Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Study of Urban and Rural Construction Land Change Based on Small Scale in Dafang

This paper is to examine the urban and rural construction land data of Dafang between basic year and final year based on country scale and spatial econometrics,and analyze its spatial pattern and change feature. According to the results,the construction lands in all the villages of Dafang County showed strong spatial autocorrelation and significant spatial cluster. After the analysis of local Moran's I,the construction lands in 381 villages of 36 counties presented strong activity. The original small-scale villages were gradually enlarging,which will not only gradually benefit local development,but also be in accordance with the strategy of " one city,one district,eight parks".

Research on Chinese rural land management model of scale and development prospects

In the early years of reform and opening up, with the household contract management as the core, the land reform has been adapted to the prevailing agricultural productivity development and management level, achieved to mobilize the peasants＇ production enthusiasm and creativity, to improve production efficiency, basically solved the food and clothing problem; but it has formed small-scale decentralized business model. With the rapid development of the rural economy, along with urbanization and industrialization, it has been further increased the degree of market-oriented agriculture. The contradiction between big market and small-scale production is more prominent; such small -scale decentralized form of management has begun not to meet agricultural development request and the market economy development. It needs changes to moderate scale. Eleventh Five-Year Plan and construction of new socialist village require clearly various forms of appropriate scale.

Recommendations for Large-scale Farmland Operation in Hilly Areas Based on Long Tail Theory

At the background of urban and rural integration,this paper analyzed and discussed factors restricting large-scale farmland operation in China's hilly areas from the qualitative perspective. It recognized large-scale farmland operation on the basis of the long tail theory. Finally,it came up with recommendations for developing large-scale farmland operation in hilly areas.

Moderate scale and realization potential of new citrus-planting business entities in hilly and mountainous areas in China

The natural and economic conditions of agricultural resources vary greatly in China,especially in hilly and mountainous areas.The phenomenon of land fragmentation has become increasingly prominent,so that large-scale operations cannot be fully achieved in a short period of time,and the centralized and continuous scale of operations cannot be realized in China.In addition,with increasingly strict farmland protection and agricultural land use control systems,the issues of nongrain production and nonagricultural cultivated land use have become increasingly restricted.Thus,it is quite necessary to determine the appropriate scale of operations and the means to achieve moderately scaled operations for the new business entities.On the basis of microsurvey data for 108 new citrus-planting business entities in the modern agricultural park in the Chongqing's Jiangjin District,an area with long citrus-planting history,we measured the moderate scale of new citrus-planting business entities to maximize profit using a translog growth model.According to the projection pursuit model,we evaluated the suitability conditions of citrus planting in garden land,woodland,grassland,and general cultivated land in the study area.We then explored the potential for new moderate-scale business entities within different farming radii.The results showed that large-scale planting conditions of citrus in garden land,forest land,grassland,and general cultivated land in the study area were suitable,and the proportion of high-suitable and mediumsuitable land was 73.42%.Under the existing social and economic conditions,the moderate scale of new citrus-planting business entities in the study area was 1.8–2.7 hm^(2).In particular,its rankings from large to small were agricultural enterprises(17.19–25.78 hm^(2)),farmer cooperatives(16.88–25.33 hm^(2)),big growers and breeders(6.39–9.59 hm^(2)),and family farms(5.02–7.53 hm^(2)).In the sample of 108 households,only 47.22%of the entities achieved moderate-scale operation,of which 25%of the entities achieved a scale greater than moderate operation.However,52.78%of the entities achieved a scale of less than moderate operation.These entities would have to transfer the surrounding adjacent garden land,forest land,grassland,or general cultivated land to achieve largescale land management.The land area of the adjacent gardens in a 1000 m farming radius could meet the moderate-scale operation demand of the vast majority of new business entities.For the vast majority of new business entities,the land area of the adjacent woodland,grassland,and general cultivated land could supplement the garden land to achieve moderate-scale operation in a 500 m farming radius.If the land area with moderate suitability and high suitability is prioritized,the land area in the adjacent gardens in the 1000 m farming radius could meet the moderate-scale operation demand for the vast majority of new business entities.Within the 500 m farming radius,the vast majority of new business entities have achieved moderate-scale operations if the land area adjacent to forest land,grassland,and general arable land was supplemented by gardens;however,a few entities could not achieve moderate-scale operations.From the village perspective,gardens were prioritized.Sixteen villages had planting areas and planting suitability that exceeded the average level of the study area,accounting for 23.53%.If combined with the reserve potential of the garden land,eight villages could improve their potential,accounting for 11.76%.Therefore,the conditions of large-scale citrus planting in the study area should be further improved,and the scale expansion of new citrus-planting business entities should receive additional scientific guidance.

Factors Limiting Centralized Land Circulation in China from the Perspective of Farmers' Property Right

At present,there are many factors limiting large area centralized,rapid development,and moderately large-scale land operation in China.These factors include(i) the existing land utilization system is still at adaptation stage,and it lacks universal agreement of people on large-scale land operation;(ii) farmers' dependence on land is great;(iii) it is difficult to transfer surplus labor;(iv) there is no positive connection between promotion of moderately large-scale land operation and realization of increase of farmers' income;(v) it remains to be proved whether large-scale operation can become a stable rural occupation and whether big farming households can grow to professional farmers;(vi) large-scale land operation in rural areas may lead to waste of resources;(vii) the promotion of large-scale land operation may cause other social contradictions.

新型农业经营主体对劳动力流动的影响效应

新型农业经营主体是推进农业农村现代化和乡村振兴的有机载体,有效推动了农业规模化经营,有助于引导和促进劳动力流动,从而实现农村劳动力的优化配置。基于中国社会科学院农村发展研究所中国乡村振兴调查(CRRS)数据,选用Logit模型研究新型农业经营主体对劳动力流动的影响效应。研究表明:第一,新型农业经营主体会促进劳动力的回流,但对劳动力流出无显著影响;第二,有新型农业经营主体的村庄更容易吸引年龄较低和受教育程度较高的农村劳动力的回流;第三,在新型农业经营主体吸引劳动力回流的过程中,参与过非农职业技术培训的农村劳动力更容易回流。基于此,从管理与服务方式、培育方向、人才培养和体制机制四个角度提出了针对性的政策建议,为引导和优化农村劳动力的合理配置提供借鉴经验,对于当前农村经济社会可持续发展、推动建设农业强国具有重要的现实价值。

加入合作社对家庭农场适度规模经营的影响

本文在探讨家庭农场适度规模经营两种理论观点之争的基础上,基于中国社会科学院农村发展研究所2020年中国乡村振兴综合调查(CRRS)数据,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)系统考察了家庭农场加入合作社的规模扩大效应及其作用机制。研究发现:首先,加入合作社能够扩大家庭农场经营规模,推动家庭农场适度规模经营。经测算,当前中国家庭农场最优经营规模为188亩,因而家庭农场经营规模仍有扩大的空间。其次,家庭农场加入合作社的规模扩大效应存在异质性,收入水平高、社会资本水平低和自有机械化水平低的家庭农场加入合作社的规模扩大效应更明显。再次,加入合作社扩大家庭农场经营规模主要来自内部服务获取机制和外部资源获取机制,且合作社所提供的销售服务和金融支持对家庭农场经营规模扩大具有更强的促进效应。最后,耕地细碎化程度负向调节家庭农场加入合作社的规模扩大效应,耕地细碎化不利于加入合作社的家庭农场扩大经营规模。本文的研究为推动家庭农场适度规模经营,促进其与合作社融合发展提供了理论指导和决策依据。

土地流转、农业规模经营与农业碳排放——基于土地流转政策的准自然实验

土地流转是解决农村土地问题、实现我国农业现代化发展的重大农业变革。在“碳达峰、碳中和”的碳排放格局下,土地流转政策被视为推动农业低碳绿色发展的重要举措。现有研究指出土地流转已具备提升农业绿色效益的潜力,但并未深入探究土地流转政策实施对农业碳排放产生的影响。基于2007−2020年中国省级面板数据,通过构建准自然实验,实证分析土地流转政策实施对农业碳排放的影响机制及中介路径。研究表明:(1)基于连续型DID模型的估计结果表明,土地流转政策对农业碳排放具有一定抑制性作用;(2)影响机制分析表明,农业规模经营在政策实施过程中承担部分中介作用,能够有效实现农业减排目标;(3)地区异质性分析表明,不同地区间土地流转政策的实施结果存在差异,其中,东北、中部以及西部地区的碳减排效果均较为明显,而东部地区缺乏显著减排效应。为此,应持续支持并推广土地流转,进一步推进农业规模化经营,采取不同地方性流转政策满足各地差异化需求。

粮食主产区的新型城镇化与粮食安全——基于土地规模化经营中介效应检验

在新时代发展背景下,新型城镇化成为粮食主产区城乡二元结构变革和农业生产方式转型的关键。论文基于2007—2021年我国13个粮食主产区的省级面板数据,从产业链视角利用熵值法测度粮食安全水平,基于新型城镇化内涵构建包含人口、经济、社会、空间的多维度指标体系并测度新型城镇化水平,探究新型城镇化对粮食安全的影响,并以土地规模化经营为中介变量,分析新型城镇化及其各维度影响粮食安全的作用机制。结果表明:1)粮食主产区的新型城镇化对粮食安全有显著的促进作用,并且土地规模化经营在新型城镇化对粮食安全的作用过程中存在中介效应;2)分维度异质性分析表明,人口城镇化与空间城镇化对粮食安全产生显著的正向影响,且土地规模化经营在其中发挥部分或完全的中介效应。为此,提出积极推进新型城镇化、鼓励土地规模化经营并从人口、经济、社会、空间城镇化多个维度因地制宜调整粮食发展战略是粮食主产区发展的长远之策。

规模经营与农业绿色发展——基于农业绿色全要素生产率的观察

规模化经营与绿色化发展是实现农业高质量发展的题中之义。明晰规模经营与农业绿色发展的关系具有重要的理论与现实意义。运用SBM-GML指数测算并刻画出我国农业绿色全要素生产率的时空演变趋势,基于2008-2021年中国省级面板数据,使用固定效应模型实证研究了土地规模经营与服务规模经营对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响及作用路径。研究发现:我国省域农业绿色全要素生产率与规模经营在研究期内整体均呈上升趋势;土地规模经营与服务规模经营对农业绿色全要素生产率影响存在先扩大后缩小的倒“U”型非线性关系,两种规模经营和农业绿色全要素生产率之间均存在适度规模效应;农业机械化水平在规模经营对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响中发挥作用。两种规模经营对不同地区农业绿色全要素生产率的影响具有异质性。因此,应促进农业适度规模经营、提高农业机械化水平、因地制宜发展规模经营。

从经营方式演化看中国农业现代化的前沿问题

在对家庭联产承包责任制改革确立农户主体地位及土地流转和规模化过程进行梳理的基础上,研究了正在蓬勃发展的几种有代表性的农业组织形式的特点和现代农业演化趋势,针对租佃高成本、超大规模垄断性经营和政府补贴等方面的问题,提出了相应的政策建议。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

我国农业劳动力质量对农户土地规模经营的影响

农业劳动力高质量发展是支撑农业发展的基石之一,随着城镇化进程加快,我国农业劳动质量及其对于土地规模经营的影响值得深入研究。首先通过K-means聚类分析的方法,测定出我国农业劳动力质量的基本特征,然后利用CHARLS2011-2018年四期面板数据分析农业劳动力质量对农户土地规模经营的影响。研究发现:①我国有26.31%的高水平农业劳动力,这是发展土地规模经营的职业农民主力军。②农业劳动力质量对于0~0.087hm²的小规模土地经营的影响并不显著;对于0.087~0.536hm²的土地、0.536hm²以上的农户,农业劳动力质量每降低1%,会使得农户的土地规模经营分别下降4.5%、5.9%。③农业劳动力质量通过影响农户土地转入行为以及改变农业生产投入的方式,对土地规模经营产生影响。政府应针对不同类型的农业劳动力分类施策,加强职业农民的培养,在保障农户权益的情况下,以农业劳动力高质量发展推动农业现代化进展。

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。

中国农业土地经营模式探索与创新:利益联结与金融支持——基于四川实践的分析

党的二十大报告首次提出加快建设农业强国战略,强调要发展农业适度规模经营。土地经营规模化是推动农业适度规模经营的重要途径,但涉及农户、村社集体、社会化组织、农业企业等多类利益主体,其利益联结机制的有效性和稳定性成为农业规模经营可持续的关键,并对金融活动产生显著影响。本文对我国主要土地规模经营模式及其利益联结机制进行比较研究,结合四川实践深入分析了金融在土地规模经营利益联结关系中的角色作用,并在借鉴国际经验的基础上提出相关政策建议。

我国农村集体经营性建设用地入市的路径和收益分配优化

农村集体经营性建设用地入市能有效解决城市土地资源紧缺的问题和城市扩张与农村集体占有土地之间的矛盾,从土地供给侧推进房地产市场平稳发展,对于助力乡村振兴战略、促进城乡融合发展、建设高标准市场经济体系意义重大。文章探索了以城乡统一建设用地市场为目标的农村集体经营性建设用地的入市路径,对于近郊农村鼓励通过就地入市的途径,采取出让或者租赁的形式入市,远郊农村通过异地调整的途径,将复垦后结余建设用地指标调整到符合规划的产业集中区入市。在此基础上进一步厘清了三大分配主体、两大分配内容之间层层递进的分配关系。政府直接参与的情况下可以通过参与初次分配或再分配获取收益,间接参与的情况下可以通过征收土地调节金获取收益,当前比较合理的土地调节金征收比例是10%~30%。集体在扣除政府的相应收益后,留存30%~40%用于村集体的经济发展和设施完善或者是股份分红,剩余部分在农民个体之间公平平均分配。最后,文章提出完善集体经营性建设用地的产权制度设计,制定指导入市的全国性实施办法,建立公平合理的土地增值收益分配制度和统筹联动推进宅基地制度改革等相关建议。

粮食主产区发展新型农村集体经济的路径研究——以德州市“三类地”改革为例

党的二十大报告提出要发展新型农村集体经济,发展新型农村集体经济离不开对农村土地资源的有效利用。而面对当前农村因人少地多造成的耕地利用不足、闲置地逐渐增多的土地资源浪费困境,山东省德州市以“三类地”改革为基础,通过农用地规模化经营、“飞地”抱团发展以及闲散地盘活利用,提高了农村土地利用效率,促进了德州农村集体经济的发展。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市的内在逻辑和实施路径

基于“内在逻辑-实践探索-现实挑战”的研究路径,对集体经营性建设用地入市改革进行深入研究。研究认为:(1)实现城乡土地“同地同权同价”改革目标的基础在于强化集体土地产权;(2)构建公平有序的市场配置体系是实现城乡统一建设用地市场的关键;(3)探索统筹兼顾的利益分配机制是农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革的重点;(4)通过盘活闲置土地资源是提升乡村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的必由路径。今后仍需在明晰产权主体、扩大入市范围与强化用途管制、完善收益共享机制、健全政策配套措施等方面,进一步推动农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革。

租金预期、土地流出阻滞与政策目标反噬——论需求拉动型农业规模经营政策退出的必要性

随着政府农业规模经营工作的推进,地租在过去十年间持续上涨。这让农民形成地租持续上涨预期,对土地流转行为产生影响。建立一个农民预期流转模型,并利用山东和安徽两省四年的农户调查数据实证研究农业经营者地租上涨预期对其土地流出行为的影响,并以此为基础讨论需求拉动型规模经营政策退出的必要性。研究显示,土地上涨预期对农业经营者的土地流出行为存在显著的负面影响,且这种影响有着模型设定上的稳健性。土地经营规模较大农户、高龄农民和青年农民等供给弹性相对较小的个体更不容易受到地租预期的影响。农业经营者土地上涨预期是一系列与土地流转相关的政策变量和经济变量作用的结果,其中村民获得规模经营奖励和最高地租,即当地标志性的农业流转项目应该是最核心的变量。由于工农产业关联,需求拉动型农业规模经营政策会导致农业和工业竞争力的持续衰退。因此,首先,应重新审视农业补贴方式,从价格支持转变为直接补贴;其次,稳定粮食市场价格,从而稳定地租市场预期;再次,避免实施超大规模的土地流转项目,坚持农业经营模式的内生性发展路径,构建内生性核心农户培育制度。