Comparison of Old and New Regulations on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics

Compare the current and previous requirements of the old and new“Regulation on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics”,interpret the changes in the new regulations in detail,to help the enterprises understand the latest requirements of Regulation on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics.

Abusive supervision and turnover intention: Mediating effects of psychological empowerment of nurses

Objective: This study aims to determine the mediating effects of psychological empowerment on abusive supervision and turnover intention as perceived by nurses to provide information to change the status of nurse turnover.Methods: A cross-sectional survey (a questionnaire examining perceptions of abusive supervision,measurement of psychological empowerment,and questionnaire for turnover intention) was used to collect data.A total of 1127 clinical nurses,who were recruited through convenience sampling,participated in the survey.Results: Nurses' average perceived abusive supervision,psychological empowerment,and turnover intention scores were 1.62 ± 0.95,3.24 ± 0.83,and 14.17 ± 3.78,respectively.Psychological empowerment was found to mediate the relationship between abusive supervision and turnover intention (P< 0.01).Turnover intention tends to be stronger and psychological empowerment reduced when nurse managers adopt an abusive leadership style.Conclusions: Nurses' psychological empowerment is an intermediary variable that predicts the relationship between abusive supervision and turnover intention.Nurse managers should manage abusive supervision to increase nurses' psychological empowerment and decrease turnover intention.

Cosmetic Safety and Risk Assessment Under the “New” Regulations

Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics was promulgated by the State Council on June 29,2020 and will take effect on January 1,2021.Compared with the previous Regulations on Health Supervision of Cosmetics,there are more items proposed for the safety of cosmetics.In this paper,the main changes of the safety supervision of cosmetics by comparing the“new”and“old”regulations were summarized with the potential influences on different groups(government,cosmetic enterprises and consumers)discussed.The important laws and regulations on cosmetic safety and risk assessment in China with recently added in vitro testing methods were summarized and the principal theory of cosmetic quantitative risk assessment was introduced.

China’s New Cosmetic Regulations and Their Impact on Cosmetic Registration Person and Notification Person

Regulations on the supervision and administration of cosmetics(hereinafter referred to as“CSAR”)will be formally implemented on January 1,2021,and there are more than 10 related regulations and normative documents draft has been issued,these new rules will be built to form a new cosmetics regulatory system,the CSAR for the first time put forward the"cosmetic notification person and registration person system",improve the barriers to entry for cosmetic notification person and registration person.This paper summarizes and analyzes the new regulations on cosmetics issued in 2020,and briefly discusses the new requirements and suggestions on setting up quality management system,quality safety responsible person,adverse reaction monitoring and evaluation system,cosmetic efficacy evaluation and other new requirements for cosmetics notification person and registration person after the implementation of the new regulations.

Promoting Government Supervision and Optimizing Government Service Innovation

Decentralization and strengthening supervision are the two wings of the reform of administrative examination and approval system. At present, in the supervision process of Chinese government, the phenomenon of strict approval and slack supervision still exists in some local governments. And the dynamic supervision mechanism and supervision restriction mechanism of some local governments are still not perfect. These problems directly lead to"regulatory vacuum"and service absence and other circumstances. The existence of these circumstances will block the process of China's administrative examination and approval system reform. As a result to explore how to promote government supervision innovation and optimize government services is the first important thing, and then to create conditions for the rapid, stable and orderly progress of the administrative examination,what's more to approval system reform.Based on this thesis, the author realizes legal supervision, implement informatization supervision.It not only has increased normalized supervision, improve the administrative examination and approval all-round supervision mechanism, but also established the third party assessment normalization mechanism, and optimize the administrative examination and approval policy advocacy mechanism as well.

Improving the Negative List System

The Negative list is an indispensable part of free trade zone constructions.The success of Shanghai’s Free Trade Experiment zone has a remarkable feature that the deep promotion of pre-establishment national treatment and negative list system.Popular trend Since the first edition of the"negative list"came out in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone in 2013,it has become a popular trend in

Impact of Punitive Supervision on Corporate Financial Performance

Financial performance is an indicator to measure the strength of a company’s business operation capability,which is of great concern to enterprise managers,external investors,and government regulators.Based on the data of Chinese listed companies from 2012 to 2016,this paper included government administrative penalties regulation into the study of factors influencing corporate financial performance and conducted an empirical analysis.The research shows that punitive supervision has a significant negative impact on corporate financial performance;rectifying the effect on financial performance would increase the operating cost.Simultaneously,the degree of punitive supervision will also affect corporate financial performance,with the financial performance of listed companies subjected to severe punitive supervision being poorer.

行政裁决救济的理论逻辑与制度安排

中国有关行政裁决救济的规定散见于各类法律、法规、规章以及行政规范性文件之中,呈现出一般规定与特别规定俱有、民事诉讼与行政诉讼等多种模式并存的立法现状。在理论上,学界亦相继提出“两者择一说”“两者合一说”“新型诉讼说”等多种方案。行政裁决救济有其特殊的内在机理,需回归行政裁决之本质,恪守基本的司法原理,并遵循司法最终解决、纠纷实质化解和便宜当事人三项原则。为此,较为科学和周全的制度安排应是,将“裁决结果”与“裁决行为”区分开来,采取严格的双轨制。当事人若对行政机关化解民事纠纷的“裁决结果”不服,应以民事纠纷的另一方当事人为被告提起民事诉讼;当事人若对行政机关化解民事纠纷的“裁决行为”不服,如裁决人员出现违法渎职行为,应通过行政内部监督机制或纪检监察机制解决。

我国智能投顾行政规制路径转变之思考

智能投顾是一项深具金融科技代表性的金融服务,随着依托银行业金融机构的相关业务暂停服务,服务平台全部被叫停。从行政监管角度分析,“机构”监管模式不适应智能投顾发展,“命令-控制”监管形式下法律监管制度滞后,“确定性”规则的适用限缩智能投顾功能。国家机构改革完成了智能投顾行政规制路径转变的第一步,通过从“机构”监管到“功能”监管等综合性监管方向的转变,“命令-控制”型到“实验”型规制形式的转变,“确定性”规则到“包容性”原则规范理念的转变,进一步为完善智能投顾行政规制路径转变提供新思路。

穿透式监管:以非现场监管为分析视角

穿透式监管具备理念、空间这两重内涵,前者代表“实质重于形式”的理念,后者是穿透物理上空间的非现场监管,非现场监管几乎等同于自动化行政。非现场监管具备推动数字政府建设、推动放管服改革的价值内涵,但是在应用中可能存在技术、权力、责任这三重风险。相应地,可通过以下三点实现对非现场监管风险的控制:一是技术风险的控制,即细化保护个人信息的行政法规范、落实监管数据弄虚作假的法律责任、发布算法解释报告与构建算法伦理评估制度;二是进行成本收益分析与程序控制,即分析非现场监管的成本收益、完善非现场监管具体程序规则;三是对非现场监管进行分类归责,即参考自动化行政的研究采取分类归责思路。

论碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的制度优化

在双碳目标下引导碳交易企业积极主动地开展自我合规,是健全碳排放权交易市场的重要路径,亦是国家行政监管模式发展成功的关键。规制理论为我国碳排放权交易合规中的行政监管提供了规范性启示和有益性借鉴。我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管不断优化的过程,是回应型规制、智慧型规制和后设规制从理论逻辑转化为实践逻辑的过程。目前,我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管存在立法规范相对滞后,风险管理明显不足以及配套机制付之阙如等问题,可从三个方面来推动我国碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的优化:完善协同性“碳合规”法律体系,提升碳排放权交易相关法律位阶,发布碳排放权交易合规管理指引;加强多元性“碳合规”风险管理,事前采取源头预防,事中贯穿风险沟通,事后加大处罚力度;结合我国“碳合规”管理的现状,建立行政执法和解、处罚裁量规则激励和社会声誉型激励等激励性“碳合规”监管机制,力图为实现双碳目标贡献思路与方案。

论行政区划变更的正当程序

正当程序包括避免偏私规则和公平听证规则,目前其适用的范围不断拓宽,广泛适用于立法、执法和司法过程中。参与的强度不断提升。作为最起码的程序要求,正当程序既适用于英美法系,也为大陆法系所认可,并以宪法或者法律的形式表现出来。我国行政区划法律规范中正当程序存在缺失或者不足,从而导致行政区划调整或者变更存在违法运行、国家机关功能紊乱、社会不稳定因素增加、不利于地方经济文化发展等诸多问题。为此,我们应当确立行政区划多重价值统一的理念,通过宪法确定、法律设定正当程序,通过行政区划主体完善、在具体程序中运用正当程序,通过建立行政区划行政公益诉讼制度和行政区划程序责任等措施落实我国行政区划变更中的正当程序。

监察鉴定立法的规范分析与程序完善——以司法鉴定制度为参照

2018年《监察法》与2021年《监察法实施条例》分别规定了监察调查中的鉴定措施,这标志着我国继司法鉴定、行政鉴定方式用于解决专门性问题之后,又产生了解决专门性问题的监察鉴定方式。《监察法实施条例》在监察调查权限中规定了鉴定措施的基本规范,监察鉴定对于监察调查中专门性问题解决有其存在必要性和基本价值。根据《监察法实施条例》相关规定,监察机关鉴定措施实行对外委托方式,鉴定人应当出庭作证,监察机关不内设鉴定机构。完善监察鉴定制度,应在监察机关内设对外委托职能部门,建立对外委托监察机构名册目录、建立监察鉴定意见复议制度,以及完善出具鉴定意见的鉴定人出庭作证制度。

行政公益诉讼适格被告认定的特殊规则——以监督管理职责为逻辑起点

法定职责是普通行政诉讼中确定适格被告资格的核心要件。以负有法定职责作为适格被告的认定标准增加了启动行政公益诉讼的难度。与以“个人利益中心论”为理论基础的普通行政诉讼不同,行政公益诉讼是以保护国家利益和社会公共利益为目的的客观诉讼,应以功能主义模式为进路,确定行政公益诉讼中案件适格被告的认定规则。立足于监督行政机关依法履职、实现法律统一实施的制度设计,应将内部层级监督职责、宏观管理职责、行政决策职责、规范性文件制定职责等纳入公益诉讼案件行政机关负有的监督管理职责中。凡具有监督管理职责的行政机关,均具备行政公益诉讼的被告资格。

高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策研究

近年来,高校食堂食品安全事件频发,引起了社会的广泛关注。当前,国家不断出台校园食品卫生安全规范,深入开展校园食品安全排查整治行动,已取得显著成效,但现阶段我国尚未形成完备的校园食品安全管理体系,高校食堂依然是食品安全事故高发的重点领域。鉴于此,本文研究了高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策,为我国高校食堂食品安全共治共建共享新格局的建立提供参考。

非营利性民办高校监管体系构建存在的问题及推进策略

加强对非营利性民办高校的监管是推进民办高校分类管理的必然要求,是非营利性民办高校提高治理体系现代化水平、实现高质量发展的内在需要。当前,非营利性民办高校监管存在监督管理制度不完善、内部监督机制不健全、政府监管缺位等问题。构建非营利性民办高校监管体系,需要在准确把握民办教育新法新政策的基础上,从完善顶层制度设计、完善非营利性民办高校内部监督机制、政府加强对非营利性民办高校的监管等方面推进。

银行行政处罚监管与审计定价:溢出还是替代?——来自中国上市商业银行的经验证据

以2007—2021年沪深A股上市银行为研究样本,探究银行监管机构行政处罚监管对审计定价决策的影响,研究发现银行监管机构的行政处罚监管显著提高了银行审计定价,经过一系列稳健性检验后结论依然成立,佐证了溢出效应假说。同时,作用机制检验结果表明,行政处罚监管主要是通过风险溢价的路径提高了审计定价。进一步分析发现:行政处罚监管强度越大以及查出内部控制相关问题越多,审计定价越高;在非国有银行、非“四大”会计师事务所审计、内部控制质量低和信息不对称高这四种情形下,行政处罚监管对审计定价提高的影响更为显著;行政处罚监管对外部审计的溢出效应能够促进双方发挥协同治理功能,从而更好地抑制了银行违法违规倾向。研究结论对银行监管机构和外部审计师加强协作,扎实推进党的二十大报告和中央金融工作会议强调的加强和完善现代金融监管、守住不发生系统性风险底线的方针具有重要启示意义。

审计机关调查权域与处理处罚权域的差异:现实困境与弥合路径

我国审计机关面对的一个客观现实是处理处罚权域小于调查权域。文章基于经典审计理论,分析审计机关处理处罚权域和调查权域存在差异的原因及后果,并在此基础上探讨审计权域差异的弥合路径。现行审计法律法规确定的审计机关处理处罚权域小于调查权域,这种权域差异产生的主要原因是专门经济监管部门在提出本部门法草案时未将审计机关作为执法主体,以及现实中相关人员对“法定职权范围”存在不同的理解。这种权域差异严重影响了对审计发现问题的处理处罚效率。弥合权域差异的路径是将处理处罚权域扩展到调查权域,虽然这会导致对经济行为的双重监督,但因专业经济监管和审计监督是不同性质的监督,二者在监督目的、监督重点和监督方式上存在一定差异,因而不会造成重复监督。

行政约谈机制在北京市数据中心节能监察领域的创新研究

在北京市数据中心节能监察领域,存在法律手段不能适应监管要求的问题,即北京市现有的法律监管手段不足以有效促进数据中心能效提升,助力双碳目标实现。在此背景下,北京市节能监察部门探索使用了行政约谈这一柔性监管措施,在现有的法律约束条件下打开了节能监察工作的新局面,并形成了较为规范的机制内涵。行政约谈在数据中心节能监察领域的应用,在法治层面具有明显的创新属性,它可以被视为我国行政法治发展中的一个典型案例。