,体现了四种价值取向,即以全面覆盖作为现实追求的服务取向;以人为本视为应然追求的育人取向;以实现教育公平为终极追求的公平取向;以秉持协同合作为不懈追求的合作取向。

欧盟数据治理政策法规体系研究

欧盟是数据保护的先行者和标杆,已在数据治理方面颁布并实施众多政策法规,形成较完善的数据治理政策法规体系。研究欧盟的数据治理政策法规,有助于推动我国建立完善的数据治理体系。通过对欧盟的数据治理政策、法规进行编码,从立法层、监管层、执行层3个层面对欧盟数据治理主体进行分析,从个人数据治理、公共数据治理、人工智能数据治理、企业数据治理、网络数据治理5个方面对欧盟数据治理客体进行分析,发现欧盟已经形成层层递进、相互协调配合的较为完善的数据治理政策法规体系:宏观层面整体谋划,引领数据治理发展;中观层面支撑保障,协调政策实施;微观层面详细说明,指导数据治理具体实践。因此,可借鉴欧盟数据治理之策,构建并完善我国数据治理体系。

科技安全背景下美欧出口管制政策机制的演变与启示

[研究目的]美欧运用出口管制措施开展科技封锁和经济制裁,给全球发展带来深远影响,分析其政策机制对中国维护科技安全具有现实意义。[研究方法]通过文献调研与内容分析,对美欧两用物项出口管制法律法规、组织架构、管制清单、情报支撑、动因、执行进行梳理比较。[研究结论]美欧出口管制存在异同点,不同主要表现为美国管制法规修订补充更为频繁且出台了针对中国的相关政策、管辖范围更广泛且将国家安全扩大到经济、技术全球领先地位,而欧盟则扩大到对侵犯人权的全面管制;欧盟的两用品出口管制涉及各成员国,管理协调难度更大,成立了专门的协调小组,而美国采取了类似联席会议协商的决策机制;美国的出口管制清单更详细全面且更新频率较高,尤其是实体清单;出口管制的政治、军事、经济、科技动因以及执行中的投资审查、海关监管、安全监测等相关配套工具有所不同,对华出口管制存在分歧。最后,从关键领域战略准备、出口管制体系优化、科技安全情报体系、国际交流合作方面提出中国应对出口管制、维护科技安全的启示。

欧盟功能农业政策、产业布局及对中国的启示

欧盟的功能农业起步较早,围绕功能农业,欧盟在政策规划、法律法规、标准体系、认证监督、产业发展等方面均采取了一系列的行动与措施,并取得了一定成效。欧盟相关的政策规划多见于农业发展、乡村发展等领域的战略规划;在法律法规、标准体系和认证监督部分,主要来自食品健康监管、食品营养管理领域,对于促进欧盟功能农业的规范化发展有重要的指导价值;产业布局方面涉及作为基础的功能肥料产业、基于消费者提升健康水平应运而生的功能食品产业、强化特定营养成分的富硒和富锌产品产业、产业扩大后为提高生产效率而产生的功能农业机械产业等。本研究基于官网、权威报告和报道以及文献资源等资料,系统梳理和分析欧盟功能农业的政策和产业布局,并提出对中国功能农业发展的启示。

人口长期均衡发展视域下当代中国婚育观念及新型婚育文化构建

婚育观念对婚育行为的塑造具有基础性的导向作用。面对我国人口规模和结构显著变化带来的持续性挑战,构建与人口长期均衡发展战略目标相适应的新型婚育文化具有深刻的理论和实践意义。改革开放以来,中国婚育观念发生了前所未有的变化,形塑了婚育年龄逐步推迟、离婚和同居现象增多、生育意愿和行为普遍降低、家庭关系结构多元发展等主要人口特征。究其原因,是经济发展推动社会大转型,全民尤其是女性受教育水平提高促使婚育观念发生转变,社会保障制度使家庭经济和赡养功能不断弱化,社会流动成本挤占婚育行为,物质主义和个人主义侵蚀婚育价值等综合因素共同驱动的结果。对此,构建新时代婚育文化应进一步完善婚育政策支持体系以增强婚育行为的积极效应,强化社会主义核心价值观引领,强调婚育责任和家国价值同构,增强性别平等意识,重视家庭建设,大力弘扬家文化优良传统,从而形成强大的社会主流意识和社会规范力量,实现适度的婚育水平,最终促进人口长期均衡发展。

终身学习如何有效回应数字能力的发展:欧盟全民终身数字能力学习体系的构建及启示

随着数字技术对于全球公民的学习、工作和生活的影响不断加深,应用数字技术以更好生活和有效发展的数字能力已成为公民终身学习的关键能力。这对于终身学习提出了新的要求,终身学习如何有效回应数字能力的发展成为数字时代终身学习体系改革的关键问题。研究基于这一问题脉络,以政策工具为视角,以权威工具、规劝工具、能力工具、学习工具与激励工具为分类,深入分析欧盟终身数字能力学习体系的构建政策,包括以法规形式规范全民数字参与权利;强调多元主体共同参与的行动承诺;开展全民性终身数字能力教育培训;构建灵活的数字能力认证评估工具;提供充足的资金、设施与平台支持。多种政策工具的有效采用及其科学组合能够为我国2035年数字能力发展目标的实现提供一定借鉴。

20世纪90年代以来日本婚姻支援政策脉络分析与镜鉴

经济因素、社会支持变化与价值观的转变是日本晚婚化、不婚化的主要成因。20世纪90年代以来日本婚姻支援政策的演化可分为主辅两条脉络:以“育儿”为中心婚内支持的主脉络(1989年至今)和以“婚活”为焦点未婚支持的辅脉络(2007年至今)。日本婚姻支援政策的总体效果并不明显,主要面临政策目标评定深陷于认知困局、政策实施掣肘于性别文化体系、政策工具单一且政策效应式微、政策反馈滞后于婚育现象变化四个困境。基于日本婚姻支援政策脉络分析有四点启示:制定以合理均衡为政策思路的婚育政策,构设以性别平等为核心理念的婚恋文化,借鉴不同国家应对晚婚不婚策略的经验,推进晚婚不婚的预测性研究与建设机制。

人口治理现代化视域下生育支持政策的偏离与矫治

我国生育支持政策的调整和优化应置于人口治理现代化的时代语境下。当前,受制于尚未充分开发利用我国人口治理现代化的特征与优势,且在实际执行中存在政策主体与客体之间的认知偏离及对当代青年婚育观念与社会心态转变这一重要现实的关注不足等因素,生育支持政策的执行效果未达预期。为此,生育支持政策可能的矫治路径如下:一是顶层制度设计层面,应尽快完成从“人口数量论”转变为“人口发展论”的战略定位,确立以生育养育质量稳步提升、新时代婚育观念科学引导、家庭发展友好型环境持续优化及代际共融有效促进等中长期政策目标的组合实现作为生育支持政策评估标准的总体改革方向,以此引导与规范社会公众的意识与行为。二是体制机制创新层面,应充分依靠我国“一核多元”共治型主体结构的治理效能,开发利用当前区域生育率水平存在梯度差异的特征,为我国生育率的整体提升提供腾挪空间,瞄准推动“目标人群”的生育意愿转化,尽快将人口治理制度优势转化为生育治理效能。三是文化观念宣扬层面,应直面当前青年群体的婚育困境,始终保持与青年对话的立场,强调婚育在社会、家庭、个人层面的价值统合,并以新型婚育文化引领和呼唤当代青年的责任感与使命感。

从“无产者联合”到“劳动者联合”:世界革命视域下列宁民族政策的发展演进

20世纪初,东方和西方分处民族运动发展的第一趋势时期和第二趋势时期,亚洲进入民族民主革命时期,西欧进入无产阶级夺取政权时期。在世界革命将在西欧国家爆发并解放所有民族的观点主导下,列宁以西欧对民族问题的政策应服务于无产阶级的阶级斗争利益为原则,以反对资产阶级分裂工人的民族主义为立足点,制定了“无产者联合”这一囊括东方在内的解决世界民族问题的根本政策。其后,东方民族革命地位的上升和列宁对社会主义革命的重新诠释,“劳动者联合”在俄国革命和处理俄国民族问题中的实践,巩固苏维埃政权的需要等,共同促使“劳动者联合”取代“无产者联合”成为列宁处理世界民族问题的根本政策,并最终在共产国际二大上形成系统理论和纲领性文件。“劳动者联合”成为共产国际指导解决世界民族问题的最重要、最根本原则。

和亲政策在中华民族共同体意识形成过程中的作用

和亲政策是我国民族关系史上的一项重要政策。它为中华民族共同体意识的形成、发展构筑了多元的历史基础。和亲政策延续两千多年,创造了一个相对稳定的政治环境,巩固了大一统局面,促进了中华民族政治共同体意识的形成。在此基础上,和亲政策使各民族地区经济、文化沟通日益密切,民族融合更深、更广,有利于中华民族经济共同体意识和文化共同体意识的形成。同时,在此过程中,独特的和亲文化得以孕育,积淀了各民族共同珍视和共享的文化符号,汇聚着铸牢中华民族共同体意识的群众力量。

两性、家庭与政权建设:陕甘宁边区婚姻政策的变革(1939—1944)

全面抗战背景下,解放妇女与改造家庭被陕甘宁边区政府当作一项重要的政治目标提上具体政策制定日程,成为民主建设边区历程的必需环节,主要体现在婚姻条例的制定和出台上。从1939年到1944年,理念先进的婚姻政策变革下婚姻纠纷案件频发,买卖婚姻的界定、抗属离婚案的纠葛、基层执法难等呈现出复杂的社会矛盾样态,彰显了崭新的政权建设、干部队伍与根深蒂固的乡村传统婚俗、性别观念与基层秩序之间的矛盾与张力。若要深刻理解党对陕甘宁边区婚姻家庭改造的重视原因、婚姻政策变革背后的内生逻辑,离不开领悟妇女与家庭之关系对于边区政权建设、大生产运动、统战工作的意义。

Coping with the effects of population ageing on public finances in the European Union and China

The population age structure is changing fast both in the European welfare states and in China,as fertility remains low and longevity continues to increase.The pressure on public pensions,health care and long-term care expenditures is receiving increased attention.Sound public finances in the Euro area call for pension reforms,especially for raising the retirement age.Although the challenges are qualitatively similar in the EU and China,the quantitative picture is different:GDP per capita in China is about 30%of that in the more advanced states of the EU,and the ageingrelated public expenditures as a percentage of GDP is currently one quarter of this ratio in the EU.A particular factor in China is migration of workers to the cities and factories from rural areas.For a harmonious society,their rights to social security,including pensions and their children’s access to education,require modernisation of government institutions.The retirement age in practically all EU countries and in China is currently low,lagging behind the increase in longevity.Increasing the ratio of participating in working life to the average years of retirement is a key to moderating the pressures on public finances.

Final Move for an Integrated EU Energy Market： Energy Union

EU is in position of world＇s largest energy importer and plays an active role in energy markets. Therefore, the EU＇s energy policy has not only local but also global effects. Because of the two oil crises in the 1970＇s, energy has taken an important place in the EU＇s agenda and has become one of the EU＇s highest priorities as the part of the EU＇s goal of Single Market. Especially, the 1987 Single European Act followed by the goal of Single Market has come to dominate the idea of the necessity of having a single market for energy. A chapter about energy has been added into the letter of the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon for the first time, thus energy has gained a new dimension and has had a legal basis. However, although there are energy rules defined at European level, there are 28 national regulatory structures in practice. Therefore, an integrated energy market is needed to create more competition, to increase market efficiency through better use of energy generation facilities across the EU, to produce affordable prices for consumers, and to move as whole, not as 28 separate countries. In this regard, the idea of creation of the Energy Union has emerged and the European Commission has published a detailed action plan for the Energy Union on February 25, 2015. In this study, historical process of initiatives for the creation of common energy policy in the EU is analyzed and the future of Energy Union is discussed.

Economic or Geopolitical？ Explaining the Motives and Expectations of the Eurasian Economic Union＇s Member States

The essay proceeds from the assumptions that for a economic/political integration group to succeed, first, its participants＇ motives should ideally be as alike as possible and not oppose one another and, second, their expectations from inte- gration should correspond to the organisation＇s capabilities. In light of these assumptions, the study endeavours to assess the Eurasian Economic Union＇s （EAEU） potential for stability and development. First, the author analyses the key motives that were driving its member states＇ decisions to enter the organisation, compares them with one another and discusses how the countries＇ motives influence their conduct in the union. Second, the author confronts those motives against the EAEU＇s activities and the general logic of interstate politics on the post-Soviet space to reckon up whether the bloc＇s capabilities fit with the expectations of its member countries. Finally, based on that discussion, the author speculates on how the divergence/convergence of EAEU member states＇ goals, as well as the （in-） feasibility of their expectations, affect the organisation＇s development.