Iron Oxen on the Banks of the Yelow River

The twelfth year of the Kaiyuan Reign during the Tang Dynasty （725 A. D.）Each iron ox is about 3.3 m long and 2.5 m high, weighs about 30 t, and is mounted on a square ron base which is 2.3 m wide and 0.5 m thick. Behind the rear legs of each iron ox, there is a large horizontal iron bar which is about 2.33 m long, 0.4 m in diameter, and was used to support the iron chain bridge across over the roaring Yellow River. Under the square iron base, there are 6 slant iron columns buried in the ground, each of which is about 3 m long and 0.4 m in diameter. The iron base and columns weigh about 40 t. The total weight of each whole iron ox sculpture is approximately 70 t

Strategic Planning of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan Section

Through the analysis on location condition,industrial development situation of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan section,strategic idea for this section has been proposed,providing theoretical basis for Yinchuan City to build a distinctive city along Yellow River.

Development of Rural Banks in Yellow River Delta

The status quo of new-type rural financial institutions in the Yellow River delta is summarized.It is pointed out that these financial institutions have improved the development of economy concerning agriculture,rural areas and peasants,but due to the shortage of capital,deficit and many other reasons,the outlets is fewer,which can not serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well.The necessity of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is introduced:firstly,rural banks can serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well with flexible system and management methods.Secondly,rural banks can serve and support the vulnerable groups of the three rural issues concerning agriculture,countryside and famers well.Thirdly,rural banks provide strong support for the all around development of rural business concerning the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.Fourthly,rural banks have significant advantages in serving the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.The probability of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is analyzed from the three advantages of policy,environment and economy.The challenges faced by the development of rural banks are studied as follows:firstly,the short-term profits are hard to take effect.Secondly,the capital quantity of rural banks is large.Thirdly,the pressure of competition and operation is great.Thus the countermeasures of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta are put forward:for instance,clarifying the service object in a certain area;using the minority to bring along the majority;reducing the risk of asymmetric information by information technology.

Variations of bank shift rates along the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River and their influencing factors

It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections （interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km） and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975-1990, 1990-2010 and 2010-2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975-2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1：7.6：4.6 for shift to the left and 1：1.7：3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1：1.8：1.2 for shift to the left and 1：5.6：17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975-2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials.

Healthy Yellow River’s essence and indicators

River＇s healthy life is a description of their living conditions, and it is also a comprehensive assessment of river＇s functions and relations with the human society. Through analyzing the demands of human being and river ecosystem, the continuous flow, safe river channel for water and sediment transportation, good water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and water supply capacity are regarded as symbols of the healthy Yellow River. Minimum flow, maximum flood discharging capacity, bank-full discharge, transverse slope of floodplain, water quality degree, wetlands area, aquatic ecosystem, and water supply capacity, altogether eight quantitative indicators are set as symbols of healthy Yellow River, and their corresponding standards are determined based on the analysis with historical hydrological data and observed data of 1956-2004.

Lateral erosion/accretion area and shrinkage rate of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River between 1977 and 2014

Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank ero- sion/accretion in four sub-reaches （S1, S2, S3 and S4） over 19 different periods were evalu- ated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river manage- ment measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored.

水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的关键科学问题

变化环境下极端气象水文事件频发,长江、黄河面临同枯风险。在国家水网建设背景下,为提高长江、黄河同枯的极端不利情景下黄河流域水资源安全保障能力,本文分析了长江、黄河两大流域水资源安全面临的现实问题,识别了变化环境下大型流域枯水遭遇—水危机形成—跨流域调水潜力—多线路成网互济—极端枯水下水资源安全保障中亟需破解的关键科学问题,构建了水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的总体研究框架,提出该领域重点研究方向包括:变化环境下长江、黄河极端枯水遭遇规律与空间变异机制,水危机风险多链路传导与复合影响定量评估,极端枯水下跨流域调水挖潜增供,长江和黄河跨流域联合调配与多线路互济精细化调控、极端枯水下流域水资源韧性提升优化调控等。

黄河下游多因素耦合作用生态护坡破坏机制研究进展

黄河流域在中国经济社会发展中具有重要的战略地位,其下游河道水少沙多、水沙关系不协调,具有二级悬河、河势演变复杂等特点,岸坡破坏会严重威胁防洪安全和经济社会高质量发展,因此,保障岸坡稳定、开展黄河下游护坡治理与风险管控十分必要。生态护坡破坏涉及水、土、植被、结构等因素,机理复杂,传统河流动力学理论已不能完全适用,需进一步深入研究。本文总结分析了黄河下游岸坡破坏现状、岸坡失稳机理及其主要影响因素、生态护坡结构研究及应用和护坡工程风险评估及管控等方面现有研究成果及存在的不足,在此基础上探讨和梳理了黄河下游生态护坡未来的一些研究方向,包括揭示水-土-植被等多因素耦合作用下的生态护坡破坏机制、研发适用于强冲积特点的刚-柔协同新型生态护坡结构型式、建立考虑多要素多层次的生态护坡工程风险综合评价指标体系、形成岸坡监测-评估-处置/防护一体化的风险管控技术体系等。

不同水分调控对沿黄灌区向日葵水分利用影响研究

为探究达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵根系吸水来源及其利用策略,通过测定达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵木质部水及其各种潜在水源(降水、土壤水和地下水)的氢氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O),利用直接对比法和MixSIAR模型研究对比不同灌溉制度下向日葵不同生育期水分来源及各水源利用差异。结果表明,向日葵在苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期的吸水深度分别在0~30、0~50、0~70和30~90 cm土层。不同灌溉量下,向日葵的主要吸水层具有一定的差异。0~10、10~30、30~50、50~70、70~90 cm深度土壤水和地下水对向日葵平均贡献比例分别为22.17%、17.99%、18.74%、14.68%、15.97%和10.45%。通过相关性分析,50 cm以下土层水分贡献对产量提高有利,0~10 cm土壤水、30~50 cm土壤水和地下水利用对灌溉水利用效率具有正相关关系。设置灌溉定额为187.5 mm时能显著提高产量,灌溉定额为100 mm时,能显著提升灌溉水利用效率。

基于稀土元素示踪技术的库岸崩滑土体堆积特征研究

降雨和库水位变化是库岸崩滑的重要诱发因素。以黄河中游土质库岸为研究对象,在由3°缓坡、40°陡坡和70°急坡组成的概化岸坡上,利用稀土元素(REE)示踪技术,研究降雨和库水位升降作用下库区堆积土体的来源,分析离岸方向上的土体堆积特征。结果表明:在水位下降、水位上升、降雨作用-水位下降和降雨作用-水位上升4种工况下,同一组地形经过5场试验后,库区内来源于缓坡、陡坡、急坡的土量以及堆积土体总量均与堆积土体和库岸之间的距离存在负指数函数关系,且相关性较高;急坡是库区堆积土体的主要来源,其中水位变化条件下尤为明显;在水位上升和水位下降工况下,同一组地形5场试验后来源于急坡的堆积土量平均约占总堆积土量的71%;急坡对库区堆积土体的泥沙贡献率在坡脚处基本达到最高,各组地形5场试验后急坡对临岸堆积体泥沙量的平均贡献率约为66%。因而,在水库蓄水或放水时,需重点做好对急坡的防护。

黄河下游漫滩洪水滩槽分流比变化及其影响因素分析

采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河下游漫滩洪水滩槽分流比变化及其影响因素。研究结果表明:花园口4次漫滩洪水滩槽分流比均值为0.18,说明主槽是黄河下游泄洪排沙的主体;黄河下游上宽下窄,滩槽分流比沿程变大。1986年后,下游河道萎缩,平滩流量下降,滩槽分流比增大;2000年后,下游河道冲刷,平滩流量增大,滩槽分流比减小。滩槽分流比随滩槽糙率比的增大而减小,随滩槽水面宽度比、滩槽水深比的增大而增大。提高主槽过流能力,必须采用综合治理措施维护下游主槽适宜规模的平滩流量;提高滩地过流能力,必须降低人类活动对滩地的影响,给滩地留有足够的行洪空间,确保全断面行洪安全。

黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化与水沙过程的响应关系

平滩流量是表征河道排洪输沙能力的重要指标,开展宁蒙河段平滩流量变化机理的研究对于治理黄河意义重大,本文采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化特征及其与汛期水沙过程的定量关系。研究结果表明:黄河上游宁蒙河段沿程六站平滩流量由1960年代中期的3600~5800 m^(3)/s减小到目前的1900~4000 m^(3)/s。2000年前宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,说明2000年后宁蒙河段河床演变机理发生了变化,遵循不同规律。建立的宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程的定量关系式表明,宁蒙河段平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的减小(增大)而减小(增大),随着汛期平均来沙系数的减小(增大)而增大(减小),随着汛期水流过程参数的增大(减小)而增大(减小)。

盐度-温度对内蒙古砒砂岩断裂行为耦合作用机理

低温、矿化流体耦合下砒砂岩断裂力学特征对于内蒙古黄河岸坡岩体稳定性具有关键影响。利用半圆盘三点弯曲加载(semi-circular bending,SCB)对内蒙古准格尔旗砒砂岩在常温、低温条件下断裂行为进行试验研究,研究表明:相同盐度下液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂载荷和断裂韧度显著下降,同等温度下试样断裂载荷和断裂韧度随浸泡流体盐度增大线性升高;液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂全程能耗显著低于常温条件下试样,随浸泡流体盐度增加砒砂岩试样断裂能耗呈指数上升;液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂速率远高于常温试样,随盐度增加砒砂岩断裂速率呈现出对数下降趋势;砒砂岩试样断裂韧度、断裂功及断裂速率损伤变量随盐度增大趋近于零,盐度对本区砒砂岩断裂行为影响显著。结合试样断口分析认为常温下砒砂岩内部盐度增大形成结晶(盐敏)效应提升了岩石在外载下的断裂效率,而低温环境砒砂岩内部含盐度增加反而削弱了冰劈效应。

甘南黄河水源补给区生态保护与建设成效遥感分析

甘南黄河水源补给区是黄河流域重要水源补给生态功能区,也是青藏高原生态屏障的重要组成部分,具有十分重要的生态系统服务功能。长期以来,受自然因素和人为因素的共同作用,生态系统经历了不同程度的退化,并导致水源涵养功能有所减弱。自2000年以来,国家在此开展了一系列生态保护工程建设,生态环境得到恢复和改善。通过对生态系统现状及变化特征的监测,可实现对生态工程实施成效的评价和主要生态问题的识别,有助于提升生态保护规划建设及管护决策的科学性。本研究以多源遥感数据为信息源,在提取2000—2020年生态系统类型与质量参数的基础上,系统分析甘南黄河水源补给区生态系统结构、质量现状和变化特征。结果表明,近20年甘南黄河水源补给区生态系统整体以高盖度植被为主,生态系统状况良好。整体上生态系统结构和质量的多年变化幅度均较小,生态系统基本稳定,生态保护和建设工程取得了明显成效。但局部地区草原退化、沙化和沼泽面积萎缩等生态问题依然存在,生态保护与建设仍处于关键阶段,建议针对生态系统退化区域加大力度实施生态保护和建设工程。

黄河邻岸异形超深基坑支护结构变形研究

根据济南穿黄济洛路隧道合建段深基坑项目,针对黄河邻岸异形深基坑施工支护结构变形开展了研究工作,主要研究成果为:(1)基坑开挖地下连续墙整体变形呈现“中间大、两端小”的形态,变形趋势呈现出先缓后快再趋于平稳的过程;阳角部位变形较大,深度为22 m时的偏移量有增大趋势,ZQL 24偏移值最大为33.1 mm;(2)基坑开挖地下连续墙顶竖向位移在深度为16~22 m时,沉降速度较大,整体为下降的趋势;地下连续墙顶水平位移偏移方向偏向远离基坑一侧,偏移量呈增大趋势,阳角部位的偏移量相对较大;(3)首道支撑处于逐渐受拉状态,其他支撑轴力值基本呈增加趋势,与深层水平位移监测数据吻合,同时混凝土支撑承受荷载远大于钢支撑。

拟制亲属与家观念延续:以红河南岸哈尼族为例

拟制亲属关系是很多西南民族实现家与社会延续的重要手段之一,通过拟制血亲来确认本家与被认对象之间的亲缘关系,继而实现家观念的延续以及地方社会整合。红河南岸哈尼族选择拟制血亲的内生动力在于:本家父子连名制度的延续、土地房屋等物质财富、房屋守护神祇灵力、祖先灵力的继承以及完成仪式上的道德义务与责任。

郑州黄河文化公园景观规划分析

郑州黄河文化公园是郑州市黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展核心示范区中的起步区,其整体景观规划对于起步区建设发挥着重要作用。分析郑州黄河文化公园的概况、景观规划及目前存在的问题,对今后该区域在生态保护和高质量发展方面具有重要意义。

地质工程一体化技术在塔河南岸超深井钻探施工中的应用

塔河南岸是塔里木油田勘探开发增储上产的主要区域之一,以深层、超深层为主要勘探目标,但受二叠系火成岩发育影响,在钻井过程中,井漏、卡钻事故频发,严重制约了钻井提速。为此,在钻完井阶段通过地质工程一体化技术,提前进行井下事故复杂预警,减少钻井过程中工程事故复杂。即钻前利用地震、测井、录井识别方法,总结火成岩分布规律及火成岩相组合方式,进行单井岩性预测,建立地质风险预测模板,以此指导钻头选型,同时提前制定防漏措施;钻中利用元素、全岩、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等录井技术组合,从“化学成分+微观结构”角度识别火成岩岩性,建立火成岩识别标准,进行火成岩岩性识别,实现现场精准卡层、裂缝识别、可钻性评价,从而进行实时风险预警;钻后总结施工经验,完善二叠系火成岩段安全钻井提速模板,对后续钻井提供指导。运用地质工程一体化技术为优化火成岩发育区钻井施工提供了地质技术支撑,有效降低了区域事故复杂率,提升了钻井时效。