Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme(MSPAS)to Simulate the Interaction between Land Surface Processes and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Semi-Arid Regions

This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction between land surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts: atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which are famous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenient and saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved in this paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The scheme is used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature of boundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS is used to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results. This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and the atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate and numerical weather prediction study.

Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to Study the Sensitivity of Land Surface and Boundary Layer Processes to Soil and Vegetation Conditions

A series of sensitivity tests are performed to test the stability and sensibility of the Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS), which was wholly introduced in a previous paper. The numerical simulation results from the experiments show good agreement with physical reality. Besides, some of the results are illuminating. Together with the first paper, it is concluded that MSPAS is a simple but effective model, and it is practically valuable in the research work of desertification control and reforestation in China.

Diversity of endophytes across the soil-plant continuum for Atriplex spp. in arid environments

Endophytes are hypothesized to be transferred across the soil-plant continuum, suggesting both the transfers of endophytes from environment to plant and from plant to soil. To verify this hypothesis and to assess the role of locality, we evaluated the similarity of microbial communities commonly found both in soils and endophytic communities in three arid regions, i.e. the Jornada LTER （Long Term Ecological Research） site in New Mexico, USA, and the research station of Jordan University of Science and Technology （JUST） and Khanasd research station in Badia region of Jordan. Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, leaves and seeds of Atriplex spp. were sampled. Diversity and distribution of bacteria and fungi across the soil-plant continuums were assessed by tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing and sequence alignment. Of the total bacterial OTUs （operational taxonomic units）, 0.17% in Khanasri research station, 0.16% in research station of JUST, and 0.42% in Jornada LTER site were commonly found across all the plant and soil compartments. The same was true for fungi in two regions, i.e. 1.56% in research station of JUST and 0.86% in Jornada LTER site. However, in Khanasri research station, 12.08% of total fungi OTUs were found in at least one soil compartment and one plant compartment. Putative Arthrobacter, Sporosarcina, Cladosporium and members of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were found across all the soil-plant continuums. Ascomycota, mainly including Didymellaceae, Pleosporaceae and Davidiellaceae were present across all the soil-plant continuums. Microbial communities in two regions of Jordan were similar to each other, but both of them were different from the Jornada LTER site of USA. SIMPER （similarity percentage） analysis of bacterial and fungal taxa for both soil and endophyte communities revealed that dissimilarities of two bacterial genera （Arthrobacter and Sporosarcina） and two fungal genera （Cladosporium and Alternaria） are very high, so they play key roles in the soil-plant continuums. A weighed Pearson correlation analysis for the specific bacterial OTUs in the soil-plant continuums only showed high similarity between the two regions of Jordan. However, fungal groups showed higher similarities among all regions. This research supports the hypothesis of continuity of certain bacterial and fungal communities across the soil-plant continuums, and also explores the influences of plant species and geographic specificity on diversity and distribution of bacteria and fungi.

Enhancement of beneficial microbiomes in plant-soil continuums through organic fertilization:Insights into the composition and multifunctionality

Soil microbiomes play a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions and are of great importance for soil health.Some of them could bring benefits to plants for growth promotion.Despite numerous studies have focused on specific beneficial bacteria and their interactions with soils and plants,we still lack a comprehensive understanding of beneficial communities in plant–soil continuums and their responses to agricultural activities.To address this gap,we carried out a microcosm experiment using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to explore the effects of organic fertilization on beneficial communities in plant–soil continuums and assess their potential multifunctionality.Our findings reveal that organic fertilization had a positive impact on the beneficial functionality of bacterial communities in plant–soil continuums.This improvement was primarily attributed to the optimized soil physicochemical conditions resulting from organic fertilization.Additionally,organic fertilization increased the complexity of bacterial co-occurrence networks in both soils and the endosphere.Keystone taxa in the endosphere undergone a shift of functions toward pathogen suppression as the result of organic fertilization.Furthermore,this study revealed that plants exhibited a preference for internalizing beneficial bacteria over other type of bacteria.We also provided new insights for evaluating the multifunctionality of microbiomes,and found that the functionality of beneficial communities in plant–soil continuums is enhanced by organic fertilization.All these findings suggested that organic fertilization can be an effective strategy for maintaining plant and soil health.

植物根系吸水模型研究进展

根系是植物获取水分的主要器官,它直接影响整个植株的输水量以及生命活动。在水资源短缺的状况下,了解根系生长过程中的需水特性并提高农业中水资源的利用率,一直是节水灌溉技术中研究创新的热点。因此,在研究过程中需要对植物根系的吸水量进行精确估算,建立根系吸水模型是定量化研究植物根系吸水特性的重要方法。概述根系吸水的原理及其主要影响因素,对不同研究方法下的根系吸水模型进行分类研究,并阐述其适用范围及优缺点,同时介绍了水盐共同胁迫下的根系吸水模型。最后对目前的根系吸水模型进行分析,提出了今后的研究方向。研究成果为构建水稻根系三维动态吸水模型提供了基础。

有机肥增强植物磷素吸收利用机制研究进展

磷素对植物的正常生长发育极为重要,但由于土壤中固有的磷形态生物有效性低,植物磷素吸收能力弱,导致磷素利用率低。有机肥施用能有效增强植物的磷素吸收利用能力,但其背后的原因错综复杂。综述了有机肥施用如何增加土壤磷素有效性以及增强植物对磷素的吸收能力的机制,并重点强调了在此过程中微生物的重要作用。有机肥通过改变土壤吸附特性、团聚体形成以及微生物代谢活动增加土壤磷素有效性;通过调节根际微生物与植物根系间的关系促进根系生长、改变根系形态,从而增强磷素吸收能力,是以“碳”为核心的植物-微生物-土壤互作的连续体。

基于稳定同位素的干旱半干旱区SPAC水分运移过程研究进展

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是生态水文学的重点研究对象,其水分运移过程对于干旱半干旱区生态植被建设和水资源综合管理具有重要意义。氢氧稳定同位素较高的灵敏性和准确度有助于揭示这一过程。介绍了氢氧稳定同位素在土壤-大气界面、土壤-地下水界面、土壤-植物界面和植物-大气界面水分补给传输过程中的应用,包括土壤水分来源和蒸发;水分补给入渗机制和滞留时间;植物水分来源和水力再分配;蒸散发分割和叶片吸水的相关研究,同时明确了氢氧稳定同位素技术在应用过程中存在的一些不确定性以及未来亟需加强的方面,以期为利用稳定同位素技术对生态水文过程的研究提供参考依据。

Effects of atmospheric mercury pollution on terrestrial ecosystem in Chongqing, China

The results from investigations indicated that mercury pollution in terrestrial ecosystem was serious due to the anthropogenic mercury emission growing in Chongqing, China. The concentration of atmospheric mercury in Chongqing was 34.4±2.7 ng/m\+3 with the range of 9.2—101.5. The accumulation of mercury in surface soil was increasing with time. The mercury content of some agricultural products have exceeded the food health standard value, especially near the mercury emission sources. The mercury accumulation in soil plant system was affected by atmospheric mercury and a positive correlation between them was found. Volatilization of mercury was the most important processes with which soil mercury joined the global mercury recycling.

基于SWAP模型的河套灌区向日葵农田土壤水盐通量模拟

为了探究河套灌区节水实施现状条件下农田土壤水盐动态变化规律,利用向日葵田间试验观测资料,对SWAP模型进行参数率定和验证,并利用该模型模拟向日葵生长条件下0~100 cm土层土壤水盐通量及水盐平衡状况。研究结果表明:在灌溉阶段,向日葵根系层土壤水分主要向下渗漏,水分通量和盐分通量为负,土壤盐分被淋洗;在非灌溉阶段,地下水向上补给向日葵根系层土壤,水分通量和盐分通量为正,根系层土壤积盐。2019、2020年模拟期间水分通量累计量分别为52.5、60.6 mm,盐分通量累计量分别为-4.5、-4.9 mg/cm^(2),0~100 cm土层土壤盐分通量分别增加了7.5、7.1 mg/cm^(2)。向日葵现状灌溉条件下0~100 cm土层土壤积盐,可能产生土壤次生盐碱化的风险,向日葵生育期结束后需要进行秋浇淋洗盐分来保证下一年度向日葵的正常生长。

浅地下水埋深区潜水对SPAC系统作用初步研究

在地下水埋深较浅的地区，潜水参与和影响了ＳＰＡＣ系统的水分、生物、化学等过程．禹城综合试验站和南通农水科研站试验结果表明，潜水对土壤－植物－大气连续体的水分过程和生物过程都有着显著的作用．禹城试区１９９８年玉米灌浆期腾发量的１５６９％是由地下水蒸发“贡献”的；南通农水站试验表明，潜水通过控制土壤水分分布影响冬小麦根系发育和冬小麦产量，统计结果显示：对于冬小麦，在没有灌溉的条件下，存在着一个最优地下水位埋深，约在１５ｍ左右．研究成果对于深入分析水系统水分运移规律和充分利用地下水、制定合理的节水灌溉方案以及通过控制地下水对农作物生长进行调控等有着一定的理论价值和生产意义．

土壤水研究进展与评述

土壤水是联系地表水与地下水的纽带， 在水资源的形成、转化及消耗过程中有重要作用， 与农业、水文、环境等领域都有密切联系。所以土壤水研究越来越引起人们的重视， 有了长足的进步。目前， 土壤水研究走向多学科的交叉， 如水热盐的耦合运移， 冻结土壤中水分的运移， 土壤植物大气连续体中的水热运移等。土壤水运动机理研究也更加深入， 如优先流、土壤水参数的测定及确定、土壤水参数的空间变异性等。土壤水研究的数值模拟方法也有一些突破， 如有限解析法、特征有限元法、交替方向有限元法等。土壤水研究的应用也更加广泛， 如用于水资源评价、土壤水分与作物的关系、水环境评价等。

植物水分传输过程中的调控机制研究进展

农田土壤水分的转化利用与调控是以土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)为基础,以植物为核心,其中水分在植物体内的传输与调控研究一直是国际学术研究的前沿性热点课题。概述了植物水分传输的驱动力和传输途径,重点从植物的气孔调节、水容调节、渗透调节、水孔蛋白调节、贮水调节、气穴和栓塞调节等方面综述了植物水分传输过程中的调控机制研究进展。通过对植物存在优化调控水分平衡的潜在能力的研究,不仅可充实SPAC系统水分传输理论,而且有助于明确植物对环境的适应机制和高效用水的潜力及其节水调控的效应,对指导干旱半干旱地区农业生产提供理论依据。

土壤-作物-大气系统水热碳氮过程耦合模型构建

定量描述农田生态系统中土壤水分动态、碳氮循环过程和作物生长发育规律,对水氮资源高效利用、作物生产决策和环境保护具有十分重要的意义。该文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,引用了联合国粮食及农业组织的气象模块、荷兰的PS123作物模型和丹麦的Daisy模型的碳氮循环模块;借鉴了RZWQM和Hydrus-1D的水分溶质运移模块的相关理论,并在其基础上进行了修改与完善,构建了土壤-作物-大气系统水热碳氮耦合模拟模型WHCNS（soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulation）。该模型以天为步长,考虑了气象条件、作物生物学特性和田间管理驱动。土壤水分入渗和再分布过程分别采用Green-Ampt模型和Richards方程来描述。土壤氮素运移使用对流-弥散方程来描述,源汇项中考虑碳氮循环的各个过程（有机质矿化、生物固持、尿素水解、氨挥发、硝化、反硝化和作物吸收等）,在根系吸水吸氮源汇项中引入了补偿性吸收机制。有机质模块完全来自Daisy模型,将有机质库划分为3个快库和3个慢库。利用改进的荷兰PS123模型实现了作物生长发育进程、干物质生产、干物质分配及作物产量的模拟,通过水氮胁迫校准因子来实现水氮限制下作物产量的模拟。最后应用华北地区（山东泰安）冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系2 a的田间观测数据对该模型进行了校验。结果表明,剖面土壤水分和硝态氮浓度、叶面积指数、作物产量与实测值均吻合良好,模拟误差均在合理范围之内,特别是对产量的模拟较好,均方根误差为206-319 kg/hm^2,相关系数为0.90,模型效率值均大于0.75,一致性指数值均大于0.9。WHCNS模型能够较好地模拟土壤水分动态、氮素运移及去向、作物生长发育等过程,表明该模型适用于中国华北地区高度集约化的农田生产系统。

浅埋条件下地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体中水分运移研究综述

地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体系统中水分运移研究对于水资源的有效利用及生态环境问题有着重要的科学研究意义。在地下水浅埋条件下,地下水、土壤水、植物水、大气水是一个连续的水分过程。通过归纳国内外在地下水浅埋条件下土壤水分运移、土壤盐分运移、以及水盐运移对植物生长发育等生物过程作用的机理等方面的研究成果,综述了近年来国内外在地下水浅埋深条件下GSPAC系统水运移在研究方法、试验和模型方面的进展、各种研究方法的原理、优缺点和今后的研究方向,分析指出定量地研究浅埋深地下水对SPAC系统水分过程、生物过程和能量过程等的作用和影响是一个复合过程,由单个过程研究向过程的综合分析发展难度较大,目前研究相对比较薄弱,是今后需要重点发展的一个方向,在此基础上阐述了GSPAC系统水运移的研究需要深入发展的几个方面。

土壤-植物-大气界面中水分迁移过程及模拟研究进展

介绍了水循环过程中界面水分迁移转化理论,及SPAC连续体的概念及其发展过程,阐明了一些国内外SPAC理论研究的主要成果;对国内外各种典型土壤-植物-大气界面模型的基本结构、适用范围、主要研究对象、优势以及局限性做了系统介绍和对比;在此基础上对土壤-植物-大气系统的相互作用过程以及系统模拟中存在的问题提出了展望。分析得出如何解决下垫面与土壤-植物-大气系统复杂的关系,以及尺度转化问题将是面临的主要挑战。认为借助于水分和能量交换过程中的模型参数优化,来实现界面中水分迁移过程的精确化和简化模拟是未来的重要研究方向。

土壤-植物-大气连续体模型中的蒸散发计算

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中包括一系列的水分与能量交换过程。本文侧重探讨蒸发与蒸腾的过程及其定量。主要内容包括(SPAC)综合模型;各种蒸散发参数的确定;作物蒸腾量的确定;棵间土壤表面蒸发量的确定。用实际观测资料进行验算,得出比较符合实测过程的蒸发和蒸腾计算结果。

热带次生林林窗区域土壤-植物-大气连续体热力效应初步分析

利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗地表温、气温及下层植物叶温的时空分布和变化规律,分析了叶温与气温和地表温的相互关系。指出在林窗区域,由于受雾、太阳高度及林窗边缘树木的影响,各小气候要素最大值随时间、季节的不同,出现在林窗不同的方位,并且存在叶温高值区时空动态位移现象;另外,林窗区域土壤-植物-大气连续体界面间热量传递方向随时间、季节的不同而发生着改变,甚至在同一时段内,林窗不同区域会存在热量传递方向截然相反的现象,显示出林窗内可能存在热量循环的小环流。其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量传输、小气候的形成机制、生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。

大气汞对土壤─植物系统汞累积的影响研究

采用室内模拟试验的方法，研究了大气汞污染对土壤植物系统的危害及其机理．结果表明，植物可吸收大气汞，也可吸收土壤汞．当植物汞源于气汞时，其地上部汞含量高于根部；源于土壤汞时，则根汞高于地上部汞．土壤汞累积的来源可通过直接吸附大气汞，也来源于植物汞的输入．土壤添加腐殖质后，对大气汞的吸附能力更大；土壤覆盖农膜后。

根土系统中的根系水力提升研究综述

根土系统可看作是土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)系统的子系统,根土间存在着内在优化协调的动态机制以更大限度地为SPAC过程提供水分和养分。植物根系的水力提升现象是根土系统对水分分异的根土环境中土壤水资源优化利用的过程,是植物根系所具有的一种普遍现象。植物根系的水力提升作用利于植物对土壤水分利用最大化,同时也促进了对土壤养分的吸收利用及对土壤环境的改善。可以从系统优化的观点对这一现象的存在进行理论解释,其发生受一定的条件制约,是必然中的偶然。根系水力提升量不容忽视,在一些环境的植物中,水力提升提供了很大比例的蒸腾水分,不仅对植物蒸腾耗水有利,更存在广泛的生理生态意义。研究根系提水的应用对干旱区农业发展和生态修复有着潜在的价值,具有广泛的研究前景。