The Application of Solid Waste in Thermal Insulation Materials: A Review

As socioeconomic development continues,the issue of building energy consumption has attracted significant attention,and improving the thermal insulation performance of buildings has become a crucial strategic measure.Simultaneously,the application of solid waste in insulation materials has also become a hot topic.This paper reviews the sources and classifications of solid waste,focusing on research progress in its application as insulation materials in the domains of daily life,agriculture,and industry.The research shows that incorporating household solid waste materials,such as waste glass,paper,and clothing scraps into cementitious thermal insulation can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the materials,leading to excellent thermal insulation properties.Insulation materials prepared from agricultural solid waste,such as barley straw,corn stalk,chicken feather,and date palm fibers,possess characteristics of lightweight and strong thermal insulation.Industrial solid waste,including waste tires,iron tailings,and coal bottom ash,can also be utilized in the preparation of insulation materials.These innovative applications not only have positive environmental significance by reducing waste emissions and resource consumption,but also provide efficient and sustainable insulation solutions for the construction industry.However,to further optimize the mix design and enhance the durability of insulation materials,continuous research is required to investigate the mechanisms through which solid waste impacts the performance of insulation materials.

Effect of Water Absorption on the Mechanical Property and Failure Mechanism of Hollow Glass Microspheres Composite Epoxy Resin Solid Buoyancy Materials

To study the water absorption of hollow glass microspheres(HGMs)composite epoxy resin solid buoyancy materials in the marine environment and its effect on the mechanical properties,the water absorption was measured by immersing the material in distilled water for 36 days at ambient temperature and fitted to Fick’s second law.The strength of materials before and after water absorption were tested by uniaxial experiments,and the effects of the filling ratio and water absorption on the mechanical properties of the materials were analyzed and explained.Finally,the failure modes and mechanism of the hollow glass microspheres composite material were explicated from the microscopic level by scanning electron microscope(SEM).This research will help solve the problems of solid buoyancy materials in ocean engineering applications.

Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

Archival Examination of the Change in Packaging Materials of Chemical Injections

Based on the deepening awareness of the risk of changing packaging materials of injections,the national regulatory authorities and the China National Pharmaceutical Packaging Association have issued the relevant guidelines and group standards for changing packaging materials in recent years,greatly improving the research and development and technical requirements of packaging materials of injections.In 2021,Guangdong Province carried out the archival examination of the change of listed drugs,among which the proportion of the acceptance of changed injection packaging materials has increased year by year.On the basis of sorting out the archival examination work and combining with the cases of changing packaging materials of chemical injections accepted by Guangdong Province during 2021-2022,the requirements and problems of archival examination were analyzed and discussed to provide a reference and idea for applicants when studying the change in packaging materials.

Review of the fabrication and application of porous materials from silicon-rich industrial solid waste

Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”

Microwave synthesis of La_(1-x)Sr_xCo_(1-y)Fe_yO_3 cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3 cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells were prepared by the microwave synthesis method.The reaction mechanism was studied using a thermal analysis method.The influences of microwave synthesis conditions were examined and the characteristics of the samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.It was found that the optimum conditions were the microwave power of 800 W and the reaction time of 40 min.Samples with perosvkite-type crystal structure were obtained.The samples consist of uniformly distributed internal particles and the particle size is less than 1 μm.

Combustion Characteristics of Solid Sustained-Release Energetic Materials

A solid sustained-release energetic material sample,an eruption device and a complete test system were prepared further to analyse the combustion characteristics of solid sustainedrelease energetic materials.The high-temperature heat flux generated by the combustion of the samples from the eruption device was used to penetrate the Q235 target plate.In addition,the meaning and calculation formula of energy density characterising the all-around performance of heat flux were proposed.The numerical simulation of the combustion effect of samples was carried out.According to the data comparison,the numerical simulation results agreed with the experimental results,and the maximum deviation between the two was less than 8.9%.In addition,the structure of the combustion wave and high-temperature jet was proposed and analysed.Based on theoretical analysis,experimental research and numerical simulation,the theoretical burning rate formula of the sample was established.The maximum error between the theoretically calculated mass burning rate and the experimental results was less than 9.8%.Therefore,using the gas-phase steady-state combustion model to study the combustion characteristics of solid sustained-release energetic materials was reasonable.The theoretical burning rate formula also had high accuracy.Therefore,the model could provide scientific and academic guidance for the theoretical research,system design and practical application of solid sustained-release energetic materials in related fields.

Plasma assisted synthesis of LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2) cathode materials with good cyclic stability at subzero temperatures

Layered Ni-rich cathode materials,LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622),are synthesized via solid reaction assisted with a plasma milling pretreatment,which is resulted in lowering sintering temperatures for solid precursors.The plasma milling pretreated NCM622 cathode material sintered at 780℃(named as PM-780)demonstrates good cycling stability at both room and subzero temperatures.Specifically,the PM-780 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 171.2 mAh g^(-1) and a high capacity retention of 99.7%after 300 cycles with current rate of 90 mA g^(-1) at 30℃,while stable capacities of 120.3 and 94.0 m Ah g^(-1) can be remained at-10℃and-20℃in propylene carbonate contained electrolyte,respectively.In-situ XRD together with XPS and SEM reveal that the NCM622 cycled at-10℃presented better structural stability and more intact interface than that of cathodes cycled at 30℃.It is also found that subzero temperatures only limit the discharge potential of NCM622 without destroying its structure during cycling since it still exhibits high discharge capacity at 30℃after cycled at subzero temperatures.This work may expand the knowledge about the low-temperature characteristics of layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries and lay the foundation for its further applications.

Kinetics of synthesis of Li_4Ti_5O_(12) through solid-solid reaction

Solid-solid reaction under low heat or low temperature is an approach to synthesize various kinds of materials that were widely used in electrochemistry field. In this paper a theoretical treatment has been presented for analyzing the mechanism of solid-solid reaction and deriving a series of formulae to describe the variation and rate of reactions. This new model has been used in the manufacturing of spinel Li4Ti5O12. The results show that this new model works very well and will play a useful role for guiding the manufacturing of electrochemical materials.

Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Mg_2Si_(1-x)Sn_x solid solutions by microwave irradiation

In order to reduce the oxidizing and volatilizing caused by Mg element in the traditional methods for synthesizing Mg2Sil?xSnx(x=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) solid solutions,microwave irradiation techniques were used in preparing them as thermoelectric materials.Structure and phase composition of the obtained materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrical conductivity,Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured as a function of temperature from 300 to 750 K.It is found that Mg2Sil?xSnx solid solutions are well formed with excessive content of 5%(molar fraction) Mg from the stoichiometric Mg2Sil-xSnx under microwave irradiation.A maximum dimensionless figure of merit,ZT,of about 0.26 is obtained for Mg2Sil?xSnx solid solutions at about 500 K for x=0.6.

Effects of different iron sources on the performance of LiFePO_4/C composite cathode materials

Olivine LiFePO4/C composite cathode materials were synthesized by a solid state method in N2 + 5vol% H2 atmosphere. The effects of different iron sources, including Fe(OH)3 and FeC2O4·2H2O, on the performance of as-synthesized cathode materials were investigated and the causes were also analyzed. The crystal structure, the morphology, and the electrochemical performance of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle-size distribution measurement, and other electrochemical techniques. The results demonstrate that the LiFePO4/C materials obtained from Fe(OH)3 at 800°C and FeC2O4·2H2O at 700°C have the similar electrochemical performances. The initial discharge capacities of LiFePO4/C synthesized from Fe(OH)3 and FeC2O4·2H2O are 134.5 mAh·g-1 and 137.4 mAh·g-1 at the C/5 rate, respectively. How-ever, the tap density of the LiFePO4/C materials obtained from Fe(OH)3 are higher, which is significant for the improvement of the capacity of the battery.

Electrochemical properties of spinel LiMn_2O_4 and LiAl_(0.1)Mn_(1.9)O_(3.9)F_(0.1) synthesized by solid-state reaction

Two types of spinel cathode powders, LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1, were synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared samples were identified as the spinel structure with a space group of Fd 3 m. The cubic lattice parameter was determined from least-squares fitting of the XRD data. The LiAl0.1Mn1.9O3.9F0.1 sample showed a little lower initial capacity, but better cycling performance than the LiMn2O4 sample at both room temperature and an elevated temperature. The Vanderbilt method was used to test the electrochemical conductivity of the LiMn2O4 samples. The electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy (EIS) method was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of these spinel LiMn2O4 samples.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Layered Lithium Sodium Silicate (Silinaite) and the Mesoporous Materials from Silinaite

新奇分层的 silinaite 在热水的结晶化下面用水玻璃， LiOH 和 NaOH 的水的混合物被综合了。随后转变 ofsilinaite 进我酣睡的材料(SDM ) 作为指导结构的代理人用 cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide 以温和状况被完成。产生样品被 XRD ， SEM ， FTIRnitrogen 吸附解吸附作用等温线和催化性能在揭示的笨重分子的 involvedreaction.The 结果描绘综合我酣睡的材料源于 silinaiteexhibited 有 2.7 运用的平均孔径和 BET 817m ~ 2/g .The 的订的六方晶结构 支持SDM 的 ZnCl_2 催化剂，由受精蒸发方法准备了，保留我在有本甲基的苯的完化的酣睡的结构和显示出的高选择氯化物。

Synthesis of steel slag ceramics: chemical composition and crystalline phases of raw materials

Two types of porcelain tiles with steel slag as the main raw material(steel slag ceramics) were synthesized based on the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 and CaO –MgO –SiO2 systems, and their bending strengths up to 53.47 MPa and 99.84 MPa, respectively, were obtained. The presence of anorthite, α-quartz, magnetite, and pyroxene crystals(augite and diopside) in the steel slag ceramics were very different from the composition of traditional ceramics. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and electron probe X-ray microanalysis(EPMA) results illustrated that the addition of steel slag reduced the temperature of extensive liquid generation and further decreased the firing temperature. The considerable contents of glass-modifying oxide liquids with rather low viscosities at high temperature in the steel slag ceramic adobes promoted element diffusion and crystallization. The results of this study demonstrated a new approach for extensive and effective recycling of steel slag.

Structural evolution of spray-formed Al-70wt.%Si alloys during iso-thermal holding in the semi-solid state

The grain growth behavior of spray-formed Al-70wt.%Si alloys was studied in the semi-solid state. The speci- mens were isothermally heat-treated at various temperatures between the solidus and liquidus of Al-Si alloys and then quenched in water. The microstructure of reheated specimens was characterized using optical and scanning electron micro- scopies. The isothermal holding experiment was carried out to investigate grain growth behavior as a function of holding time and temperature in the semi-solid state. The coarsening mechanism and the effect of porosity on microstructure were also studied.

Effect of Ethanol on Synthesis and Electrochemical Property of Mesoporous Al-doped Titanium Dioxide via Solid-state Reaction

Mesoporous aluminum-doped titanium dioxide(Al-TiO2) materials with high specific surface areas were prepared via a solid-state reaction route.The properties of these materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),N2 absorption-desorption,ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy(UV-Vis) and electrochemical spectroscopy.The results show that the mesoporous structure of the product with ethanol is composed of anatase laced crystal walls with amorphous grain boundaries formed gradually by degradation.Compared with those without ethanol,these samples possess larger crystallite size since ethanol decreases the pore size at higher temperature.With the increase of ethanol amount,however,the crystallite size will grow.The amorphous grain boundaries in the mesoporous material,with a large impedance and low incidental cyclic potential,are difficult to effectively degrade and the phase transformation temperature is changed from 500 to 550℃.The growth rate of Al-TiO2 crystallites that obeys the quadratic polynomial equation may be controlled.

Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Various Oxides and Mesoporous Materials Containing Niobium and Sulfate Ions, in the Etherification Reaction of 2-Naphtol

Several types of solid acid catalysts were prepared based on oxides like (ZrO2, TiO2, HfO2, MCM-41 and SBA-15), using two main preparation methods: the precipitation and the sol-gel methods. Each catalyst was subjected to two types of impregnations: sulfate ions using sulfuric acid as precursor and niobium using niobium oxalate as precursor. These prepared catalysts were tested in the etherification reaction of 2-naphtol, where the catalysts showed both acidic and redox properties. The acidic character was manifested through the formation of 2-butoxynaphtalene (with moderate yields) when oxide is sulfated, and the redox character (when impregnated with niobium) manifested through the formation of the interesting product 2-ethylnaphtofuran (with low yields) and other products that were a result of oxidative coupling of two 2-naphtol molecules (binol and acetal of binol). However despite the effort, several attempts to increase the yield of 2-ethylnaphtofuran did not work. All products prepared were obtained in pure form and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GC and MS.

Synthesis and Characterization of LiCo_xMn_(2-x)O_4 Cathode Materials

LiCox Mn2-x O4 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by mechanical activation-solid state reaction at 750℃for 24 h in air atmosphere,and their crystal structure,morphology,element composition and electrochemical performance were characterized with XRD,SEM,ICP-AES and charge-discharge test.The experimental results show that all samples have a single spinel structure,well formed crystal shape and uniformly particle size distribution.The lattice parameters of LiCo x Mn 2-x O 4 decrease and the average oxidation states of manganese ions increase with an increase in Co content.Compared with pure LiMn 2 O 4 ,the LiCo x Mn 2-x O 4 (x=0.03-0.12)samples show a lower special capacity,but their cycling life are improved.The capacity loss of LiCo 0.09 Mn 1.91 O 4 and LiCo 0.12 Mn 1.88 O 4 is only 1.85%and 0.95%,respectively,after the 20th cycle.The improvement of the cycle performance is attributed to the substitution of Co at the Mn sites in the spinel structure,which suppresses the Jahn-Teller distortion and improves the structural stability.

Study of the packaging materials and the structural renewal of"Snow Bud"in Shutao Company

The improved"Snow Bud"packaging mainly includes the medium packing and the external packaging,with the cuboid as the main structure,and the paper as the main material.The inner packaging uses the tin foil paper bag.Because of the thin thickness of the carton used and the problems in colors,patterns,character design,structures and other aspects,the purpose of the improvement is to use the new structures to enhance the practical functions of the packaging and to explore the application of the new materials in the tea packaging.