Satisfaction of Village Doctors with the Township and Village Health Services Integration Policy in the Western Minority-inhabited Areas of China

Township and Village Health Services Integration Management（TVHSIM） is an essential form of China＇s two-tiered health service integration plan at the township and village level. Its main purpose, also one of the target goals in China＇s new healthcare reform, is to gradually integrate rural health services and appropriately allocate rural health resources. This study aims to assess the village doctors＇ satisfaction with the TVHSIM and provide scientific base to further improve TVHSIM. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 162 village doctors from Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang in western China were interviewed. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Spearman rank correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the difference and relevance between village doctors＇ personal characteristics and their satisfaction with TVHSIM and six subscales. Village doctors with different years of practice, social insurance status and essential medical knowledge level showed statistically significant differences in their satisfaction levels（all P〈0.05）. Age（P〈0.05） and years of practice（P〈0.01） were negatively correlated with Drug and Medical Device Management and Financing Management. Essential medical knowledge level（P〈0.05） was negatively correlated with Operations Management as well. However, social insurance status（P〈0.05） was positively correlated with Human Resources Management and Drug and Medical Device management. Gender, age and years of practice respectively had significant influence on village doctors＇ satisfaction with TVHSIM（P〈0.01）. In conclusion, in order to further promote TVHSIM policy in rural China, a well-rounded social insurance model for village doctors is urgently needed. In addition, the development of TVHSIM is regionally imbalanced. Efficient and effective measures aiming at rationalizing gender and age structure and enhancing essential medical training should be carefully considered.

Implement PPET Strategy and Develop Ecotourism of Minority Areas in Western China——Take Xinlong County of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province as An Example

To help the poor and to develop tourism are two mportant problems in poverty-stricken areas. However, they were isolated for years.The PPET strategy was put forward in this paper based on PPT.The feasibility and the realistic meaning of the strategy in developing the ecotourism, overcoming poverty, and achieving prosperity of minority areas inwestern China are analyzed bytaking Xinlong county of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province as an example.

Analysis of the Ecological Migration Pattern in Ethnic Minority Areas——A Case Study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

By taking Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as an example,this paper analyzes the ecological migration pattern in ethnic minority areas.The basic patterns of development for poverty relief in Ningxia are in-situ migration and new area development pattern.The new area development pattern includes three types,namely small town development pattern around urban radiation districts,urban labor migration pattern,and large-scale ecological migration pattern.Finally,successful experience of ecological migration in Ningxia is summarized.First,scientific industrial planning shall be made on the basis of proper selection of ecological migration location in immigrant settlement regions.Second,scientific and comprehensive ecological migration policies should be formulated.

Spatial differentiation pattern of interregional migration in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, China

Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.

Study on Characteristics of Consumption Demand and Its Constraints of Rural Areas in China

Combining the statistic data of 1997~2009,this paper analyzes the income of farmers in eight minority areas, structure of consumption demand, the marginal propensity to consume and its constraints factors on eight minority provinces,finally, concludes with some specific proposals. That includes increasing peasant’s income, strengthening rural infrastructure construction, establishing perfect rural social security system and promoting reasonable and healthy consumption of peasants.

Develop China's Great West——A major move to improve human rights of minorities

The Great Western China Development Drive launched by China’s Central Authorities at the turn of the century is not only a strategic move to narrow the development gap between the eastern and western parts of the country an harmonious development of the national economy but also a major move for narrowing the development gap among different ethnic groups and further improving human rights of the people, especially minorities.

Countermeasure Research on Problems Impeding Farmers’ Successful Entrepreneurship in Minority Areas

By investigating the problem of farmers’ entrepreneurship in Gongcheng Yaozu Autonomous County,lying in Guilin,Guangxi,the thesis expounds the existing problems impacting farmers’ successful entrepreneurship in minority areas as follows:firstly,the musty idea of local cadre is obstacle to farmers’ successful entrepreneurship;secondly,the problems of scattered farmers’ entrepreneurship resources,waste and shortage of resources impact good effect of entrepreneurship;thirdly,farmers lack awareness of characteristics and brand,influencing the market competitiveness of products;fourthly,the existence of smallholder consciousness critically hampers the marketization and internationalization of entrepreneurship accomplishments;fifthly,the government pays no attention to the construction of industrial chain,which makes farmers’ entrepreneurship lack sustainability.Based on these,corresponding countermeasures are put forward to promote farmers’ successful entrepreneurship in minority areas as follows:firstly,we should update local leaders’ ideas and emphasize the positive role of farmers’ successful entrepreneurship in county economic development;secondly,we should integrate local entrepreneurship resources and promote the efficiency of farmers’ entrepreneurship;thirdly,we should foster the consciousness of brand and characteristics and strengthen the market competitiveness of entrepreneurship accomplishments;fourthly,we should strengthen the construction of industrial chain to promote sustainable development of farmers’ entrepreneurship.

《中国农村的社会主义高潮》对民族地区乡村振兴的启示

在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下,分析《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的史料价值和社会价值,探索农业合作化过程中农村政治工作开展,劳动力资源运用,利益分配制度,农业技术提升,生态文明建设,生产资金筹集、发展规划制定等方面形成的经验及其对民族乡村振兴的借鉴作用,具有重要的现实意义。本研究首先对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》的基本情况进行了概述,呈现了材料案例反映的主要特征;其次通过对《中国农村的社会主义高潮》文献价值和社会价值的梳理,展现了中华人民共和国成立初期乡村建设的实践探索。最后将《中国农村的社会主义高潮》材料案例的经验从产业振兴、组织振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴等五个方面与乡村振兴对标,以解决现阶段民族地区乡村振兴着力点不平衡的问题。

西南民族地区文旅融合发展的影响因素及组态路径--基于模糊集定性比较分析的云南省实证研究

探究西南民族地区文旅融合发展的组态路径对于促进西南民族地区文旅融合的高质量发展具有重要意义。通过归纳演绎得出西南民族地区文旅融合发展的影响因素,并借助模糊集定性比较分析方法研究云南省16个市州文旅融合发展的案例发现,单个影响因素并不构成西南民族地区文旅融合发展的必要条件,但也发挥着较普适的作用;政府与城镇化逻辑下依托需求驱动型、需求主导下依托政府与城镇化驱动型、需求与人才双元逻辑下依托政府及城镇化驱动型、多元合力驱动型四种组态路径,可助推西南民族地区文旅融合的高质量发展。

民国时期黔东南民族地区的国家治理与地方回应——以黔东事变为中心

“黔东事变”是抗战时期发生在湘黔边界少数民族聚居地区的一场大规模民变,震惊整个大后方。国家行政力量早期的暴力进入以及苗疆、汉地客观存在的异质性使得这一地区在“国家化”进程中苗汉、官民冲突不断。国民政府以“国族主义”为指导思想的接续整合,超越了前清却无法超越时代,并在“抗战建国”目标下出现利益分化和冲突。多民族国家的民族认同并不是总与国家认同保持一致的,甚至还会出现相互抵牾的状况,总结吸收国民政府在黔东南少数民族地区治理上的经验教训,有利于进一步铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

西部地区中职学生隐性辍学的发生因素及治理对策

“静待毕业”“人在心不在”等中职学生隐性辍学问题日益成为职业教育高质量发展面临的难点议题。在对西部地区部分中职学校的实地调研基础上发现,中职学生的隐性辍学行为呈现出“读书无望”“读书无用”“读书无趣”等三种实践困境,其背后隐含着教育分流困境、人才供需矛盾和身份认同冲突等发生因素。对此,应推进中职教育横向融通和纵向贯通,树立“读书有希望”的价值观念;加大中职人才培养供给侧结构性改革,构筑“读书有用处”的进步阶梯;增强对中职学生的情感关怀与教育体验,养成“读书有意义”的生活方式。

发现“东西中国”:市场化与当代乡村变迁

改革开放以来出现的全国统一的劳动力市场、全国性的农产品市场和全国性的婚姻“市场”,让乡村走向了自由开放。市场化改变社会连接方式,打破乡村的地方性,让乡村中的人财物变成了自由流动的要素,市场区位决定了乡村人财物流动的方向。在三大市场的共同作用下,农村人财物总体呈现东进西出的特点,乡村秩序和乡村发展因而出现了显著的东中西地区差异。东部与中西部地区农村不仅在城乡关系、村庄形态等方面存在不同,而且还存在发展路径上的差异。“东西中国”是从农民与市场的关系的角度,呈现出改革开放后乡村变迁逻辑和分布形态。下一步,在定位乡村发展、实施乡村振兴、选择基层治理手段和推动重大涉农政策改革的过程中,要立足于“东西中国”这个现实前提。

西南边境少数民族网络社群的信息生态机制分析——兼对铸牢中华民族共同体意识的考察

我国西南边境地区少数民族具有群体跨境流动、相对贫困落后、民族成分复杂、宗教信仰多样等特征,该地区“三股势力”依然活跃,并渗入各类网络社群,煽动不良情绪。从维护边境安全稳定与中华民族完整统一的国家战略来看,亟须统筹合力,优化网络社群生态,使其成为铸牢中华民族共同体意识的重要阵地。对西南边境部分村落、乡镇进行调研,借鉴信息生态理论,将少数民族网络社群视作信息生态环境的重要有机体,发现其遵循以下信息生态机制:公共议题讨论,基于情感需求的“线上—线下”交互的运行机制;基层治理信息交互,社会信息交流共同体的信息交互机制;基于锚定的强集聚效应,信息中心节点聚合效应显著但不稳定性客观存在的动员机制。

日本对台湾南部少数民族地区的侵略行径研究——1874年日本侵台事件前后的历史考察

1874年日本侵台事件是改变近代中日关系的重大事件,对近代中国台湾史、中日关系史影响深远。借助传统的文献史料和最新发现的日本历史档案,尤其是《日本馆藏福建历史档案资料》和日本亚洲历史资料中心资料,可以发现在1874年日本侵台事件前后,日本以中国台湾南部少数民族地区为对象,采取了派遣间谍、恐吓拉拢、武装干涉、统筹调查等手段进行侵略扩张,企图逐步蚕食中国台湾,开启了近代日本大陆政策的施行先声。通过对日本在中国台湾南部少数民族地区侵略行径的研究,不仅揭发了日本侵略台湾的历史真相和罪行,也对厘清日本占据台湾前期的历史脉络、认清日本制定台湾政策及其演变态势的历史缘由提供了重要借鉴。

中国少数民族世纪发展难题的语言战略抉择

中国少数民族地区的生物、文化和语言的多样性首屈一指、无出其右。然而,少数民族地区的生存环境恶劣、生活水准低下、社会发展滞后、经济发展艰难也是客观存在的问题。半个多世纪以来,如何妥善处理民族语言——文化的多样化与民族经济——社会的现代化之间的矛盾,一直都是少数民族地区的族群和政府力图解决却又始终无法解决、试图回避却又始终无法回避的难题。全力维系语言多样性格局,进而全面发展语言经济,是破解这一世纪难题的最优语言战略选择。

早期秦人的农业实践探索——以甘谷毛家坪遗址植物遗存研究为例

毛家坪遗址是一处重要的早期秦文化遗址。本文通过对2012-2013年采集的47份样品进行浮选,从中获得了94478粒炭化植物遗存,包括粟、小麦、大麦、黍、大豆五种农作物遗存,以前四种为主;另外,还有部分禾本科、豆科、藜科、鸢尾科等非农作物遗存。量化分析结果显示,西周至战国时期,毛家坪先民主要从事的是“粟麦并重”的多品种旱作及用农业,大豆在春秋时期才成为先民利用的重要农作物。同时,毛家坪先民还会利用豆科苜蓿属、草木樨、胡枝子、鸢尾科马蔺等饲草资源来喂养家畜。在环境及文化背景的双重影响下,毛家坪遗址的秦人率先接纳了麦类作物并广泛种植,与函谷关以东地区形成鲜明对比;直到东周时期,麦类作物才逐渐在黄河流域得到普遍种植。

明代湘黔交界地带少数民族地区治理方略与成果——以天柱改所为县为例

万历年间,明廷于天柱一地实施改所为县。该县县治策略围绕着重建官、军、苗、民四者的关系而设并成功实施,为流官提供了一套可供参考的少数民族地区治理方案。同时,各民族对天柱建县的共同支持不仅体现了各民族之间的良性交往,也为古代民族地区治理提供了新思路。

新中国成立初期少数民族地区的疫病流行与社会应对

民族卫生工作关系到各族人民的健康和各项建设事业的发展。新中国成立后,面对少数民族地区严峻的医疗卫生形势,中国共产党领导的新生政权通过完善基层卫生组织、组建巡回医疗队、开展卫生宣传教育、群众性卫生清洁运动等方式,不仅使各少数民族地区的医疗卫生事业得到迅速发展,防疫卫生网络初具规模,防病治病工作取得很大成效,天花、鼠疫、性病等严重危害各族人民健康的疾病基本消灭,疟疾的大面积流行得到控制,其他疾病亦显著减少,缺医少药、疾病猖獗、人口下降的状况有了很大的改善,而且通过医疗卫生事业的发展,很大程度上凝聚了人心,增强了少数民族同胞对新中国的向心力,从而进一步推动了少数民族地区的社会进步事业。

中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程

根据湖沼沉积、黄土沉积和冰积等地质记录,运用地理信息系统、遥感、生态景观学等方法,从万年、千年和百年及百年以下四个时间尺度对中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程进行研究。结果表明,全新世以来,中国西部干旱区的气候变化经历了多次的相对暖干和相对冷湿交替变化,变化历程较为复杂。早全新世、中全新世、晚全新世气候特点因地因时而异,但总体特征以干旱化为主,280～350a来,降水量有明显的减少趋势,并表现出显著的周期性。但在近半个世纪以来,中国天山地区的气候变化特征表现为气温升高,降水量增加。总的来说,从20世纪80年代以来,新疆的气候趋于好转,植被覆盖状况改善明显,山地森林、草甸、人工绿洲的面积均呈增加趋势。研究结果还表明,在一定尺度的气候背景条件下,地表的植被覆盖对调节绿洲区域气候有着积极的作用,可增加局部地区的降水。

模拟氮沉降对两种竹林不同凋落物组分分解过程养分释放的影响

利用原位分解袋法研究了华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)和撑绿杂交竹(Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocala mopsi)人工林几种凋落物组分在模拟氮沉降下分解过程中养分释放状态,试验周期为2 a。氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK,0 g·m-2·a-1)、低氮(5 g·m-2·a-1)、中氮(15 g·m-2·a-1)和高氮(30 g·m-2·a-1),每月下旬定量地对各处理施氮(NH4NO3)。结果表明,苦竹林和杂交竹林凋落物主要由凋落叶、凋落箨和凋落枝组成,其中凋落叶约占80%;两个竹种凋落物在分解过程中养分元素释放的种间差异主要与初始养分元素含量有关;凋落物养分元素初始含量对元素释放模式和最终净释放率的大小具有重要的决定作用;目前,这两种竹林生态系统土壤氮输入主要以大气氮沉降(8.24 g·m-2·a-1)为主,同时凋落物氮输入(苦竹和杂交竹林分别为1.93、5.07 g·m-2·a-1)也是一个重要途径;模拟氮沉降对苦竹凋落物碳、磷、钾、钙元素和杂交竹凋落物碳、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁元素释放的抑制作用较弱,处理与对照之间元素总释放率差异一般小于10%;氮沉降显著抑制了苦竹林凋落物氮元素释放,减小幅度为19.0%—27.2%,但由于氮沉降增加对土壤肥力的直接改良作用,氮沉降的增加并不会因为凋落物分解速率的降低造成植物生长所需养分供应的减少;从短期来看,在氮沉降继续增加的情况下,该地区这类竹林生态系统的碳吸存能力仍可能会因为N沉降对植物生长的促进作用而增加。