Experimental,Numerical,and Analytical Studies on the Bending of Mechanically Lined Pipe

Mechanically lined pipe(MLP)is often used for offshore oil and gas transport because of its low cost and corrosion resistance.During installation and operation,the pipe may undergo severe bending deformation,which causes the liner to separate from the outer pipe and buckles,affecting the stability of the whole line.In this paper,the buckling response of MLP subjected to bending is investigated to clarify its bending characteristics by employing both experiments,numerical simulation,as theoretical methods.Two types of MLPs were manufactured with GB 45 carbon steel(SLP)and Al 6061(ALP)used as the outer pipe material,respectively.The hydraulic expansion and bending experiments of small-scale MLPs are conducted.In addition to the ovalized shape of the cross-section for the SLP specimens,the copper liner was found to wrinkle on the compressive side.In contrast,the liner of ALP remains intact without developing any wrinkling and collapse mode.In addition,a dedicated numerical framework and theoretical models were also established.It was found both the manufacturing and bending responses of the MLP can be well reproduced,and the predicted maximum moment and critical curvatures are in good agreement with the experimental results.

A review on evaluation of crack resistance of asphalt mixture by semi-circular bending test

Although there are many kinds of fracture tests to choose from in evaluating the crack resistance of asphalt mixture,the semi-circular bending(SCB)test has attracted a lot of attention in the academic road engineering community because of its simplicity,stability,and flexibility in testing and evaluation.The SCB test has become a common method to study the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture in recent years.This paper mainly summarizes the overview of the SCB test,summarizes some research results and common characterization parameters of the SCB test method in monotone test and fatigue test in recent years,and predicts and suggests the research direction of the SCB test in the future.It is found that the research on the monotonic SCB test is more comprehensive,and the research on the SCB fatigue test needs to be further improved in the aspects of loading mode,characterization parameter selection,and so on.Researchers can flexibly adjust the geometric dimensions and the test parameters of semi-cylindrical specimens,and conduct comprehensive analysis combined with the results of numerical simulation.The crack resistance of asphalt mixture can be comprehensively evaluated by fracture energy,fracture toughness,stiffness,flexibility index and other fracture indicators,combined with the crack propagation of the specimen.The analysis of numerical simulation can confirm the test results.In order to standardize the setting of fatigue parameters for future application,it is necessary to standardize the setting of bending performance.

APPROXIMATE ESTIMATION OF HARDENING-SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF CIRCULAR PIPES SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING

An approximate method for describing the plastic hardening-softening behaviour of circular pipes subjected to pure bending is presented. Theoretical estimation based on the uniform ovalization model and local collapse model proposed in the paper is incorporated to give several simple formulations with reasonable accuracy for determining the relationship between bending moment (M) and curvature (kappa) in the purely bended pipes. Attention is focused on the critical curvature associated with maximum resistant moment and the maximum change in the original diameter before the end of uniform ovalization stage as well as the local collapse behaviour. Some comparisons between analytical results and experimental results are made in order to examine the theory.

Fluid−Structure Interaction of Two-Phase Flow Passing Through 90° Pipe Bend Under Slug Pattern Conditions

Numerical simulations of evolution characteristics of slug flow across a 90°pipe bend have been carried out to study the fluid−structure interaction response induced by internal slug flow.The two-phase flow patterns and turbulence were modelled by using the volume of fluid(VOF)model and the Realizable k−εturbulence model respectively.Firstly,validation of the CFD model was carried out and the desirable results were obtained.The different flow patterns and the time-average mean void fraction was coincident with the reported experimental data.Simulations of different cases of slug flow have been carried out to show the effects of superficial gas and liquid velocity on the evolution characteristics of slug flow.Then,a one-way coupled fluid-structure interaction framework was established to investigate the slug flow interaction with a 90°pipe bend under various superficial liquid and gas velocities.It was found that the maximum total deformation and equivalent stress increased with the increasing superficial gas velocity,while decreased with the increasing superficial liquid velocity.In addition,the total deformation and equivalent stress has obvious periodic fluctuation.Furthermore,the distribution position of maximum deformation and stress was related to the evolution of slug flow.With the increasing superficial gas velocity,the maximum total deformation was mainly located at the 90°pipe bend.But as the superficial liquid velocity increases,the maximum total deformation was mainly located in the horizontal pipe section.Consequently,the slug flow with higher superficial gas velocity will induce more serious cyclical impact on the 90°pipe bend.

Theoretical Prediction of the Bending Stiffness of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes Using a Homogenization Method

The accurate prediction of bending stiffness is important to analyze the buckling and vibration behavior of reinforced thermoplastic pipes(RTPs)in practical ocean engineering.In this study,a theoretical method in which the constitutive relationships between orthotropic and isotropic materials are unified under the global cylindrical coordinate system is proposed to predict the bending stiffness of RTPs.Then,the homogenization assumption is used to replace the multilayered cross-sections of RTPs with homogenized ones.Different from present studies,the pure bending case of homogenized RTPs is analyzed,considering homogenized RTPs as hollow cylindrical beams instead of using the stress functions proposed by Lekhnitskii.Therefore,the bending stiffness of RTPs can be determined by solving the homogenized axial elastic moduli and moment of inertia of cross sections.Compared with the existing theoretical method,the homogenization method is more practical,universal,and computationally stable.Meanwhile,the pure bending case of RTPs was simulated to verify the homogenization method via conducting ABAQUS Explicit quasi-static analyses.Compared with the numerical and existing theoretical methods,the homogenization method more accurately predicts the bending stiffness and stress field.The stress field of RTPs and the effect of winding angles are also discussed.

The development of studying flexible pipe bend reinforced by Kevlar fibers

The flexible pipe bend can not only reduce the structural vibration and fluid noise in pipeline, but also realize the flexible connection of a horizontal line and a vertical line and compensate the displacement of three dimensions produced by the shock or vibration of pipeline in the special situations. Up to now, little attention has been paid to study the flexible pipe bend applied in the pipeline of medium or high pressure, because no appropriate framework materials can be used to reinforce it which must endure the burst pressure higher than 10 MPa. The investigation shows that it is possible to produce the flexible pipe bend of medium or high pressure if such fibers with high performance as Kevlar fibers are used to be its reinforced materials. However, its structural designing theory, manufacturing technology and measuring techniques aren't yet perfect and systematic, which leads to the instability of the performance of products. Furthermore, few references about its research can be seen. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically and thoroughly develop the structural designing theory, manufacture technology and measuring techniques of flexible pipe bend.

Effects of bending on heat transfer performance of axial micro-grooved heat pipe

Heat pipe is always bent in the typical application of electronic heat dissipation at high heat flux,which greatly affects its heat transfer performance. The capillary limit of heat transport in the bent micro-grooved heat pipes was analyzed in the vapor pressure drop,the liquid pressure drop and the interaction of the vapor with wick fluid. The bent heat pipes were fabricated and tested from the bending angle,the bending position and the bending radius. The results show that temperature difference and thermal resistance increase while the heat transfer capacity of the heat pipe decreases,with the increase of the bending angles and the bending position closer to the vapor section. However,the effects of bending radius can be ignored. The result agrees well with the predicted equations.

Defects detection in typical positions of bend pipes using low-frequency ultrasonic guided wave

In order to analyze the possibility of detecting defects in bend pipe using low-frequency ultrasonic guided wave, the propagation of T(0,1) mode and L(0,2) mode through straight-curved-straight pipe sections was studied. FE(finite element) models of bend pipe without defects and those with defects were introduced to analyze energy distribution, mode transition and defect detection of ultrasonic guided wave. FE simulation results were validated by experiments of four different bend pipes with circumferential defects in different positions. It is shown that most energy of T(0,1) mode or L(0,2) mode focuses on extrados of bend but little passes through intrados of bend, and T(0,1) mode or L(0,2) mode is converted to other possible non-axisymmetric modes when propagating through the bend and the defect after bend respectively. Furthermore, L(0,2) mode is more sensitive to circumferential notch than T(0,1) mode. The results of this work are beneficial for practical testing of pipes.

The Designation Method of Bend Forming Dies for Aluminum Tube of PE-Al-PE Composite Pipe

The PE-Al-PE composite pipe is a multiplayer pipe t hat is composed of PE (polyethylene) and Aluminum. Al is inlayed the inner PE la yer and the outer PE layer. In the producing technological process of this kind of pipe the bend forming of Al belt to tube is very important. It is the bend fo rming dies that are used in the process of producing PE-Al-PE pipe that is stu died in this article. To make a elaborate division, these dies can be classified as bending dies and forming dies here. In this paper, the designation of bendin g dies and forming dies that are used in producing technological process of PE- Al-PE pipe is put forward. The process starts from a coil of Al belt, in the ac tion of pulling force, passes between several bending dies to change its shape. The first step is to change Al belt to U shape. A couple of rolling wheels can b e used to shape the Al belt. The Al belt goes between the two rolling wheels, dr ives the wheels, at the same time is formed as the shape of the rolling wheels. Considering of the factors such as spring of the bend Al belt, frictional force between Al and the die, bending force needed to bend Al belt, etc., it must be s haped gradually into U by several dies. The designation of these dies has been g iven in this paper. The next step is to forming the U shape into a circle. The U shape Al belt goes through a round that is formed with a four-roller die, and then is shaped to a circle. Because the latter procedure requires the Al circle has a laminated area to be ultrasonic welded, this die must be designed to let t he two edges of the circle belt to be piled up to a definite width. But except f or the laminated area the other of the circle should be as round as possible. So the four rollers are not the same. The calculation and designation of the rolle rs of this four-roller die has also been given. The designation of the roller w hich is supposed to leave a gap to let the two edges of the circle belt to be pi led up is to make a fine rotation of an original circle. Then calculates the cen ter of the rotated arc and defines the arc completely. The designation method of the other rollers has also been given in this paper.

Ultimate Bending Capacity of Strain Hardening Steel Pipes

Based on Hencky＇s total strain theory of plasticity,ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes can be determined analytically assuming an elastic-linear strain hardening material,the simplified analytical solution is proposed as well.Good agreement is observed when ultimate bending capacities obtained from analytical solutions are compared with experimental results from full-size tests of steel pipes.Parametric study conducted as part of this paper indicates that the strain hardening effect has significant influence on the ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes.It is shown that pipe considering strain hardening yields higher bending capacity than that of pipe assumed as elastic-perfectly plastic material.Thus,the ignorance of strain hardening effect,as commonly assumed in current codes,may underestimate the ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes.The solutions proposed in this paper are applicable in the design of offshore/onshore steel pipes,supports of offshore platforms and other tubular structural steel members.

Automatic girth welding and performance evaluation of the joints of hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness

During the process of laying long-distance oil and gas transmission pipelines, the hot-induction-bend method is extensively used when the direction has to be changed. By considering the pipeline＇ s ongoing processing and loading states during service, the pipeline that is generally used exhibits thicker walls than those that are observed in the line pipe. As such, during pipeline construction, hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness are girth-welded. The chemical composition of hot-induction-bend and line pipes differs, with the carbon content being particularly higher in the hot-induction-bend pipe;it also depicts a higher carbon equivalent, which makes it possible to modify the girth of the pipe. In this study, using Baosteel＇ s standard X70M UOE hot- induction-bend and line pipes, solid-wire automatic gas-metal-arc girth welding was performed and the performance of the girth-welded joint was evaluated. Furthermore,the weldability of the pipeline girth and the microstructure of the girth-welded joint were analyzed. The results reveal that Baosteel＇ s standard UOE hot-induction-bend and line pipes exhibit good girth weldability, and their technical quality can be guaranteed in case of consumer field- construction applications.

Sheet Bending Deformation in Production of Thin-Walled Pipes

Nowadays, thin-walled super-diameter pipes are produced by the method of plastic bending of sheets. After a sheet is bent into a pipe and its ends are welded, a pipe billet is subjected to expansion deformation. The technology of forming end areas of a sheet is developed and formulaes forming forces equations are deduced. Experimental investigations of deformation are undertaken.

Buckling Response of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Subjected to Bending

The buckling response of pipe-in-pipe(PIP)systems subjected to bending is investigated in this paper. A set of parameterized models are established to explore the bending characteristics of the PIP systems through eigenvalue buckling analysis and nonlinear post-buckling analysis. The results show that the length of PIP systems and the height of centralizers are the most significant factors that influence the buckling moment, ultimate bending moment and buckling mode; the other geometric characteristics, such as initial geometric imperfection and friction between centralizers and outer pipes, evidently influence the post-buckling path and ductility of PIPs; the equivalent bending stiffness is dependent on the length and centralizers. Moreover, the range of equivalent bending stiffness is also discussed.

INVESTIGATION INTO THE SPRINGBACK OF PIPE BENDING USING INDUCTION HEATING

Stresses and deformation states of pipe bending are investigated under loading or unloading with various pipe materials, size, bending radius and deformation temperature. A theorem of springback of large diameter pipe bending is presented. The experiments are carried out with pipe materials of 20, 10CrMo910 and 12Cr1MoV steel. Results of computations are in good agreement with experiments.

弯曲载荷下双金属机械复合管内衬层屈曲失效机理

双金属机械复合管是油气田集输管线防腐控制的主要措施之一,而内衬层的失效是制约复合管工程应用的关键难题。为研究双金属机械复合管内衬层屈曲失效机理,建立弯曲载荷下复合管力学模型,研究成型压力、工作内压及复合管结构参数对内衬层失效模式的影响规律。结果表明:增加成型后的残余接触压力有助于提高内衬层的抗屈曲能力;较高的工作内压能够延缓内衬层屈曲时间,减小其褶皱幅值;成型前复合管层间初始间隙减小有利于提高内衬层抗屈曲能力;随着外基管壁厚、内衬管壁厚、复合管内径的增加,内衬管的抗屈曲能力增强。

基于POA-BP的TP2管材自由弯曲成形结果预测

将壁厚减薄率和椭圆率作为管材自由弯曲成形结果的评价指标,选取弯曲模与管材间隙值、弯曲模圆角半径值、管材弯曲变形区长度、导向机构圆角半径值、导向机构与管材间隙值作为影响因子。利用数值模拟方法对管材自由弯曲成形结果的评价指标和影响因子建立样本库,并随机选取6组作为测试样本,其余的作为训练样本,结合BP神经网络和鹈鹕优化算法对预测模型进行训练,构建POA-BP神经网络预测模型对管材自由弯曲成形结果进行预测。结果表明,POA-BP预测模型的壁厚减薄率和椭圆率的最大预测误差不超过2%,故POA-BP预测模型能够有效预测管材成形结果。

工业弯管泄爆口位置对爆炸湍流的影响分析

为研究弯管泄爆对气体爆炸的影响,基于试验测试和数值模拟(FLACs软件)分析管道泄爆状态下湍流的变化规律。结果表明:在试验条件下,封闭管道弯管内4.8 m处监测点湍流动能峰值为5 745.42 m^(2)/s^(2),开口泄爆后该点湍流动能增幅为8.4%;当改变泄爆口位置时,弯道处监测点测得最大湍流动能相较于封闭管道该处最大湍流动能增幅为20.84%,弯管处湍流动能比直管最大增加了314%,影响因素主要为管道结构和泄爆口产生的排放和诱导作用;不同工况下内径0.125 m管道上泄爆口处最大湍流动能随着泄爆口位置和点火点之间的距离的增大而先增大后减小,二者的关系可拟合为一维高斯函数(Gauss Amp),拟合结果显示湍流动能最大为13 352.55m^(2)/s^(2),此时泄爆口的孔口效应和流量限制都增大了湍流强度,导致更快的爆炸气流流出速度及更高的气体燃烧率,冲出气流携带的能量较大,对周围设施的危害影响最大。

航空发动机液压弯管流固耦合振动特性分析

为研究流固耦合作用下多弯曲段液压管道的流体流动与管道振动之间的动力学特性,基于ANSYS Workbench平台分析了航空发动机某易故障部位弯形液压管道的预应力模态,通过SST k-ω湍流模型模拟计算不同流体流速下弯形液压管内流体的流动状态,获得了不同管内流体流速与管道形变以及等效应力之间的关系,得出在允许最大流速下弯管的形变随曲率半径的变化趋势,并总结出该液压弯管不同充液状态下的前六阶固有频率的变化趋势。结果表明:管道形变随流体流速的增加而增大,随曲率半径的增大而减小;弯管不同充液状态下管道的前六阶固有频率随阶数增加而增长且同阶下空管的固有频率大于充液弯管的固有频率;最后通过充液弯管的前六阶振型图分析了不同阶频率易发生形变的部位研究,可为航空发动机弯形液压管道的设计提供参考。

玻纤增强甲基丙烯酸酯基UV-CIPP材料抗弯性能及失效分析

管道修复用紫外光原位固化(Ultraviolet cured-in-place pipe,UV-CIPP)材料是一种玻纤复合材料,其抗弯性能是评价管道修复效果以及材料优化设计所需的重要参考指标。以玻纤增强甲基丙烯酸酯基UV-CIPP材料为研究对象,考虑固化时间、固化距离、紫外灯功率和材料厚度的影响,基于融合高清视频和SEM观测的三点弯曲试验,对玻纤增强甲基丙烯酸酯基UV-CIPP材料抗弯性能和失效机制进行了研究。结果表明,UV-CIPP材料的失效过程可以分为三个阶段:弹性阶段、基体开裂阶段和玻纤布断裂阶段,基体开裂、脱粘分层和纤维拉拔断裂是玻纤增强甲基丙烯酸酯基UV-CIPP材料弯曲失效的主要原因。在单一变量影响下,玻纤增强甲基丙烯酸酯基UV-CIPP材料弯曲强度和弯曲模量随固化时间、固化距离和紫外灯功率的增大均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,随着材料厚度的增大却逐渐减小。本研究不仅为UV-CIPP材料的优化设计提供了参考依据,也为国产化UV-CIPP材料的发展奠定了重要基础。

一种JCO成形压下量计算的改进方法

针对大型直缝焊管JCO成形过程中难以准确得到压下量的难题,文中提出了一种根据计算折弯角的大小来计算压下量的方法。其关键为:在考虑预弯和最终成形具有一定开口的前提下,对每一道次的折弯角进行分配,通过理论分析给出每一道次折弯角的计算公式。建立JCO成形的有限元模型,通过分析应力应变状态,获得板料成形过程中的回弹情况和形状演化规律。研究了X65钢的JCO成形过程,当成形道次为17时,通过理论解析获得了每一道次折弯角为16.3°。运用有限元模拟,分析板料成形压下量和回弹后折弯角的关系,通过对模拟结果进行线性拟合得到了理论解析式,得到了每一道次折弯角对应的压下量,试验和理论压下量对比,平均相对误差为6.45%,证明了该方法的可行性和精确性。