Optimum Application Rate of Nitrogen in Summer Peanut in Southern Shandong Area

[Objectives]To study the effect of nitrogen(N)on the growth demand of summer peanuts under a certain level of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers,and to carry out experiments on nitrogen fertilizer control of summer peanuts.[Methods]Four treatments were set up in the experiment:no-nitrogen plot(N 0P_(4)K_(4)),optimized nitrogen plot(N_(7)P_(4)K_(4)),70%optimized nitrogen plot(N_(5)P_(4)K_(4)),130%optimized nitrogen plot(N 9P 4K 4),repeated 3 times,and arranged in random blocks.The area of the plot was 42 m^(2),ridges were set between the plots,and protective rows of more than 1 m were set around the experimental site.The types of fertilizers were urea,superphosphate,and imported potassium chloride,and the variety of peanuts was Linhua 5.Except for the level of fertilization,other agricultural operations were the same,and soil sampling tests,field records,and yield testing were carried out according to the requirements of the plan.[Results]On the basis of 60 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application,the optimum economical fertilizer application rate and the highest application rate of pure nitrogen were about 115.20 and 131.25 kg/ha,respectively.[Conclusions]This study is expected to provide a certain basis for the high-quality and high-yield summer peanuts in southern Shandong area.

Fertilizer-Induced Advances in Corn Growth Stage and Quantitative Definitions of Nitrogen Deficiencies

Evidence that nitrogen (N) fertilization tends to accelerate maturation as well as increase rates of growth has received little attention when diagnosing N deficiencies in corn (Zea mays L.).Such a tendency could be a potential source of errors when the diagnosis is solely based on comparing plants with different rates of growth.Whether N fertilization could accelerate rates of growth and maturation was tested in a field study with 12 paired plots representing relatively large variability in soil properties and landscape positions.The plots were located under conditions where preplant N fertilization reduced or avoided temporary N shortages for some plants but did not reduce for other plants early in the season.We measured corn heights to the youngest leaf collar,stages of growth and chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs). The added N advanced growth stages as well as increased corn heights and CMRs at any given time.Fertilization effects on corn heights,growth stages and ear weights were statistically significant (P<0.05) despite substantial variability associated with landscape.Reductions in growth due to a temporary shortage of N within a growth stage might be partially offset by longer periods of growth within that stage to physiological maturity.Temporary shortages of N,therefore,may produce symptoms of N deficiency in situations where subsequent additions of N should not be expected to increase yields.Recognition of these two somewhat different effects (i.e.,increase growth rates and advance growth stages) on corn growth could help to define N deficiency more precisely and to improve the accuracy of diagnosing N status in production agriculture.

Optimum Application Time and Application Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Brassica napus L.

To find proper nitrogen fertilizer application mode of rapeseed( Brassica napus L.),promote the high and stable yield of rapeseed,field experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application modes on the yield and economic traits of Fengyou 10 rapeseed planted in two different fertility soils,and characteristics and differences of responses of different fertility soils to nitrogen fertilizer application modes were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the yield and related economic traits of rapeseed treated by nitrogen fertilizer were higher than the control group; in the nitrogen fertilizer treatment group,when the nitrogen fertilizer was applied as the base fertilizer and wintering fertilizer at the ratio of 7∶ 3,the rapeseed yield was higher than the control group and reached the highest; when the nitrogen fertilizer was applied as the base fertilizer,wintering fertilizer,and bud fertilizer at the ratio of 5∶ 3∶ 2,the rapeseed yield was significantly higher than the control group but was the lowest. These indicate that sufficient nitrogen supply is the basis for normal growth and development of rape seedlings. When the pure nitrogen fertilizer was at 192 kg/ha and the ratio of base fertilizer and wintering fertilizer was 7∶ 3,it can better coordinate the high yield of rapeseed and overall use of nitrogen fertilizer,and obtain higher rapeseed yield.

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Leaf Gas Exchange in Naked Oat

Naked oat（Avena nuda L.） was originated from China,where soil nitrogen（N） is low availability.The responses of chlorophyll（Chl.） fluorescence parameters and leaf gas exchange to N application were analysed in this study.After the N application rate ranged from 60 to 120 kg ha-1,variable fluorescence（F v）,the maximal fluorescence（F m）,the maximal photochemical efficiency（F v /F m）,quantum yield（Φ PS II） of the photosynthetic system II（PS II）,electron transport rate（ETR）,and photochemical quenching coefficient（qP） increased with N application level,however,non-photochemical quenching coefficient（qN） decreased.Moreover,there was no difference in initial fluorescence（F o） with further more N enhancement.The maximum net photosynthetic rate（P max）,apparent dark respiration rate（R d） and light saturation point（LSP） were improved with 40-56 kg N ha-1as basal fertilizer and 24-40 kg N ha-1as top dressing fertilizer applied at jointing stage.Initial quantum yield（α） was decreased with 24 kg N ha-1as basal fertilizer and 56 kg N ha-1as top dressing fertilizer.Flag-leaf net photosynthetic rate（P n） was significantly enhanced at the jointing and heading stages with 40-56 kg N ha-1as basal fertilizer; in addition,increased at grain filling stage of naked oat with 40-56 kg N ha-1as top dressing fertilizer.90 kg N ha-1（50-70% as basal fertilizer and 30-50% as top dressing fertilizer） application is recommended to alleviate photodamage of photosystem and improve the photosynthetic rate in naked oat.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Ratio on Lodging Resistance of Super Rice with Different Genotypes

The objective of this study was to determine the morphology mechanism of nitrogen （N） fertilizer rates and ratio on lodging resistance through analying its effects among lodging index （LI）, lodging-related morphological traits and physical strength in basal intemodes by comparing japonica and indica super rice cultivars. Field experiments, with three nitrogen levels （0, 150 and 300 kg ha-L） and two ratios of basal to topdressing （8：2 and 5：5） with two super rice cultivars （Yliangyou 2 and Wuyunjing 23）, were conducted in the Baolin Farm, Danyang Country, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2011 and 2012. Effects of N fertilizer rates and ratios on morphology of whole plant, morphology traits in basal intemodes and culm＇s physical strength parameters were investigated at 20 d after full heading stage. LI of Yliangyou 2 was significant greater than that of Wuyunjing 23 due to larger bending moment by whole plant （WP） with higher plant height and gravity center height. With higher volume of N fertilizer, LI of two super rice cultivars was increased conspicuously. However, no significant effect was detected with increase of panicle fertilizer ratio. The size of breaking strength （M） in basal intemodes was the key factor determining LI among N fertilizer treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that M value was positively related bending stress （BS） of Wuyunjing 23 and section modulus （Z） of Yliangyou 2, respectively. The higher N fertilizer levels induced reduction ofBS of Wuyunjing 23 due to weak culm and leaf sheath plumpness status and reduced Z of Yliangyou 2 owning to small diameter and culm wall thickness, consequently, influencing their M indirectly. These results suggested that breaking strength was the key factor influencing LI with increase of N fertilizer levels. However, the lodging-related morphology mechanism was different with genotypes. Culm wall thickness and diameter in basal internodes of indica super rice and culm and leaf sheath plumpness status of japonica super rice influenced breaking strength, as well as lodging index, respectively.

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Time on Caryopsis Development and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Yangdao 6

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application time （during the tillering or the booting stages） with the same nitrogen rates on the caryopsis development and grain quality of rice variety Yangdao 6. The increased nitrogen fertilizer （urea）, especially applied during the booting stage, could evidently increase the milled rice rate, head rice rate and protein content in rice grains compared with the control （no nitrogen application）, and decrease chalky grain rate and amylose content. Moreover, the increased nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the caryopsis development and enhanced the grain weight when nitrogen applied during the tillering and the booting stages, especially during the booting stage. During caryopsis development the increased nitrogen fertilizer applied during the tillering and booting stages could obviously decrease the total starch and amylose contents, but not obviously for the amylopectin content in rice grain. Increased topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer, especially applied during the booting stage, had significant effect on the development and structures of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts. That is, it could change the distribution, number and shape of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts in the endosperm cells especially in grain abdomen, Compared with the control the arrangements of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts were closer, with more numbers, higher density and less interspaces each ohter. Furthermore, most amyloplasts showed polyhedron under the increased nitrogen fertilizer level.

Interactions of Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Rice

The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreased with nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, rice not only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPE when mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management, such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and that on decreasing NDMPE was intensified.

Characterization of Soil Available Nitrogen in the Major Vegetable Production Areas of Pearl River Delta,China

A macro scale survey was performed to investigate the content of soil available nitrogen (N) and its spatial distribution in the main vegetable production areas of the Pearl River Delta.Preliminary enrichment-deficient index of available N was then developed,which was a base for increasing fertilizer application efficiency and vegetable yield as well as for constructing soil testing and fertilizing formula.In general,most of the vegetable growth areas in Pearl River Delta were N-deficient or medium-N-deficient.There was 30%-62% increase in yield of Chinese cabbage on the N-deficient soil after application of N; when soil available N content was less than 145 mg/kg,the yield increased with application of N fertilizer at a rate of 60-70 kg/hm2.

A Preliminary Study of the Key Technologies in Rice Seed Production

To study the production technology of rice seeds,with Lianjing 7 as test material,this paper explores the effects of the key rice seed production,processing and storage technologies( such as nitrogen fertilizer application and management,weeding mode in seed breeding field,temperature control of mechanical drying and water control on seed storage) on the quality of rice seeds. The results show that the optimal application proportion of tillering stage dressing and earing fertilizer is 8: 2,followed by 7 : 3; the best time of weeding is booting stage,with the highest purity; the effect of drying and germination rate is best when the temperature is controlled at 44℃ in mechanical drying process; the seed storage quality and storage costs can be guaranteed when the water content of rice seed is controlled at 18%.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on saline-alkali land cotton in China quantified using meta-analysis and regression analysis

Nitrogen fertilizer application is an important means to promote cotton production in saline-alkali land.A metaanalysis and regression analysis of 49 peer-reviewed studies were conducted using yield data(373 data points),dry matter accumulation(114 data points),and water use efficiency(157 data points)to quantify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield,dry matter accumulation,and water use efficiency of cotton in saline-alkali land in China for different planting management practices and different growing environments.The results showed that the nitrogen application significantly improved the yield,dry matter accumulation,and water use efficiency by 34.11%,36.27%,and 33.87%,respectively,compared with no nitrogen application.The largest improvements in the yield,dry matter accumulation,and water use efficiency occurred in areas where saline-alkali land had been improved for many years,in Eastern China,South Central China,and Northwest China(areas with annual average precipitation≤200 mm or>800 mm,and annual average evaporation≤800 mm or>2400 mm),in areas with trickle irrigation,and fields with a planting density of 100000 to 250000 plants/hm2.Cotton exhibited the optimal response to nitrogen application at a rate of 300-375 kg/hm2,a basal application ratio of 20%-40%,and top-dressing in the cotton bud,flowering boll,and full boll stages.The effect of nitrogen application increased as the salinity increased.A suitable nitrogen application rate,top-dressing ratio,and top-dressing period are crucial for increasing cotton production in saline-alkali land,although environmental differences and planting measures have to be considered.This study provided information on the correct application of nitrogen fertilizer to maximize its benefits and suggests controlling nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture to protect the soil environment and ensure sustainable agricultural development.

氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响

为明确氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响,以8个晋南主栽品种为材料,于2019—2021年开展水培和大田定位试验,水培试验设置4个氮磷水平(N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)),对不同小麦品种苗期性状进行初步考察筛选;大田试验设置常规施肥(CF)、化肥减施(FR)和不施肥(CK)3个处理,研究不同年型下化肥减施对小麦生长发育、养分利用及产量的影响。结果表明,水培条件下,不同氮磷水平品育8161株高、根长、植株干重、根干重及根冠比均最低;良星67在低磷时正常氮较低氮植株干重增幅仅为17.07%,根干重反而降低,且在正常氮磷时根冠比较低。大田生产条件下,2019—2020年度(丰水年)化肥减施处理下以品育8012、济麦22产量较高,二者差异不显著,邯农1412产量最低,仅为7520.18 kg·hm^(-2)。其中,山农20、中麦4072和邯农1412产量均表现为化肥减施显著低于常规施肥。2020—2021年度(干旱年)化肥减施处理下济麦22产量为6191.53 kg·hm^(-2),显著高于品育8012和石农086,其籽粒氮素积累量和磷素吸收效率均最高,分别为130.35 kg·hm^(-2)和0.79 kg·kg^(-1)。干旱年减施化肥导致小麦生育后期叶片早衰,显著降低成熟期干物质积累,但对茎秆形态特征影响较小。综上,晋南小麦-玉米轮作区小麦生育期基施纯N 180.0 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)105.0 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O34.5 kg·hm^(-2),拔节期追施纯N 60.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,丰水年品育8012和济麦22产量较高,干旱年济麦22产量最高,且化肥减施有利于提高济麦22开花前营养器官干物质贮藏再转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率和第3节间厚度。单纯的连年化肥减施在干旱年份会导致小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性降低。本研究结果为晋南麦区小麦稳产高效栽培提供了技术参考。

不同肥料类型与施肥方式对花生籽仁品质的影响

为进一步探究施肥技术措施(分层施肥技术、减氮增钙技术等)对花生籽仁品质的调控作用,通过设置大田试验,研究施肥技术对花生籽仁品质的影响。试验一:选取2个试验区(济阳、饮马泉),设置0和600 kg·hm^(-2)(Ca_(0)、Ca_(600))2个钙肥水平和0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm^(-2)5个氮肥水平;试验二:设肥料机械分层条施(L)、人工撒施(B)两种施肥方式,选择含有100 d释放期的花生专用缓释复混肥(SF)、普通复合肥(CF),另设不施氮肥对照(N_(0))共5个处理。结果表明:(1)与N_(0)相比,施氮花生籽仁中粗蛋白含量提高1.24~3.57个百分点、总氨基酸含量增加1.19~3.70个百分点、亚油酸含量提升0.93~2.41个百分点,同时部分脂肪酸组分和氨基酸组分含量等均随施氮量的增加有不同程度的提高;但籽仁含油量降低1.70~5.34个百分点。与不施钙处理(Ca_(0))相比,施钙(Ca_(600))处理的籽仁中粗蛋白、总氨基酸含量分别降低0.10~1.55个百分点、0.02~1.23个百分点,但含油量提高0.16~2.62个百分点。氮肥与钙肥配施可减小粗蛋白含量增幅与含油量降幅。“减施氮肥+增施钙肥”栽培技术有利于调控、改善花生籽仁品质。(2)相同施肥方式下,与复合肥(CF)相比,专用复混肥(SF)处理提高了籽仁粗蛋白含量和含油量。与人工撒施(B)相比,分层施用复合肥(CFL)或花生专用复混肥(SFL)花生籽仁粗蛋白、总氨基酸含量分别降低0.34~1.39个百分点、0.14~0.34个百分点,而籽仁含油量增加0.22~1.16个百分点。(3)产量与粗蛋白、总氨基酸、亚油酸含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而产量与含油量、油酸含量呈显著负相关。粗蛋白与总氨基酸及组分、亚油酸含量间呈极显著正相关,与含油量存在极显著负相关关系。综上,生产中同时需要多产油和较多粗蛋白时,建议采用减氮增钙绿色高效栽培技术,也可施用花生专用复混肥,配套分层施肥高效栽培技术。

施钼对花生氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素利用及产量的影响

为分析施钼对花生氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素利用及产量的影响,采用盆栽和田间试验相结合的方式,设不施钼(0)、施钼(0.2 mg·kg^(-1))2个水平,研究了增施钼肥对花生关键生育时期氮代谢相关酶活性、植株氮素积累量、氮素利用率和产量的影响。盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,与不施钼相比,增施钼肥显著提高了结荚期和成熟期花生根和叶片中硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,显著增加了花生根系、地上部和荚果中氮素积累和荚果产量,其中,盆栽试验和田间试验两生育期氮素吸收效率分别平均提高47.79%和21.65%,氮素利用率分别平均提高10.58%和13.56%,花生分别显著增产38.20%和25.81%。可见,增施钼肥可显著提高花生根系和叶片氮素代谢相关酶活性,显著提高花生氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用效率和产量。增施钼肥是提高花生产量和氮利用率的有效措施。

小麦玉米间作氮肥后移利于减少土壤蒸发提高水分利用效率

【目的】针对绿洲灌区小麦玉米间作水分高效利用潜力挖掘不足,制约多熟种植稳定发展的问题,拟通过探明不同氮肥后移比例对小麦玉米间作耗水特性及水分利用的影响,为绿洲灌溉区水分高效利用麦玉间作模式创建提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2020—2021年在甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站开展,设小麦玉米间作、单作小麦和单作玉米3种种植模式,针对玉米设不施氮(N0)、氮肥后移20%(N1)、氮肥后移10%(N2)和传统施氮氮肥不后移(N3)4个处理,间作玉米和单作玉米各施氮处理下总施氮量分别为210和360kg·hm^(-2),研究不同种植制度及氮肥后移比例对小麦和玉米的土壤蒸发、耗水特性及水分利用的影响。【结果】小麦、玉米独立生长阶段间作处理的棵间蒸发量大于单作,间作小麦棵间蒸发较单作小麦增大15.9%—16.7%,间作玉米棵间蒸发较单作玉米增大5.4%—14.7%,麦玉共生期间作棵间蒸发量较单作加权降低4.6%—6.1%;全生育期棵间蒸发总量表现为:小麦玉米间作最大、单作玉米次之、单作小麦最小,在间作模式中,氮肥后移20%处理棵间蒸发量较传统施氮降低6.5%,且小麦带棵间蒸发量较玉米带增大12.6%—17.3%,是间作系统棵间蒸发的主要来源。间作系统中氮肥后移20%和后移10%处理全生育期耗水量较传统施氮分别降低34.3和18.9 mm,E/ET与传统施氮差异不显著。间作系统籽粒产量较单作加权平均提高21.1%—39.0%,间作系统氮肥后移20%处理籽粒产量较传统施氮提高28.8%,其中间作小麦、间作玉米氮肥后移20%处理较传统施氮分别提高24.3%、30.8%。间作种植模式氮肥后移处理水分利用效率较单作加权平均显著提高15.0%、12.3%,其中氮肥后移20%处理较传统施氮提高35.9%,氮肥后移10%处理较之提高19.3%。【结论】小麦玉米间作种植模式结合氮肥后移20%能减少土壤蒸发和全生育期耗水量,提高产量和水分生产力,是绿洲灌区小麦玉米间作高产高效生产可采用的施氮制度。

氮、磷、钾配施对葛根生长及品质的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根生长及品质的影响,为葛根高效栽培提供合理的施肥技术支撑和理论依据,采用L_(9)(3~4)正交试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾配施对葛根产量和主要功能成分的影响,明确研究区葛根氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量。结果表明,不同施肥方案对葛根产量和功能成分的影响显著,其中以N_(3)P_(1)K_(2)(N 270kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)45 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))处理的产量和总黄酮含量最高,分别为2.13 kg/株和83.10 mg/g;N_(1)P_(3)K_(2)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))的葛根素含量最高,为24.85 mg/g,N_(1)P_(2)K_(3)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)90 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 135 kg/hm^(2))处理的大豆苷和大豆苷元含量均为最高,分别为22.96和2.55 mg/g。氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根产量和葛根素含量影响的大小顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。以葛根产量为目标的最佳施肥量为N 270 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2),以葛根品质提升为目标的最佳施肥量为N 180 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2)。

推荐施肥量下控释肥替代普通尿素提高高粱产量和氮肥生产力

【目的】高粱生产中氮肥施用不合理,氮肥利用效率低,研究适宜重庆地区高粱种植的控释氮肥减施比例,在减少氮肥用量的同时,确保高粱稳产高产,提高肥料利用效率。【方法】田间定位试验于2021、2022年在重庆永川进行,供试高粱品种为晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号。设置6个处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK);习惯尿素施肥量(U,N 180 kg/hm^(2));尿素推荐施用量(U1,减N 20%,N 144 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量20%(C1,N144 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量30%(C2,N 126 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量40%(C3,N 108 kg/hm^(2))。在高粱开花期和成熟期,调查干物质积累量和转运量,成熟期调查植株和籽粒氮素含量、生物量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】开花期和成熟期高粱干物质积累量均以C1和U1处理最高,C1处理成熟期干物质积累量又显著高于U1。C1处理叶片花前干物质转运量显著高于U。花后干物质积累量C1处理显著高于其他处理,U1和C2处理显著高于U处理。C1处理晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率较U分别显著提高了11.54%和12.41%。C1处理的高粱产量最高(晋渝糯3号6611 kg/hm^(2),金糯粱1号5690 kg/hm^(2)),较其他施氮处理显著提高了5.40%~18.66%;其次为C2和U1处理,二者的产量均显著高于U和C3处理。各施氮处理的氮肥生理利用率(NPE)差异不显著;减氮处理间氮肥农学利用率(NAE)无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)差异显著,其NAE和NPFP均显著高于习惯施氮处理U;控释肥各减氮处理的NPFP显著高于普通氮肥推荐量处理U1。C1处理较U处理大幅提高了NAE、NPFP和氮肥利用率(NUE),晋渝糯3号分别提高了58.54%、39.61%和59.28%,金糯粱1号分别提高了80.97%、48.30%和63.08%;与U1处理相比,晋渝糯3号的NPFP、NUE分别提高了5.38%和22.19%,金糯粱1号分别提高了5.82%和4.42%。【结论】推荐施氮量下,用控释肥替代普通氮肥增加了高粱开花期和成熟期干物质积累量,提高了叶片花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率,提升了高粱产量和氮肥利用效率,可作为西南地区高粱生产的推荐氮肥施用方式。

减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对‘南粳5055’产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

旨在探讨减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响,本研究以当地主推粳稻‘南粳5055’为材料,设置不施氮肥(0N)、当地常规施肥(CK)、一次性侧深基施缓混肥(S1)、侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥(S2) 4个处理,分别在如皋市东陈镇和白蒲镇两地的水稻田开展试验。两地的试验结果均表明:与CK相比,在减氮25%情况下,S1和S2均明显改善了稻米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但两者的水稻产量和总吸氮量均有所降低,平均分别减少了5.12%、1.27%和9.53%、2.77%。其中S1明显减产主要由于每穗粒数的显著降低,而S2则与CK无显著差异。另外,S2也较CK显著提高了氮肥的吸收利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。表明在氮肥大幅减少的情况下,采用侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥更有利于实现水稻的绿色优质高效生产。

水肥一体化下施氮量对土壤有机氮组分及玉米产量的影响

为进一步优化玉米水肥一体化施肥技术,促进氮肥有效转化利用,研究不同施氮量对土壤有机氮组分及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,土壤酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮和酸解氨基糖态氮含量呈先上升后下降趋势,当施氮量为210 kg·hm^(-2)(N2处理)时,以上4种有机氮组分含量最高。酸解铵态氮是影响玉米产量的关键因素,N2处理下酸解铵态氮含量较N3(252 kg·hm^(-2))、N4(273 kg·hm^(-2))、N1(147 kg·hm^(-2))和N0(0 kg·hm^(-2))分别显著提高3.55%、9.86%、20.37%和170.21%;产量分别显著提高1.58%、2.97%、18.43%和112.89%。综上,N2处理(施氮肥210 kg·hm^(-2))具有更高的供氮潜力,是较为理想的施氮量。