Subtitle Translation of Puns in English Sitcoms from the Perspective of Speech Act Theory——A Case Study of Mind Your Language

Puns always play a vital role in sitcoms in order to create humor or ironies.Sometimes good translations of puns can decide whether target language audiences are able to obtain the equal understandings and reactions of the sitcoms as source language audiences get.Nevertheless,it is not easy for many translators to render faithfully and smoothly some English puns into Chinese.Therefore,this paper will analyze the subtitle translation of puns in the British sitcom Mind Your Language from the perspective of Speech Act Theory so as to find out some useful and helpful strategies for translation of puns in subtitling.

A Comparison of New General System Theory Philosophy With Einstein and Bohr

The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s general system theory framework.This theory is basically a generalization of classical mechanics rather than a revolution to it taken both by Einstein and Bohr in developing their relativity theory and quantum mechanics.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the reasons why Einstein and many others fail to unify relativity theory with quantum mechanics through comparing the main differences in philosophical opinions among NGST,Einstein,and Bohr.It is the hope of the authors that this clarification could speed up the unification process.

On the Aesthetic Wonder and Unity at the Peak of Literary Theory in the Six Dynasties Key

The study found that the classics born during the turbulent Six Dynasties period,starting from Cao Pi’s“The Classics”to“Wen Fu”,“Wen Xin Diao Long”,“Shipin”and other classics,can all be analyzed to have a common origin.Attributes,that is,the philosophical strategy of dualistic isomorphism of explicit and implicit,is also a pattern;it can be proven that this is the philosophical key to interpreting and studying the classics of the Six Dynasties.It not only governs many aesthetic principles and aesthetic methods,but also emphasizes the need to transcend the appearance of current existence,transcend the current utilitarianism,and pay attention to the hidden and non-existent,just like paying attention to dark matter and antimatter in the universe.Pay attention to the origin of Shipin and expand aesthetic horizons;this philosophical secret not only exists in the classics of the Six Dynasties,it has its unity,graphics and vitality,as well as its historical inheritance and continuous operation.Its trajectory marks the context of literary theory and aesthetics;the modern construction of contemporary literary theory must be based on its operating trends.Only by transcending all utilitarianism can we better demonstrate the natural characteristics of Chinese tradition such as nationality.Otherwise,literary theory,aesthetics,and philosophy will not be self-consistent.

Theory of mind deficits in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression

AIM:To characterize the two components of theory of mind(ToM) in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression.METHODS:Sixty-five patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression(depressed group) and 62 normal controls(control group) were assessed using reading the mind in the eyes test,faux pas task,verbal fluency test,digit span test and WAIS IQ test.The depressed group was divided into two subgroups including psychotic depressed(PD) group(32 cases) and nonpsychotic depressed(NPD) group(33 cases).The clinical symptoms of patients were assessed using Beck depression inventory version Ⅱ and brief psychiatric reacting scale(BPRS).RESULTS:There was a significant difference between the depressed group and the control group on tasks involving ToM social perceptual components(mind reading:t = 7.39,P < 0.01) and tests involving ToM social cognitive components(faux pas questions:t = 13.75,P < 0.01),respectively.A significant difference was also found among the PD group,the NPD group and the control group on mind reading(F = 32.98,P < 0.01) and faux pas questions(χ 2 = 78.15,P < 0.01),respectively.The PD group and NPD group performed worse than normal group controls both on mind reading and faux pas questions(P < 0.05).The PD group performed significantly worse than the NPD group on tasks involving ToM(mind reading:F = 18.99,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:F = 36.01,P < 0.01).In the depressed group,there was a negative correlation between ToM performances and BPRS total score(mind reading:r =-0.35,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:r =-0.51,P < 0.01),and between ToM performances and hostile suspiciousness factor score(mind reading:r =-0.75,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:r =-0.73,P < 0.01),respectively.CONCLUSION:The two components of ToM are both impaired in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression.This indicates that there may be an association between ToM deficits and psychotic symptoms in clinical depression.

The Evolution of Theory of Mind in the Human Evolution

Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.

Uta Frith’s thoughts on the Theory of Mind and Autistic Deficit: Dialogue between Art and Neuroscience

The contemporary scientist and German developmental psychologist at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of University College London, Uta Frith has mainly focused her research on autism spectrum disorder and the related theory-of-mind deficit. To explain the autistic mentalistic deficit, the psychologist has used a specific tool: art, her initial pursuit cultivated at the Universität des Saarlandes, in Germany. Thus, this work seeks to reconstruct the artistic influences on Uta Frith’s scientific efforts, highlighting how the dialogical intersection of two seemingly distant disciplines, like art and neuroscience, can generate surprising new networks of signification and an understanding of the intrapsychic and interpsychic worlds. Art challenges us to develop moments of neuroscientific knowledge. On the other. In contrast, neuroscience offers the opportunity to develop further insights into the role of visual perception in contemplating works of art.

The Influential Mechanisms of Theory of Mind on Prosocial Behavior and the Effect of Mindfulness Intervention

Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderating effect of mindfulness on this relationship remains unexplored.Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective interventions to foster prosocial behavior among college students.This study examines the influence of ToM on college students’prosocial behavior and explores the moderating role of mindfulness in this relationship.Methods:A mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and experimental design was employed.Study 1:A survey of 759 college students(mean age 22.03 years;477 females)was conducted using the ToM Scale,Interpersonal Reactivity Index,Prosocial Behavior Tendency Scale,and Mindfulness Awareness Scale.Data were analyzed using correlation and moderated mediation analyses.Study 2:An 8-week mindfulness attention training program was implemented for the intervention group and compared with a control group.Mindfulness training served as a moderating variable to validate Model 59 from Study 1.Results:1.Study 1 found:(a)ToM was significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior(r=0.31,p<0.01).(b)Empathy partially mediated the relationship between ToM and prosocial behavior(β=0.10,p<0.001,95%CI[0.06,0.14]).(c)Mindfulness negatively moderated the direct path between ToM and three dimensions of prosocial behavior,as well as the indirect path between empathy and kin altruism and reciprocal altruism.Specifically,high levels of mindfulness weakened the direct impact of ToM on prosocial behavior.High levels of mindfulness also weakened the indirect influence of ToM on prosocial behavior through empathy.2.Study 2 results showed:(a)The intervention group had significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness compared to the control group(t=2.56,p<0.05).(b)The validity of the moderated mediation model 59 from Study 1 was verified.Conclusion:While ToM and empathy play crucial roles in fostering prosocial behavior,mindfulness exhibits a more complex influence than anticipated,potentially inhibiting prosocial behavior under certain circumstances.These findings offer novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting factors in its promotion.

On the Philosophical Ontology for a General System Theory

System is a very general concept and theoretically speaking, every problem encountered can be modeled as a system. Thus, the general system theory (GST) proposed by Bertalanffy (1968) and developed by many others e.g. Bunge (1977;1979;1983a;1983b) and Maturana and Varela (1980;1987) could be treated as a theory of everything (TOE). However, it is well-known that the present version of GST has not reached the level of TOE because it lacks a clear ontology. Currently, quantum mechanics (QM), Newtonian mechanics (NM) and general relativity (GR), suitable for microscopic, macroscopic and cosmic phenomena respectively are based on very different ontologies. In this paper, a unified ontology for the general system theory which could be applied to any scale from micro to cosmic is proposed. It is expected that this could lay a foundation to generalize GST to TOE.

How does the‘environment’come to the person?The‘ecology of the person’and addiction

Currently,psychiatry lacks a field that can be called“theoretical psychiatry”,which uses theoretical concepts and explanatory models:The main stream of research is to collect data of all kinds in the hope that the computational Big Data approach will shed a bright light on the black box of mental disorders.Accordingly,the biology-based Research Domain Criteria of the National Institute of Mental Health have been established.However,as philosophical analyses of concepts and methods have shown,several epistemological gaps stand in the way of a consistent multilevel understanding of mental disorders.Also,the implicit ontological problems in the biological reduction of the psychosocial level and in the integration of so-called hard and soft disciplines are mostly left out.As a consequence,a non-reductive psychological theory of mental disorders is sought that also integrates correlating biological and sociological issues.In this context,one example of promising nonreductive psychiatric research is the option of systems/network psychopathology.The possibilities for integrating different psychological perspectives are highlighted for the field of addiction research and treatment,where pragmatic behaviorist approaches dominate over the theorybased practice of psychoanalysis.In comparing the theoretical constructs of these two approaches,the relevance of the concept of“(social)environment”as the wealth of influential sociocultural factors is discussed at levels superior to the interpersonal micro-level,namely the organizational meso-and societal macro level,which is not sufficiently considered in current biopsychiatry.On this basis of argumentation,the usefulness of grounding and framing psychiatry through the field of ecological sciences,especially human ecology,is demonstrated.Finally,to this end,an outline of an ecological model of mental health and illness is presented.

The Mental Origins and the Evolution of Political Order

The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the empirical brain, respectively. The rational brain and the empirical brain are from the thinking brain. This paper posits that in the evolution of political order, the main function of political order is to pacify changed social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four changed social structures (linked bands, tribe, mega empire, and modern nation, respectively) whose internal conflicts are pacified by the four political revolutions (the imaginative, hierarchical, thinking, bottom-up political revolutions, respectively) to form the four politics (the imaginative egalitarianism, decentralized hierarchical tribalism, centralized top-down thinking, and multilateral bottom-up thinking politics, respectively). In the competitive West originated from Greece and Middle East, the rule of law is the rational rule of competition among competitors, and the accountability of election is the empirical accountability of competition among competitors. In the cooperative East originated from India and China, the rule of relation is the rational rule of cooperation among kin-friends, and the accountability of professional qualification is the empirical accountability of cooperation among kin-friends. For political order, the two viable politics are competitive liberal democracy based on liberty and cooperative well-off democracy (well-off socialism) based on wellbeing. The direction of political order is middle democracy between liberal democracy and well-off democracy based on the multilateral bottom-up thinking politics.

Brain as an Emergent Finite Automaton: A Theory and Three Theorems

This paper models a biological brain—excluding motivation (e.g., emotions)—as a Finite Automaton in Developmental Network (FA-in-DN), but such an FA emerges incrementally in DN. In artificial intelligence (AI), there are two major schools: symbolic and connectionist. Weng 2011 [1] proposed three major properties of the Developmental Network (DN) which bridged the two schools: 1) From any complex FA that demonstrates human knowledge through its sequence of the symbolic inputs-outputs, a Developmental Program (DP) incrementally develops an emergent FA itself inside through naturally emerging image patterns of the symbolic inputs-outputs of the FA. The DN learning from the FA is incremental, immediate and error-free;2) After learning the FA, if the DN freezes its learning but runs, it generalizes optimally for infinitely many inputs and actions based on the neuron’s inner-product distance, state equivalence, and the principle of maximum likelihood;3) After learning the FA, if the DN continues to learn and run, it “thinks” optimally in the sense of maximum likelihood conditioned on its limited computational resource and its limited past experience. This paper gives an overview of the FA-in-DN brain theory and presents the three major theorems and their proofs.

How Do Young Children Manage Their Reputation among Peers?

Young children’s reputation management is closely related to their social development.The purpose of our study is to examine the interaction between theory of mind and partner choice on children’s reputation management.Participants consisted of 270 children who were 3 to 5 years old.First,we measured participants’theory of mind capabilities using the unexpected location task and unexpected content task and then randomly divided the participants into the control group,non-partner–choice group,and partner-choice group.We measured reputation management by comparing children’s willingness to share and sharing behavior between these groups.Thefindings are as follows:(1)Children from ages 3 to 5 demonstrated reputation management,and their reputation management followed a significant developmental trend.The reputation management of 4-to 5-year-old children was significantly better than that of 3-year-old children.(2)Scores on the theory of mind tasks positively predicted children’s reputation management.(3)Partner choice affected children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,children’s reputation management was more apparent.(4)Partner choice did moderate the relationship between theory of mind and children’s reputation management.In the partner-choice group,theory of mind had a stronger predictive effect on children’s reputation management.

基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练对PCI患者的应用研究

目的探讨基于情绪ABC理论的正念干预对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者的应用效果。方法选取2022年收治的80例冠心病PCI术后患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组40例。对照组给予心内科常规治疗与护理,试验组在常规护理的基础上给予基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练。分别于干预前、干预2个月后、干预6个月后评价患者的心肺功能[6 min步行距离(6 MWD)]、睡眠[匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)]、焦虑抑郁[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑制自评量表(SDS)]、心脏不良事件的发生情况。结果干预前,2组患者6MWD、PSQI评分、SAS、SDS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预2个月和6个月后,试验组6MWD、PSQI、SAS、SDS评分均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预6个月后,2组患者心脏不良事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果显示时间效应、组间效应、交互效应均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练可提高患者的睡眠质量,改善负性情绪,提升心肺功能,值得临床推广应用。

王阳明心学的澄明、贯通与夯实——论薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的独特贡献

薛侃是王阳明的大弟子,但学界较少关注薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的贡献。基于对薛侃相关文献的考察和分析可知,薛侃在学术上对阳明心学作出了独特贡献。首先表现在继承王阳明心学的基本观念上,如在良知即先天判断、“万物一体”基础的论证等方面;其次表现在对王阳明心学的某些核心观念的分辨和明晰上,如在“良知作为主人翁的资格”、“知行合一”的两种形式、“万物一体”的关怀与境界旨趣等方面;再次表现在创造性地发展、夯实阳明心学的内涵上,如对“致良知”的“致”之思想意识层面的强调、对“知行合一”之本体性论证、对“见在”即本体与工夫的统一之界定等方面;最后表现在对王阳明心学四大基本观念的贯通上,如以“见在”为枢纽,对“心即理”“知行合一”“致良知”“万物一体”四个基本观念进行贯通,言简意丰地阐述了四者复杂而有机的关系,认为“心”或良知是“万物一体”之基础,“万物一体”也是“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”的基础,而做到了“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”,也就实现了“万物一体”,从而将王阳明心学体系脉络更为深刻、更为生动地呈现出来。薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学所作出的贡献是值得肯定的。

“第二个结合”的思想解放意义

阐释“第二个结合”的思想解放意义不能脱离马克思主义文化理论。“第二个结合”以文化灵魂说为基础,从生活视域、意义导向和精神维度等方面丰富和发展了马克思主义的“文化”概念;“第二个结合”提出了马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化的有机结合论,将马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化相结合提升为政党和民族的普遍自觉,有力推进了马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化的深度结合;以“第二个结合”为指导,中华优秀传统文化的思想智慧及其时代意义得到了全面阐发,中华优秀传统文化中的宝贵经验、精神力量和哲学智慧被分别转化为新时代治国理政的思想资源、巩固文化主体性的有力支柱和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要理论来源。

王阳明心学思想及其基层社会治理的实践价值

王阳明作为明代著名的哲学家、政治家、教育家,以心学为儒学的基本学理,力图通过心学的实学取向对儒学自身的积弊予以克制和纠正,并在实践过程中增进儒学的生活日用性、平民大众性,以促使儒学“里落化之”,提升其教化、濡化、涵化的实际功能和效果。王阳明的思考和实践有明显的合理因素,对于推进中国式现代化的发展,提高国家治理、社会治理和基层治理的现代化水平,无疑具有一定的启发和借鉴意义。

精神分裂症患者表情识别异常与心理推理能力和共情缺损的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者表情识别、心理推理能力和共情的缺损,并考察其表情识别能力与心理推理能力和共情的关系。方法:招募47例符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(DSM-5)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者和35例正常对照。采用表情识别任务(FEIT)评估表情识别,Yoni任务评估认知与情感心理推理能力,认知与情感共情问卷(QCAE)评估共情,主要指标为任务正确率和问卷得分。结果:精神分裂症患者组6种表情识别正确率、心理推理任务表现以及QCAE认知共情得分和情感共情远端反应得分均低于对照组(均P<0.05);回归分析显示Yoni任务认知条件正确率(β=0.33,P<0.01)和情感条件正确率(β=0.33,P<0.01)均与高兴表情识别正确率存在正向关联;QCAE认知共情得分与中性表情识别正确率呈负向关联(β=-0.23,P<0.05);精神分裂症患者Yoni任务情感条件正确率(β=-0.23,P<0.05)和QCAE认知共情得分(β=-0.34,P<0.01)更低。结论:精神分裂症患者表情识别、心理推理能力和共情存在缺损,并且患者表情识别的异常与其心理推理能力和共情的缺损相关。

是“童心”说还是“史心”说?——龚自珍抒情思想之心学属性论

龚自珍受“童心”说影响,但没有将“童心”建构成一个诗学概念,他的“童心”仅表征了个人的一种情感状态。在龚氏这里,形成了这样的抒情景观:由“自我”本体的创造性予以奠基,产生巨大的“心力”;“心力”又与历史活动相结合,产生了“史心”;再用“史心”去感受、捕捉与表现万事万物,将名理的、伦理的、社会的、历史的等诸多要素纳入创作之中,用生命的华美咏叹、社会的尖锐批判、人生的悲愤感慨与理想的执着追求合奏艺术之劲舞与审美之崇高。这与阳明心学具有内在的关联性。