Seroprevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients,northern Iran

ObjectiveTo determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) IgG and IgM antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients and uninfected subjects.MethodsThis cross sectional survey was carried out on 78 healthy and 62 HIV+/AIDS individuals in northern Iran between September 2007 and October 2008. Five mL of blood samples were collected from each person in case and control groups. Determination of CD4+ counts was performed by flow cytometry. The serum separated from blood samples was evaluated by conventional ELISA technique to determine the presence of antibodies to T. gondii.ResultsForty eight out of 62 (77.4%) HIV/AIDS serum samples were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody, compared with 59 among 78 (75.6%) HIV negative samples from the same area (P > 0.05). Six out of 62 (9.7%) HIV+/AIDS patients showed anti-T. gondii IgM antibody in their serum samples, compared with 7 among 78 (9%) HIV negative samples (P > 0.05). The mean of CD4+ counts in HIV+/AIDS was (430.8±182.3) cells/μL and in control group was (871.0±243.3)% cells/μL (P<0.01). CD4+ estimation in 5 (11.1%) of HIV+/AIDS patients was <200 cells/μL (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsSeroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in HIV patients is high, therefore the prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis, administration of primary prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole to all HIV+/AIDS patients are necessary.

Direct passive hemagglutination test for rapid quantification of plasma load of the <i>Human Immunodeficiency Virus</i>

An inexpensive and rapid test for determining titers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in plasmas was developed. Washed sheep red blood cells were applied onto HIV positive plasmas, in V-bottomed microtiter plates, to complement the HIV antigens and antibodies present in plasmas. The setup was incubated for 30 minutes at 37℃. Reciprocal of the highest dilution of each plasma which gave passive agglutination of the RBCs was read as its HIV titer. Mean HIV load of five samples, was ≥ 4096.00 ± 0.00 after one day of storage at 4℃ but it reduced to 256.00 ± 70.10, 28.80 ± 3.20, 7.20 ± 0.80 and 1.60 ± 0.98 on days 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively. HIV antibodies were still detectable, by ELISA, in plasma dilutions that were tested negative with the new test. It was concluded that when HIV antibodies have been confirmed, or added to plasmas, passive hemagglutination test can be applied to assess their viral loads.

Assessment of Antiretroviral Efficacy of the Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate {Al4(SiO4)3 + 3Mg2SiO4 → 2Al2Mg3(SiO4)3}

HIV/AIDS patients were treated, daily, with MSAMS (50 mg/kg), MSAMS-stabilized Ampicillin trihydrate (7.5 mg/kg) and immunace extra-protectionM? (1 tablet), for one month and then, with only MSAMS and the immune stimulants. They were tested, monthly, for viral loads and CD4- lymphocytes counts. Those whose viral loads became undetectable were tested for HIV confirmation (antigens/antibody). Their mean-viral load increased (P = 0.020) from 1820.30 ± 868.75 to 2855.90 ± 960.98 after first month, before reducing (P = 0.0.030) to: 1565.20 ± 743.17;759.20 ± 473.65;345.50 ± 115.01;192.80 ± 97.40;95.00 ± 55.80;37.40 ± 26.46;17.50 ± 16.88 (undetectable). Their mean-CD4 count was 496.80 ± 194.39 (lymphopenia). It reduced (P = 0.008) to 263.90 ± 149.26 after first month, before increasing (P = 0.001) to: 507.90 ± 133.19;692.70 ± 113.34;840.20 ± 139.41;1007.30 ± 163.50;1537.10 ± 302.10;1924.60 ± 247.45;2707.00 ± 837.87 (lymphocytosis). Patients whose viral loads became undetectable tested HIV-negative, one month after. CD4-lymphocytes count, approximating to zero-viral load, calculated from equation (Y = 2297.80 - 1.4731X) of line of best fit of graph of their viral loads onCD4-lymphocytes counts, was 1559.84/ml.

“Unconventional”Neutralizing Activity of Antibodies Against HIV

Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However, only a limited number of antibodies have been identified to neutralize a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 and attempts to induce such antibodies by inununization were unsuccessful. The difficulties to generate such antibodies are mainly due to intrinsic properties of HIV-1 envelope spikes, such as high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inducible and transient nature of certain epitopes. In vitro neutralizing antibodies are identified using ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay which uses phytohemagglutinin （PHA）-stimulated human PBMCs as target cells. Thus, in essence the assay evaluates HIV-1 replication in CD4^＋T cells. Recently, several laboratories including us demonstrated that some monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1-specific polyclonal IgG purified from patient sera, although they do not have neutralizing activity when tested by the ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay, do exhibit potent and broad neutralizing activity in ＂unconventional＂ ways. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies and IgG fractions is acquired through post-translational modifications, through opsonization of virus particles into macrophages and inunature dendritic cells （iDCs）, or through expression of antibodies on the surface of HIV-1-susceptible cells. This review will focus on recent findings of this area and point out their potential applications in the development of preventive strategies against HIV.

Challenges on Induction of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Optimization of HIV Vaccines Development and Vectored Immunoprophylaxis

Despite extensive research efforts, a preventive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine remains one of the major challenges in the field of AIDS research. Experimental strategies which have been proven successful for other viral vaccines are not enough to tackle HIV-1 and new approaches to design effective preventive AIDS vaccines are of utmost importance. Due to enormous diversity among global circulating HIV strains, an effective HIV vaccine must elicit broadly protective antibodies based responses;therefore discovering new broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV has become major focus in HIV vaccine research. However further understanding of the viral targets of such antibodies and mechanisms of action of bNAbs is required for advancement of HIV vaccine research. This technical note discusses our current knowledge on the bNAbs and immunoprophylaxis using viral vectors with their relevance in designing of new candidates to HIV-1 vaccines.

Computation, Modeling, and Simulation of HIV-AIDS Epidemics with Vaccination

The principles of the HIV-AIDS epidemics are established based on the subpopulation 1) Susceptible;2) HIV-infected;3) AIDS-infected;4) Immunized. The immunized subset of the population in this paper is the total individuals who were infected and cured or immunized by vaccination. The immunized group can be identified by removing individuals from the susceptible group. A general mathematical model is developed for HIV-AIDS epidemics with Vaccination to understand the spread of the virus throughout the population. Particularly we use numerical simulation with some values of parameters to predict the number of infected individuals during a certain period in a population and the effect of vaccine to reduce infected group and increase the number of immunized individuals. Further, we expand the research to special cases with no vaccinations. A special case is when the removal subset of the population is empty, or there is no recovery in this epidemic. We also can consider the total infected number is equal to the sum of the HIV infected and the number of AIDS infected. As a result, one can reduce four-stage HIV-AIDS investigation to a three-stage of SIR. With this introduction and modification, the numerical simulation can be developed the Monte Carlo simulation method in SIR case to verify the Validity of the HIV-AIDS model.

2021—2023年贵港市HIV-1感染者的流行特征和检测结果分析

目的分析2021—2023年贵港市人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)抗体阳性者的免疫蛋白印迹试验(WB)带型特征,探讨免疫状况及相关指标在获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)发展中的作用。方法对2021—2023年1719份经贵港市AIDS确证实验室确证为HIV-1抗体阳性且在治疗前开展了CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞检测的样本,用SPSS 25.0分析人口学特征和实验室相关检测结果。结果1719例HIV-1抗体阳性以男性、40岁以上、已婚、农民、文化程度较低、医疗机构临床筛查为主;CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞计数与年龄呈负相关,与WB条带数呈正相关(P<0.05)。带型p55、p39、p17检出阳性率在不同免疫程度和病程间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论农民仍然是贵港市AIDS宣教、检测工作的重点人群,p55、p39和p17可作为疾病发展和免疫情况的一个潜在判别依据。

石河子某高校大学生参与HIV检测的影响因素研究

目的:了解石河子某高校大学生参与HIV检测现状及其影响因素,为提高该人群HIV检测率提供依据。方法:于2020年11月分层整群抽取石河子某高校在校本科生,匿名调查其既往参与HIV检测情况,采用Logistic回归分析影响大学生参与HIV检测的相关因素。结果:共2810名大学生参与调研,HIV检测率为5.4%(153人);卡方检验结果显示不同性别、年龄、月均生活费、是否认识艾滋病患者、性取向、HIV相关知识是否知晓、是否发生过性行为和高危性行为的大学生HIV检测率差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);Logistic回归结果显示,男性、月均生活费>3000元、认识艾滋病患者、性取向不确定、发生过性行为与大学生既往HIV检测均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:大学生HIV检测率较低,相关部门应加大高校被动检测力度,根据高危因素开展针对性教育,提高学生风险意识,促进主动检测。

试剂加样间隔时间对HIV抗体ELISA结果的影响分析

目的研究不同试剂加样间隔时间对HIV抗体酶联免疫检测结果准确性的影响。方法以单因素试验分析不同试剂加样间隔时间对检测结果的影响,再根据单因素试验结果进行正交试验。结果加酶、显色剂间隔时间越长,PC和QC的检测结果越低。加酶间隔时间从45 min开始,PC出现失控的情况;加显色剂间隔时间从45 min开始,QC出现告警和失控的情况。正交试验结果显示加酶和显色剂的时间要控制在15 min以内。结论加酶、显色剂间隔时间过长对检测结果影响较大,加酶、显色剂的间隔时间要控制在15 min以内。

酶联免疫法和金标法对HIV抗体的检测结果比较

目的 探讨酶联免疫法和金标法对HIV抗体的检测结果,明确针对艾滋病更为有效的临床筛查手段。方法选取264例疑似艾滋病患者,采集入组患者静脉血并进行酶联免疫法与金标法检测HIV抗体。以临床诊断结果为准,比较酶联免疫法和金标法与临床检查结果的一致性;比较酶联免疫法和金标法对艾滋病的诊断效能。结果 264例疑似艾滋病患者中,经临床筛查试验和确证试验确诊225例。κ检验分析结果显示,酶联免疫法检查结果与临床诊断结果具有高度一致性(κ=0.897, P <0.05);金标法检查结果与临床诊断结果具有高度一致性(κ=0.902, P <0.05)。酶联免疫法与金标法诊断艾滋病的灵敏度、特异性与准确率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 酶联免疫法和金标法对HIV抗体均具有较好的检出效果,可为艾滋病临床诊断提供较为准确的数据参考,临床检测中可根据患者自身情况选择相应的检测方法,必要时还可进行联合检测。

住院患者178773例HIV抗体筛查结果分析

目的了解需要输血或进行外科手术的住院患者中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况。方法检测178773例住院患者中需要输血以及外科手术的患者进行HIV抗体的检测,HIV抗体初筛采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法),阳性者送省疾控中心艾滋病确证实验室做蛋白印迹试验(Western-Blot,WB)确诊。结果 178773例需要输血以及外科手术的住院患者中,HIV抗体阳性者238例,阳性检出率1.33‰,238例HIV/AIDS患者几乎涉及所有临床科室;年龄分布主要为20～40岁(77.31%),其职业虽涉及公务员、退休干部、教师、律师、汽车司机、大/中学生、美容美发师与娱乐场所人员等,而最多的还是无固定职业者(50.00%)。结论对需要输血以及外科手术的患者进行HIV抗体的检测是发现HIV/AIDS的一条重要途径,综合医院应加强对住院患者的HIV抗体检测,以便及早发现HIV/AIDS患者,避免AIDS的医源性传播。

绵阳市海洛因成瘾者HCV和HIV抗体监测分析

[目的]了解绵阳市海洛因成瘾者HCV、HIV感染现状,深入开展社区药物维持治疗工作。[方法]对首次参加社区药物维持治疗的海洛因成瘾者进行问卷调查,采血样检测HCV和HIV血清抗体。[结果]监测574名海洛因成瘾者,HCV抗体阳性率为74.91%,HIV抗体阳性率为2.96%。不同年龄组人群HCV抗体阳性率均高,HIV抗体阳性者集中在25～40岁人群。不同吸毒方式中,单纯口吸者HCV抗体阳性率为26.79%,未检出HIV抗体阳性;单纯注射吸毒者HCV抗体阳性率为80.12%,HIV抗体阳性率为3.28%。HCV和HIV合并感染率为2.79%。[结论]海洛因成瘾者HCV和HIV感染率高,应加大健康教育和综合干预力度,积极开展社区药物维持治疗工作,以减少共用针具的高危行为。

国产抗-HIV ELISA诊断试剂质量提高的血清学证实

目的 了解国产抗 HIVELISA诊断试剂质量提高情况 ,保证检测结果的准确性。方法 使用卫生部艾滋病预防与控制中心艾滋病参比实验室的试剂质量考核血清盘 ,对 3种国产抗 HIVELISA试剂质量考核 ,并对结果比较分析。结果 2 0 0 1年生产的抗 HIVELISA诊断试剂敏感性比 1998、1999年的试剂明显提高 ,阳性漏检率明显减少。结论 国产抗 HIVELISA诊断试剂质量在不断提高 。

贵州地区2013～2015年HIV抗体筛查及确证结果分析

目的 调查贵州地区综合性医院中患者HIV感染情况,分析HIV抗体确证试验阳性人群特点,为艾滋病的预防和干预提供依据。方法 HIV抗体筛查试验采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法和胶体金法,确证试验采用免疫印迹（Western blot）法。结果 149 526例患者确证HIV抗体阳性339例,阳性率为0.23%。HIV感染人群男性多于女性;年龄主要集中在18~65岁;职业以农民居多;文化程度以小学、初中较多;传播途径以性传播为主。结论 加强高危人群的HIV检测,广泛开展艾滋病相关知识的健康教育,降低高危行为发生率,对预防和控制HIV传播具有重要意义。

噬菌体抗体文库的构建及人源抗HIV-1 gp 160抗体的筛选

构建人源噬菌体抗体文库如下：ＨＩＶ感染者脾细胞中提取ｍＲＮＡ，经反转录再以人ＩｇＧ重链Ｆｄ两端及轻链“通用”引物分别扩增Ｆａｂ基因片段，依次插入到噬菌粒载体ｐＣｏｍｂ３中，电转化大肠杆菌ＸＬ１－Ｂｌｕｅ，经辅助噬菌体救助，重组噬菌体得以溶源裂解，Ｆａｂ表达于噬菌体包膜蛋白Ⅲ的Ｎ端．此噬菌体抗体库的容量为５×１０５．筛选抗ＨＩＶ－１同时又具有能被抗独特型抗体“ＩＦ７”所识别的独特型的阳性抗体：以重组包膜糖蛋白ｇｐ１６０及ｇｐ４１多肽对噬菌体抗体文库进行三次淘选，使抗ｇｐ１６０的特异性抗体得到１００倍的富集．然后通过直接ＥＬＩＳＡ和竞争性ＥＬＩＳＡ实验筛选出两株结合性较好的特异性抗ｇｐ１６０抗体－３Ｂ株与１Ｄ株．直接ＥＬＩＳＡ实验表明这两株克隆均能被“１Ｆ７”所识别，为抗独特型多肽的筛选奠定了基础．

住院患者HIV抗体检测结果分析及防范

目的了解住院患者人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染情况并探讨其防范措施。方法对2003～2008年106001例住院患者进行HIV抗体检测，并分析其阳性结果。结果初筛阳性160例，确认阳性140例，符合率为87．50％，阳性率为0．132％。140例感染者中男102例，女38例，年龄19～93岁，其中31～40岁最多（40％）。科室分布：内科55．71％，外科43．57％，其他科室0．71％。结论常规对住院患者进行HIV抗体检测对预防医源性感染、减少医疗纠纷、防止医务人员职业暴露有重要意义。

综合医院HIV抗体和梅毒抗体检测结果分析

目的:了解综合医院HIV、梅毒感染状况,探讨应对措施。方法:对我院及国内部分综合医院HIV抗体和梅毒抗体检测结果进行统计分析研究。结果:HIV/AIDS、梅毒患者在医院绝大多数科室均有发现。结论:建议综合性医院应把HIV抗体和梅毒抗体检验作为住院病人的一项常规必查项目。同时应积极对医务人员开展HIV、梅毒相关知识培训,树立标准预防观念,在诊疗过程中采取必要且充分的防护措施,尽量减少乃至避免职业暴露和医源性传播的发生。

ELISA法检测尿液中HIV-1抗体的研究分析

目的 探讨艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者晨尿、非晨尿和血液中HIV 1抗体检测结果的一致性 ,引进尿液HIV 1抗体检测方法。方法 平行采集吸毒人员血液和尿液标本 ,分别用血液和尿液酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)法检测HIV抗体 ,阳性血清标本送云南省疾病预防控制中心确认。结果 检测 4 83人 ,血检阳性 91人 ,晨尿检测阳性 96人 ,两种方法一致性 98 96 %。对应晨尿阳性者采集非晨尿和阴性对照尿液标本各 91份 (其中血液标本检测HIV抗体阳性者 86份 ) ,检出阳性 86份 ,阴性 5份 ,非晨尿标本与血液标本检测结果一致。以血液标本检测结果为准 ,晨尿标本检测HIV 1抗体的灵敏度 10 0 % ,特异度 98 72 % ;非晨尿标本检测HIV 1抗体的灵敏度和特异度均为 10 0 %。结论 尿液ELISA法检测HIV 1抗体结果可靠 ,非晨尿可代替晨尿作HIV

云南西部两地区HIV阳性者弓形虫感染血清学调查

采集2010年6月～2011年8月云南西部两个地州(大理、德宏)的HIV阳性者(927份)血清和HIV阴性者(80份)血清,用ELISA法检测血清中弓形虫IgG抗体。结果显示,两地区HIV阳性者和HIV阴性者的弓形虫特异性抗体IgG阳性率分别为35.1%(325/927)和23.8%(19/80)。HIV阳性血清的检测结果显示,德宏州和大理州的阳性率分别为30.3%(178/588)和43.4%(147/339);各民族间的弓形虫IgG阳性率之间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=28.433,P<0.05);不同年龄组的阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.248,P>0.05),41～60岁阳性率最高(36.1%,103/285);但不同性别间[男性(35.6%,203/571)、女性(34.3%,122/356)]的差异无统计学差异(χ2=0.158,P>0.05)。

中国HIV阳性参比品库的建立以及HIV不同生物标志物的意义

为建立HIV阳性样品库并分析HIV不同生物标志物的意义,从我国不同地区以及不同人群中收集HIV感染者或可疑感染者血浆,对其进行HIV抗体、抗原、核酸以及基因型的检测,并用WB试剂对其进行抗体的确认检测。结果显示,该样品库共有样品190份,均为HIV阳性,含有我国流行的主要基因型,即B′、BC、AE和B亚型;HIV抗体S/CO值小于10者占11.1%,在10-15之间者占63.2%,大于15的占25.8%;病毒载量在50-10^3copies/mL者占7.9%,在10^3-10^5copies/mL者占82.2%,大于10^5copies/mL者占10.0%。而且抗体S/CO值大于10者,均为HIV抗体确认阳性,小于10者仅有61.9%为抗体确认阳性,但核酸均大于50copies/mL,而且抗体不确定样品的病毒载量均大于10^5copies/mL,但抗体不确定的8份样品中仅有4份样品为P24抗原阳性。结果提示该样品库样品来自于HIV感染的不同时期,可用于对HIV的不同试剂进行评价;而且核酸的检测可有助于对HIV早期感染的明确诊断。