Importance of Comprehensive Ecological Restoration of Mountains,Rivers,Forests,Farmland,Lakes and Grass:A Case Study of the Shichuan River

With China's economic development and population growth,China's ecological environment continues to deteriorate.The comprehensive ecosystem restoration of the Shichuan River aims to build an ecosystem containing"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes and grass"by determining scientific and reasonable thickness of foreign soil,pollution restoration,ecological reconstruction,safeguard measures,etc.It brings new vitality to local ecological environment remodeling and economic development.

The Regional Climate Effects of Replacing Farmland and Re-greening the Desertification Lands with Forest or Grass in West China

The West Development Policy being implemented in China causes significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes in West China, of which the two most important types of LULC change are replacing farmland and re-greening the desertification land with forest or grass. This paper modifies the prevailing regional climate model (RCM) by updating its lower boundary conditions with the up-to-date satellite database of the Global Land Cover Characteristics Database (GLCCD) created by the United States Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The modified RCM is used to simulate the possible regional climate changes due to the LULC variations. The preliminary results can be summarized as that the two main types of LULC variation, replacing farmland and greening the desertification lands with forest or grass in west China, will affect the regional climate mostly in northwest and north China, where the surface temperature will decrease and the precipitation will increase. The regional climate adjustments in South, Southwest China and on the Tibet Plateau are uncertain.

Re-estimating the changes and ranges of forest biomass carbon in China during the past 40 years

Background: In recent decades the future of global forests has been a matter of increasing concern, particularly in relation to the threat of forest ecosystem responses under potential climate change. To the future predictions of these responses, the current forest biomass carbon storage(FCS) should first be clarified as much as possible,especially at national scales. However, few studies have introduced how to verify an FCS estimate by delimiting the reasonable ranges. This paper addresses an estimation of national FCS and its verification using two-step process to narrow the uncertainty. Our study focuses on a methodology for reducing the uncertainty resulted by converting from growing stock volume to above-and below-ground biomass(AB biomass), so as to eliminate the significant bias in national scale estimations.Methods: We recommend splitting the estimation into two parts, one part for stem and the other part for AB biomass to preclude possible significant bias. Our method estimates the stem biomass from volume and wood density(WD), and converts the AB biomass from stem biomass by using allometric relationships.Results: Based on the presented two-step process, the estimation of China’s FCS is performed as an example to explicate how to infer the ranges of national FCS. The experimental results demonstrate a national FCS estimation within the reasonable ranges(relative errors: + 4.46% and-4.44%), e.g., 5.6–6.1 PgC for China’s forest ecosystem at the beginning of the 2010 s. These ranges are less than 0.52 PgC for confirming each FCS estimate of different periods during the last 40 years. In addition, our results suggest the upper-limits by specifying a highly impractical value of WD(0.7 t·m-3) on the national scale. As a control reference, this value decides what estimate is impossible to achieve for the FCS estimates.Conclusions: Presented methodological analysis highlights the possibility to determine a range that the true value could be located in. The two-step process will help to verify national FCS and also to reduce uncertainty in related studies. While the true value of national FCS is immeasurable, our work should motivate future studies that explore new estimations to approach the true value by narrowing the uncertainty in FCS estimations on national and global scales.

Construction of Forest and Grass Industry Economic Belt Using Land Resources in Road Side Slope

The construction of expressway and high-speed rail is at the sacrifice of the soil ecological environment. It brings about much damaged land and bare slope. It is necessary to restore vegetation and rebuild landscape. In the design of target plant community and configuration plants,it is required to select as far as possible plants that can blossom and bear fruit or pods. Then seeds of these plants can be harvested,processed and sold,and applied for other projects,so as to develop into a complete forest and grass seed industry chain. This not only reasonably utilizes land resources,but also provides a new approach to the problem of insufficient fine forest seed sources in China. This paper discussed the use of land resources in road side slope and forest and grass seed selection and breeding technology,and elaborated the industrialized development paths for forest and grass seed industries in road side slope. Finally,it arrived at following recommendations.( i) The construction of forest and grass industry economic belt using land resources in road side slope can realize maximum land value. Building a road can help people there get rich,and the type of land and water cultivates its type of forest and grass.( ii) It can make up for the losses incurred from construction of expressway and high-speed rail or destroying forest land,and it can increase farmers' income.( iii) It can increase the supply of domestic seeds,reduce seed import,save foreign exchange,and partly solve the problem of insufficient supply of forest and grass seeds.( iv) It is able to form a complete forest and grass seed industry economic cycle chain,increase employment,and provide new approaches for enriching and benefiting farmers.

Eco-environment Restoration and Regional Differentiation Characteristics Based on “Building Terrace and Returning Slope Farmland to Forests and Grass”

Based on the scientific and technological achievements in the past decade in the Loess Hilly-gully Region and the successful demonstration experience in Yan'an Yangou watershed, we summarize the characteristics of eco-environment restoration pattern based on "building terrace and returning slope farmland to forests and grass". According to the data on land use, slope farmland and the agricultural population in 1999, we calculate the area of new terrace that needs to be built, the area of garden plot that needs to be extended, vegetation restoration area and investment demand in counties (cities, districts). Establishing and using some indicators, such as basic farmland extension indicator, garden plot extension indicator, vegetation restoration index and investment demand density, we conduct type classification and analysis of regional differentiation characteristics in 55 counties (cities, districts). The results show that in the Loess Hilly-gully Region, 691 600 hm2 of new terrace needs to be built, 792 000 hm2 of economic forests and orchards need to be extended, 5 410 200 hm2 of vegetation needs to be restored, and the total investment demand is 15.82 billion yuan; in terms of geographical distribution, obviously there are two key areas for eco-environment restoration (one is located in the border area between northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the other is located in the eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia area); the classified regional guidance policies should be formulated as soon as possible, and the limited funds should be concentrated in the key areas.

Application of SWAT99.2 to sensitivity analysis of water balance components in unique plots in a hilly region

Although many sensitivity analyses using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT) in a complex watershed have been conducted, little attention has been paid to the application potential of the model in unique plots. In addition, sensitivity analysis of percolation and evapotranspiration with SWAT has seldom been undertaken. In this study, SWAT99.2 was calibrated to simulate water balance components for unique plots in Southern China from 2000 to 2001, which included surface runoff, percolation, and evapotranspiration. Twenty-one parameters classified into four categories, including meteorological conditions, topographical characteristics, soil properties, and vegetation attributes, were used for sensitivity analysis through one-at-a-time(OAT) sampling to identify the factor that contributed most to the variance in water balance components. The results were shown to be different for different plots, with parameter sensitivity indices and ranks varying for different water balance components. Water balance components in the broad-leaved forest and natural grass plots were most sensitive to meteorological conditions, less sensitive to vegetation attributes and soil properties, and least sensitive to topographical characteristics. Compared to those in the natural grass plot, water balance components in the broad-leaved forest plot demonstrated higher sensitivity to the maximum stomatal conductance(GSI) and maximum leaf area index(BLAI).

The Development Process,Current Situation and Prospects of the Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses Project in China

The Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses Project is the most symbolic and globally important ecological engineering effort to build the human and natural life community.After the call and mobilization stage since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the first round of Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses occurred at the end of the 20 th century.With the second round of Conversion of Farmland to Forests And Grasses launched in 2014,the central government has invested 535.3 billion yuan altogether by 2020,and 34.83 million ha have been returned to forest and grassland in 25 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)(2435 counties included).Among them,14.23 million ha were returned from farmland;barren hills and wasteland afforestation accounted for 17.53 million ha;and sealed mountain forest cultivation represented 3.07 million ha,accounting for 40%of the total afforestation area of national key projects in the same period,and 41 million households and 158 million farmers benefited directly.The project construction has made great achievements.The total value of ecological benefits has reached 1.42 trillion yuan,plus economic benefits of 0.26 trillion yuan,and social benefits of 0.73 trillion yuan,for a total amount of 2.41 trillion yuan.This effort has made outstanding contributions toward building an ecological civilization and a beautiful China.Looking forward to the future,the Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses will embark on a new stage of high-quality development,which will strive to achieve high-quality construction,high efficiency and a high level of management.China will promote the third round of conversion of farmland to forest and grassland from 2021 to 2035,and it is expected to return 6.67 million ha to forests and grasses.

An Assessment of Land Cover Change in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria

The paper assessed the land cover change in Gashaka-Gumti National Park between 1991 and 2021. To achieve this, LandSat data of years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 were obtained from the United States Geological Survey online resource. The findings of the study revealed that there is decrease in the different land cover types over time as a result of anthropogenic activities of the enclave dwellers. The study observed that the continuous existence of enclaves within and around the Park constitutes a serious threat to the survival of the Park. The study recommended that the federal government should consider resettlement of the enclave dwellers to give way for the development of the Park.

中国式现代化视域下习近平生态文明思想整体系统观及其方法论

党的十八大以来,在推进中国式现代化建设的伟大征程中,以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持系统观念,基于对西方现代化道路的深刻反思和对自然界作为有机系统整体的精准认识,赓续与拓新马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化关于人与自然真实图景的系统辩证思想,形成和确立了丰富完备、逻辑严密的习近平生态文明思想整体系统观。秉持山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体的系统理念,这一整体系统观锚定生态文明建设和环境治理的目标任务,坚持推进中国式现代化生态文明建设与环境治理的系统层级观,坚持共同体构架的国内外合作治理的系统联动机制,对其内核“是什么”的问题作了精要而又深邃的回答。习近平生态文明思想层层追问中国式现代化生态文明建设之道,彰显了其整体系统思维在回答生态文明建设根本性问题上的强大方法论功能;以系统工程方式“全方位全地域全过程”推进生态文明建设与环境治理的全面系统展开,立体呈现了习近平生态文明思想整体系统观鲜明的方法论特质,为中国式现代化新征程上全面推进美丽中国建设提供了科学思想方法,开拓了中国式现代化恢宏壮丽的生态篇章。

数字林草赋能风景园林人才培养的逻辑转向与实践路径

林草系统作为稳定国家生态安全的重要绿地基础,能够提升数字林草系统监测和保护的效率与质量,还能有效推进生态文明建设和可持续发展。风景园林专业作为林草科技创新人才培养的重要载体,面临着教学结构固化、产教融合不足等问题,急需抓住数字林草技术创新的契机弥合人才缺口。因此,本文提出了数字林草赋能风景园林人才培养的创新模式和实施路径,以数字技术为基础,开拓“数字”新思路,引导“资源”共享,探索“剧本”方案,促进产学研协同和劳动教育与创新创业教育的融合。数字林草赋能育人模式旨在培养出具有创新能力和实践技能的高素质风景园林人才,为数字林草技术的持续创新和生态环境的可持续发展做出重要贡献。

山水林田湖草沙系统治理与水土保持高质量发展

[目的]中国水土流失治理已由“全面治理,重点治理”迈向“系统治理,攻坚克难”的新阶段。分析山水林田湖草沙系统治理的内涵、准则及其与水土保持的关系,旨在丰富新时代水土保持理论体系,引领水土保持高质量发展。[方法]在长期理论探索和实践验证的基础上,梳理山水林田湖草沙系统治理理念的发展过程,阐明其内涵、目标与实践准则。[结果]水土流失长期治理实践总结提升形成的以小流域为单元的综合治理技术路线是山水林田湖草沙生命共同体系统思想最朴素的实践体现。小流域综合治理的系统性主要体现为治理对象的系统协调,总体布局的系统统筹,治理措施的系统考量,治理成效的多效益兼顾,实施和管理的多部门协同和多主体参与的共治共享6个方面。水土保持高质量发展实践需要遵循的基于系统治理理念的具体举措包括:利用系统思维理解水土保持高质量发展的内涵和要求,精准诊断山水林田湖草沙系统短板及其控制性要素,构建山水林田湖草沙多层次全方位立体化防控体系,构筑完备的水土保持管理与技术保障体系。[结论]在新的历史时期,应该完整准确理解并全面贯彻落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念,探索整体提升水土保持学术研究水平和治理效能的新路径、新模式、新机制。同时应结合区域或流域实际,对农田、水利、牧业、林业及生产建设活动进行全面综合系统的规划和治理,推动水土保持高质量发展。

混交比例对桉树-乡土树种混交林优势树种叶片资源获取性状的影响

桉树-乡土树种混交林在提高林分生产力和生态系统功能等方面具有较大潜力。该研究以南亚热带4种桉树-乡土树种混交林(桉树与乡土树种混交比例分别为5׃5、6׃4、7׃3、8׃2)和桉树纯林为研究对象,研究了3种优势乡土树种华润楠(Machilus chinensis)、阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)和速生树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)的叶片生理、结构和化学性状在不同比例混交林中的差异。结果表明,4优势造林树种的叶片性状存在明显的种间差异,其中灰木莲的比叶面积(SLA)、光合磷利用效率(PPUE)、单位质量叶片最大光合速率(A_(mass))和蒸腾速率(T_(mass))以及叶片养分含量最高,说明灰木莲采取资源获取型的生态策略;尾叶桉的SLA、A_(mass)、T_(mass)及叶片养分含量最低,但具有最高的PPUE,说明尾叶桉兼顾了资源获取型和保守型的物种特征。灰木莲与尾叶桉在SLA、A_(mass)、T_(mass)、PPUE、叶片氮含量和氮磷比等叶片性状上几乎没有任何重叠,说明灰木莲与尾叶桉之间的叶片资源利用高度互补,可能是与尾叶桉混交的理想树种。物种水平上,灰木莲叶片氮含量、华润楠叶片磷含量以及干季时阴香叶片A_(mass)和PPUE随乡土树种混交比例增加有增加的趋势,但总体上树种混交比例对于4造林树种的叶片结构、化学和生理性状的影响不大;林分水平上,桉树-乡土树种混交林的比叶面积、光合能力以及叶片氮磷比显著高于尾叶桉纯林,说明桉树与乡土树种混交能够提高林分整体的光捕获和光合能力,但同时也加剧了植物生长的磷限制。因此,建议在未来南亚热带桉树人工林的构建与改造中,应优先挑选与桉树资源利用互补并能够优化混交林磷素循环利用的乡土树种。

乡村振兴战略下涉农高职院校“三农”人才队伍建设探索——以咸阳职业技术学院为例

乡村振兴是中国全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重要保障,具有深远的意义和重大价值。为全面服务乡村振兴工作,充分发挥涉农高职院校在我国乡村振兴工作中的服务功能,笔者基于咸阳职业技术学院近年来林草产业项目在推动“三农”人才队伍建设方面发挥的示范和带动作用,阐述该校为科学高效服务地方“三农”发展,在乡村振兴战略背景下基于“三农”人才队伍建设所做的尝试和探索,以期为“三农”人才队伍建设提供一定的理论参考和实践借鉴。

中国多元林草原料生物质资源分布及醇类利用指标分析

中国林草原料资源丰富,对其分布的整理不仅有助于推动林草原料的综合利用,也有助于解决林草废弃物带来的环境问题。因此,该研究根据中国大陆地区的地理经纬度,对全国范围内的代表性林草原料进行了分区梳理,并筛选出了各地区的优势林草作物。对多元林草原料的分布与组成特性,水分、挥发分、纤维素含量、半纤维素含量、C元素含量、O元素含量、热值等进行了共性和个性指标的整理,确定了多元林草原料组成与结构分析的数据库检索字段。华东地区甜菜并不适宜作为生物质醇类利用中林草原料,氧元素含量较其他林草原料高出46%,玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆中O元素含量较低,适宜作为生物质醇类利用中林草原料;大豆中纤维素含量明显较低,比其他林草原料低40%,西南地区玉米秸秆高于其他林草原料;西北地区黑麦草和华东地区华南地区甘蔗的比热容值较高,在3.2~4.8 J/(kg·K),其他能源草比热容值多处于0.8~2.4 J/(kg·K)。深入分析各地区代表性林草原料作为醇类利用的指标,探讨多元林草原料的物理性质、化学组成、工业组成、元素组成以及醇类利用潜力的差异性、变异性和相关性。该研究为中国多元林草醇类利用提供了重要的基础支撑和数据参考。

喀斯特石漠化区林草间作对土壤养分及微生物数量的影响

林草间作具有水源涵养、提高土壤肥力和增加生物多样性等多重优势,是喀斯特石漠化区生态恢复较为理想的模式之一。为了探讨林草间作对喀斯特石漠化区土壤养分和微生物数量的影响,在贵州省关岭县板贵乡选择花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)+拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab)间作、花椒+雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)间作及单作花椒3种模式开展研究。结果表明:与花椒单作相比,土壤中有机质、全氮、速效钾、碱解氮含量均有所增加,土壤pH降低,土壤微生物数量增加,其中真菌数量显著增加(P<0.05)。0-10 cm土壤中有效磷含量显著降低(P<0.05),而10-20 cm土壤中有效磷增加。相关性分析表明,0-10 cm土壤中细菌数量与有效磷含量显著负相关(P<0.05),真菌数量与有机质含量极显著正相关(P<0.05),与全氮、有效磷含量显著正相关(P<0.05),与pH显著负相关(P<0.05);10-20 cm土壤中细菌数量与速效钾含量显著正相关(P<0.05),真菌数量与pH显著负相关(P<0.05)。说明在喀斯特石漠化地区花椒和牧草构成的林草间作生态恢复模式在提高土壤养分、增加微生物数量方面有积极作用。

不同植被模式对矿山废弃地表层土壤性质的影响

为揭示露天矿山废弃地不同原生植被对地表土壤的影响规律,探索其适宜的植被恢复模式,选取山东省泰安市东平县金山矿区“狗牙根(G)”“酸枣+狗牙根(SG)”“酸枣+荆条+狗牙根(SJG)”“臭椿+榆树+酸枣+狗牙根(CYSG)”4种植被模式为研究对象,并以裸地为对照,测定土壤密度、土壤持水量、孔隙度等土壤物理参数和有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等土壤养分指标,运用主成分分析和模糊数学隶属函数方法,综合评价不同植被模式对其表层土壤的影响。结果表明:1)植被模式对露天矿山废弃地的土壤水分物理特征影响明显,土壤含水量和孔隙度与裸地相比均出现不同程度的增加,表现为SJG>CYSG>SG>G,土壤密度与裸地相比显著降低,表现为SJG<CYSG<SG<G。2)植被模式下土壤养分相较于裸地均有不同程度的增加,其中土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量的大小顺序为SJG>CYSG>SG>G,土壤全磷与有效磷含量的大小顺序为CYSG>SJG>SG>G。植被混交模式对矿山废弃地土壤水分物理与土壤养分的影响优于裸地与单一植被模式,不同植被模式的综合改良效果为SJG>CYSG>SG>G。

赛罕乌拉林草交错区典型生态系统土壤理化性质对比

为分析退耕林地、自然草地、农田3种植被管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响,识别不同植被修复模式下土壤理化性质的差异,本研究以内蒙古赛罕乌拉林草交错区自然草地、退耕林地、农田3种典型植被类型为研究对象,通过对比分析3种植被类型下0 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm深度土壤容重、含水量、粒径比等物理属性以及全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾养分元素含量,结合元素含量之间的相关性分析,结果发现:1)农田土壤存在明显的犁底层,犁底层之下养分元素含量迅速下降;2)草地土壤pH值低、有机碳含量高,农田pH值最高、有机碳含量低,退耕林地浅层土壤有机碳含量少,其土壤理化性质呈现出居于农田与自然草地之间的特征;3)农田土壤除速效磷、全钾等指标高于自然草地外,其他养分含量均低于自然草地。本研究表明,自然草地、退耕林地和农田是在相同土壤母质基础上,因经营管理方式差异而产生的土壤理化性质差异,草地的有机质含量最高、农田最低,土壤有机碳含量对于其他养分元素含量具有关键作用。因此,林草交错区生态系统固碳功能对于防风固沙等其他生态功能发挥具有决定作用,退耕还草有利于土壤养分元素的恢复,退耕还林工程还应注重林冠下方草本灌木生物量及物种多样性的恢复。

黄河中游典型流域林草生境适宜性及提质潜力评价

[目的]为定量评价黄河中游复杂下垫面典型流域的林草生境适宜性及提质潜力。[方法]综合地理探测器、空间分析、数理统计等多种方法,构建三川河流域林草生境适宜性评价指标体系及评价方法,评价流域现状土地利用条件下的林草适宜度及其提质潜力。[结果](1)三川河流域影响林地适宜分布的主导因子包括光合有效辐射分量、海拔、土壤侵蚀强度和土壤类型等,影响草地适宜分布的主导因子包括海拔、光合有效辐射分量、土壤类型和土壤湿度等。(2)林地不同适宜度的面积由大到小依次为高度适宜、中高度适宜、不适宜、中度适宜,中度适宜以上面积占林地总面积的81.9%,流域林地布局较为合理;草地不同适宜度的面积由大到小依次为不适宜、中度适宜、中高度适宜、高度适宜,中度适宜以上面积占草地总面积的55.3%,流域草地布局仍有较大优化空间。(3)林地提质面积为223.2 km^(2),占中度适宜及以上区域总面积的15.4%,区域内大部分林地已达覆盖度阈值水平;各适宜度区域的林地Ⅰ级提质潜力面积占比均在89.0%以上,提质难度较低。草地提质面积为222.3 km^(2),占中度适宜及以上区域总面积的43.1%,区域内近四成草地仍未达覆盖度阈值水平;各适宜度区域草地Ⅰ级提质潜力的面积占比随适宜度增高而减小,提质难度随适宜度增高而增大。(4)林地可通过加强封禁管控,实施以自然恢复为主的弱干预措施;草地需针对不同适宜度的潜力等级,采取分区适度干预措施,实现草地覆盖度水平的总体提升。[结论]三川河流域林地格局优于草地,草地提质潜力高于林地。研究构建的林草生境适宜性评价方法,可为黄河中游植物措施合理配置和提质增效提供科技依据。

杉阔混交林自疏边界线研究

[目的]正确揭示混交林自然稀疏机制,是实现森林可持续经营目标的基础。[方法]本研究利用1991~2016年福建、江西和安徽省森林资源连续清查数据,采用线性回归分析、随机边界分析和分位数回归分析,研究树种混交、纬度变化和立地条件对杉阔混交林密度和生长之间自疏轨迹的影响规律。[结果]相较于杉木纯林,杉阔混交林自疏线呈上移且趋于平缓的状态。不管采用何种拟合方式,杉阔混交林自疏线与纯林自疏线变化规律基本一致,未偏离-1.605。混交比例对杉阔混交林自疏斜率具有正向影响,纬度和立地条件具有负向影响。线性回归模型拟合得到的是混交林的林分平均密度,分位数回归拟合得到的最大林分密度线受分位数值的影响,随机边界分析可以避免主观选择自疏拟合数据的缺陷,是混交林最大密度线的最佳拟合方法。[结论]杉阔混交林自疏轨迹与杉木纯林相一致,主要受混交比例、纬度和立地条件的影响,采用随机边界分析方法可以得到混交林最大林分密度,本研究可为杉阔混交林密度确定和调控提供实践指导。

塔里木河流域天然林草保护与修复研究

开展塔里木河流域天然林草保护与修复研究,对于复苏河湖生态环境、保护生态安全屏障、实现流域社会经济发展、实施乡村振兴等国家重大战略有重要意义。基于塔里木河流域“九源一干”自然生态系统变化趋势与现状,从稳定流域自然生态系统规模和提升生态系统功能的角度出发,通过大量的天然林草面积和覆盖度变化数据对比分析,综合设定分区保护下的流域天然林草生态保护目标和保护修复面积,并确定其相应的生态保护需水量。结果表明:天然林草保护和修复面积为1.57万km^(2),其中,保护区面积1.40万km^(2),修复区面积0.17万km^(2);流域天然林草生态保护需水总量为60.36亿m^(3),其中,基本生态需水为51.32亿m^(3),生态修复水量为9.04亿m^(3),并提出了相应生态保护与修复措施、机制。研究成果可为塔里木河流域生态保护与修复提供参考。