Matching actions to needs: shifting policy responses to the changing health needs of Chinese children and adolescents

China is home to the second largest population of children and adolescents in the world.Yet demographic shifts mean that the government must manage the challenge of fewer children with the needs of an ageing population,while considering the delicate tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability.We mapped the health problems and risks of contemporary school-aged children and adolescents in China against current national health policies.We involved multidisciplinary experts,including young people,with the aim of identifying actionable strategies and specific recommendations to promote child and adolescent health and wellbeing.Notwithstanding major improvements in their health over the past few decades,contemporary Chinese children and adolescents face distinct social challenges,including high academic pressures and youth unemployment,and new health concerns including obesity,mental health issues,and sexually transmitted infections.Inequality by gender,geography,and ethnicity remains a feature of health risks and outcomes.We identified a mismatch between current health determinants,risks and outcomes,and government policies.

Accidental Ingestion of Petroleum in Children at the University Hospital of Brazzaville

Introduction: Petroleum ingestion is a health problem in Africa and can be responsible for significant mortality. Objectives: Improving the management of accidental petroleum ingestion in children, describe the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of children hospitalized for accidental ingestion of petroleum and identify the factors associated with the occurrence of petroleum pneumopathy. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study with retrospective collection from January 2016 to December 2015, i.e. in 24 months in the Pediatric Intensive Care and Infant Pediatrics departments at the University Hospital of Brazzaville. We included children who accidentally ingested petroleum. The variables studied were epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, radiological and evolutionary. The statistical tests used were Pearson’s Chi2 and Odds ratio. The materiality threshold was set at 5%. Results: Out of 8013 children hospitalized, 78 (1%) had accidentally ingested petroleum, including 49 (62.8%) boys and 29 (37.3%) girls with an average age of 20 months. They were between 13 and 30 months old n = 44 (56.4%). The mothers were between 25 and 35 years old n = 49 (62.8%), no profession n = 31 (39.7%) and secondary education level n = 49 (62.8%). The mode of ingestion was self-ingestion (75.6%). The place of occurrence was the family home (92.3%). The motive of admission was breathlessness n = 59 (75.6%). An auscultation anomaly was noted n = 46 (59%), a pneumopathy n = 43 (55.1%). The treatment consisted of oxygen therapy n = 51 (65.4%), antibiotic therapy n = 70 (89.7%). The factors associated with the occurrence of a pneumopathy were: maneuvers performed and the existence of a cough. The lethality was 3.8%. Conclusion: The high frequency of accidental petroleum ingestions in children with an outcome often marked by pulmonary complications and the related case fatality rate requires primary preventive measures that rely on information, communication for behavior change with an emphasis on careful storage of toxic products and to refrain from harmful actions when faced with petroleum intoxication.

Some Antioxidant Enzymes among Children with Sickle Cell Disease Attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, North Western Nigeria

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most common genetic diseases in the world. It is associated with oxidative stress which occurs as a result of HbS unstable character causing a rise in the formation of free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine some antioxidant enzymes activities among patients with SCD. We investigated the superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) levels among 60 children aged 1 - 14 years with SCD. Twenty-two age-matched non-SCD children served as control. The study subjects were divided into two groups;steady state A (n = 30) and vaso- occlusive crisis (VOC) B (n = 30). The SOD, and GPx levels were significantly lower among the SCD subjects compared to controls (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels between sickle cell disease patient in steady state (A) and those in crisis (B) (p = 0.998 and 0.555) respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the SOD and GPX levels between sickle cell disease patient in steady state (A) and non-sickle cell controls (p = 0.005 and 0.000) respectively as well as between sickle cell disease patient in VOC (B) and non-sickle cell controls (p = 0.000). There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels of sickle disease subjects based on age, gender, maternal level of educational attainment, occupational group and income (p = 0.629 and 0.476;p = 0.382 and 0.417;p = 0.450 and 0.314 and p = 0.397 and 0.762 and p = 0.553 and 0.929) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the SOD and GPX levels of sickle disease subjects of Hausa/Fulani extraction versus Yoruba (p = 0.714 and 0.856), between Hausa/Fulani extraction versus Igbo (0.917 and 0.486) and between Yoruba extraction versus Igbo (p = 0.740 and 0.965) respectively. This study confirms that SCD children have lower values of antioxidant enzymes compared to controls. SOD and GPX levels in sickle cell disease patient in steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis are significantly lower compared that of non-sickle cell controls. Patients with SCD may benefit from substances with antioxidant properties which can potentially reduce the complications associated with the disease.

The Policy for Education of Migrant Workers＇ Children：Situation Analysis and the Future Orientation

The education of migrant workers＇ children is not only education but also social issue. Countries and places have introduced a number of policies to address the issue in a timely manner. At first, this paper analyzes the compulsory education policy for migrant workers＇ children and off-site college entrance policy, then find that there are still many problems in the formulation and implementation of policy. In the future, the relevant departments should be through improving the social status of migrant workers, increasing efforts to support the private school children of migrant workers, increasing investment in adult education, increasing the publicity of city, such the four aspects of policy guidance to coordinate and solve the education of migrant workers＇ children.

Should Parents Escort Their Children to First-Year University Enrollment?

Colleges and universities across China usually find crowds of first-year students swarming through their gates in late August and early September. part of this process is for parents to escort their children, a phenomenon that is an annual topic of debate across China. Many people think that parents escorting their children to colleges and

Relationship between Iodine Content in Household Iodized Salt and Thyroid Volume Distribution in Children

Objective To assess the effect of different levels of salt iodine content on thyroid volume（ThV） distribution using data from the 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national iodine deficiency disorder（IDD） surveys. Methods Probability proportion to size（PPS） sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 34,547, 38,932, and 47,188 Chinese children aged 8-10 years in 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national IDD surveys, respectively. The iodine content in household iodized salt and urinary iodine concentration were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was performed. The data were analyzed by SAS software using histograms and box plots. The skewness and kurtosis were calculated for testing the normality of ThV. Results The median iodine content in household iodized salt dropped from 42.30 mg/kg in 1999 to 25.00 mg/kg in 2014. The median urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8-10 years decreased from 306.0 μg/L in 1999 to 197.9 μg/L in 2014. The median and interquartile range（IQR） of ThV in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 3.44 m L and 1.50 m L, 2.60 m L and 1.37 m L, 2.63 m L and 1.25 m L, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis of ThV distribution in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 1.34 and 5.84, 0.98 and 3.54, 1.27 and 5.49, respectively. Conclusion With reduced salt iodization levels, the median urinary iodine concentration and median ThV of children decreased significantly, and the symmetry of the ThV distribution improved.

The potential of a year-round school calendar for maintaining children’s weight status and fitness:Preliminary outcomes from a natural experiment

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of a year-round school calendar (180-day school year distributed across 12 months) as an intervention comparedto a traditional school calendar (180-day school year distributed across 9 months) for mitigating children's weight gain and fitness loss viaa natural experiment.Methods. Height, weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (i.e., Fitnessgram Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) were measured inchildren (5—12 years old) in 3 schools (2 traditional, 1 year-round, n = 990 students, age = 8.6 土 2.4 years, 53.1% male, 68.9% African American) from1 school district. Structure (represented by the presence of a school day) was the independent variable. Changes in body mass index (BMI), age- andsex-specific BMI z-scores (zBMI), BMI percentile, percent of overweight or obese children, and CRF (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular EnduranceRun laps completed) were assessed for summer 2017 (May—August 2017), school year 2017/2018 (August 2017—May 2018), and summer 2018(May—August 2018). Primary analyses examined the overall change in weight and CRF from summer 2017 until summer 2018 via multilevel mixedeffects regression, with group (traditional vs. year-round calendar), time, and a group-by-time interaction as the independent variables. Secondaryregression analyses estimated differences in change within and between groups during each time period, separately.Results. Year-round students gained less BMI (difference in A = —0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): —0.67 to —0.03) and less CRF (differencein △ = — 1.92, 95%CI: —3.56 to —0.28) than students attending a traditional school overall. Compared with traditional students, during both sum・mers, year-round students gained less BMI (summer 2017 difference in A = —0.15, 95%CI: —0.21 to —0.08;summer 2018 difference in△ = —0.16, 95%CI: —0.24 to —0.07) and zBMI (summer 2017 difference in A = —0.032, 95%CI: —0.050 to —0.010;summer 2018 difference in△ = —0.033, 95%CI: —0.056 to —0.009), and increased CRF (summer 2017 difference in A = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.02—0.85;summer 2018 differencein A = 0.23, 95%CI: —0.25 to 0.74). However, the opposite was observed for the school year, with traditional students gaining less BMI andzBMI and increasing CRF compared with year-round students (difference in BMI A = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.03—0.07;difference in zBMI A = 0.012,95%CI: 0.005—0.019;difference in Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps A = —0.43, 95%CI: —0.58 to —0.28).Conclusion'. The year-round school calendar had a small beneficial impact on children's weight status but not CRF. It is unclear if this benefit tochildren's weight would be maintained because gains made in the summer were largely erased during the school year. Trajectories of weight andCRF gain/loss were consistent with the structured days hypothesis.

农村留守儿童教育政策的演变逻辑

农村留守儿童是我国城市化进程中产生的特殊群体,党和政府为此陆续出台了一系列政策,不断完善留守儿童关爱服务机制。我国留守儿童政策经历了萌芽期(1996—2007年)、形成期(2007—2016年)和深化期(2016年至今)三个阶段。留守儿童政策制定有其内在逻辑,从关注留守儿童基本教育保障到关心弱势群体教育,维护教育公平,再到促进教育脱贫与实现乡村振兴,政策制定的立意持续深化,内容不断丰富,成效日益突出。政府应进一步完善寄宿制学校新型教育模式,设置留守儿童专项经济资助经费,进一步健全社会关爱体系,构建留守儿童社会情感能力评价机制,确保农村留守儿童健康成长。

“三孩”政策背景下婴幼儿家庭养育压力的影响因素探究

为了解“三孩”政策背景下0~6岁婴幼儿家庭养育压力的现状及其影响因素,采用基本信息问卷、简式养育压力量表(PSI-SF)对我国东、中、西部六省3982个婴幼儿家庭所面临的养育压力展开调查,并从个体家庭因素、经济因素和社会区域因素三个方面分析0~6岁婴幼儿家庭养育压力产生的原因。结果显示,在0~6岁婴幼儿家庭中,近五成家庭养育压力超出正常范围,且从养育压力的各个维度来看,育儿愁苦得分高于困难儿童得分高于亲子互动失调得分;家庭结构、社会经济地位以及城乡地区对0~6岁婴幼儿家庭的养育压力有显著影响。基于此,建议关注父亲的养育压力,政府社区家庭合作共育;明确家庭压力来源,缓解家庭养育压力;加大政府投入,降低家庭养育成本;完善社会服务支持,提高家庭养育知识与技能。

育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿分析及对策研究——基于福建龙岩的实地调查

为积极落实三孩生育政策,主动适应人口和计划生育工作转型发展的新要求,调研组基于龙岩市育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿的调查问卷数据及实地调研,得出结论:三孩生育意愿的影响因素主要表现在经济成本、制度保障和生育观念三个方面。为进一步优化生育政策,提高三孩生育政策及配套支持措施的针对性、可操作性,切实减轻群众生育、养育、教育负担,助力生育友好城市建设,建议加强顶层设计提供政策支持,着力提升系统保障功能,多管齐下降低家庭养育成本,营造良好的生育氛围。

“五育并举”视域下高校体育俱乐部教学改革研究

文章在“五育并举”的教育理念下,对高校体育俱乐部教学改革进行了深入研究,并提出了具体的改革策略,包括德育与体育教学的融合、智育与体育教学的结合、体育技能与身体健康的全面提升、美育在体育教学中的渗透以及劳动教育与体育教学的结合。旨在培养全面发展的新时代大学生,提升体育教育的整体质量和学生的综合素质。

高校项目化服务社区儿童之家实施路径与策略研究——以S市“红苗”为例

近年来,越来越多的公益性项目以社区儿童之家为阵地,整合高校资源,推动儿童与社区“双向奔赴”。为探索高校项目及大学生服务社区儿童直接的有效路径,给予社区儿童更实质、有效且可持续的教育及帮扶,本文试以S市大学生社区服务项目“红苗”为蓝本,通过实证研究、总结、反思实践经验,探索高校项目化服务如何有效融入社区儿童之家,搭建社会组织承接的服务载体,从项目设计、应用、实践、推广等方面进行路径与策略研究。

流动儿童社会保护政策的保护困境与未来进路

当前,中国流动儿童社会保护政策面临着难以形成全国统一的政策,难以应对不断出现的社会保护问题,以及政策难以落实的困境。这需要在政策制定方式上从传统的以解决问题为目标的“问题导向”,转向以保障权利为目标的“权利导向”。流动儿童权利实现障碍的根源,在于其基本生态系统因流动而发生负面转向,立足流动儿童权利的保护优化社会保护政策,就是重构其基本生态系统以保障权利的实现。而这实质上是将对流动儿童的社会保护政策从原有的面向保护对象领域拓展至保护主体领域,由此实现流动儿童社会保护政策的制定从问题导向转向权利导向,切实保障流动儿童权利的实现。

社会投资视角下农村留守儿童社会支持政策的反思与构建

“以儿童为中心”的社会投资战略已成为发达国家社会政策的新趋向。因城镇化巨大的虹吸效应,农村传统差序格局下以血缘、地缘为主的先赋性儿童照料资源日趋消解,农村留守家庭劳动力再生产能力不足,以“农村留守儿童关爱体系”为主要内容的社会政策进入公共政策领域。然而,从社会投资的视角来看,我国农村留守儿童政策尚缺乏“支持家庭”“多元共治”等理念,“事后补缺型”的制度设计难以满足农村留守儿童和家庭的发展性需求,可能会通过降低未来人力资本增加贫困代际传递的风险。要实现“社会救助”向“社会投资”的理念转变,应以提升农村留守儿童及其家庭发展能力为根本,从导致亲子分离的制度根源入手,利用服务供给、时间补偿等“支持家庭”手段,构建政府、家庭、社会等“多中心协同治理”的社会支持体系,为农村留守儿童及其家庭提供普惠性的公共资源,以切断先赋性弱势与“留守事件”的链接机制。

“一所看得见未来的儿童大学”:教授校长治校理念的创生与探索

为发挥大学服务基础教育均衡发展的作用,2021年,上海师范大学委派笔者担任上海师范大学附属第五实验学校的创校校长。基于多年的基础教育研究和管理经验,笔者确立了“一所看得见未来的儿童大学”的办学理念,以及“为未来而教,为未来而学”的教学目标,树立儿童主体性地位,培养服务儿童未来发展的教师,开发服务儿童未来生活的课程,旨在培养与未来同行的大格局、宽视野、优表达、精实践、强创造的儿童。

北京市与深圳市儿童分级诊疗相关政策对比分析

背景为了解决儿童“看病难”“看病贵”的医疗困境,我国推行了分级诊疗制度。目前国内对儿童分级诊疗相关政策分析的系统研究献见报道。目的作为分级诊疗第一批试点城市,北京市和深圳市社区卫生服务机构(以下简称社区卫生机构)儿童接诊情况差异较大,本研究通过分析两地儿童分级诊疗相关政策,探索政策对社区卫生机构接诊儿童的影响。方法根据研究小组制定的分级诊疗政策研究框架(社区首诊制、双向转诊、医联体、薪酬激励、儿科培训、宣传、农村医疗可及性),在北京市政府、北京市卫生健康委员会、深圳市政府在线、深圳市卫生健康委员会官方网站检索儿童分级诊疗相关政策文件。筛选符合纳入、排除标准的政策,比较两市纳入政策的数量与内容,分析异同点。结果从6953篇政策文件中筛选出35篇符合分级诊疗政策研究框架的政策文件,其中北京市27篇、深圳市8篇。在医联体、薪酬激励、儿科培训方面,两市都有相关政策。在差异性方面北京市在分级诊疗的宣传和农村医疗可及性方面有相关政策,深圳市在社区首诊制和双向转诊制有相关政策。结论通过落实社区首诊制或加大医保支付比例差距方法促进儿童基层首诊、完善双向转诊指征、完善医联体、薪酬激励和儿科培训相关分级诊疗政策可能对改善社区卫生机构接诊儿童现况有重要意义。

“双减”视域下少年儿童文化产品的供需困境与优化路径

文以载道、文以植德,文化的独特价值和功能决定了少年儿童的文化素质涵育需要从中华优秀传统文化中汲取源源不断的养料,内化于心,外化于行。“双减”政策落地以来,优化丰富少年儿童文化供给、促进供需匹配以填补“课余真空”显得愈加重要与迫切。文章以文化产品供需研究的视角观察“双减”政策落地后的教育改革实践,总结概括少年儿童课堂内外的文化产品服务供给发展的现状,并详细分析少年儿童文化产品市场供需错配、错位的矛盾和困境针对性地提出优化路径。为落实“双减”政策的价值意涵,优化儿童文化产品供给,需学校、政府、公共文化机构等多方主体协同配合,借力数字互联势能,打造儿童友好、适配高效的文化产品供给体系。

“双减”后家长的教育焦虑减轻了吗?——基于江西省靖安县初三学生家长的一项质性研究

教育焦虑是我国家长教育心态的真实写照。“双减”政策实施以来,家长们的教育焦虑表现出新的波动。子女学业成就和家庭综合资本共同影响着家长的教育焦虑。在“双减”背景之下,对我国江西省靖安县子女学业成就不同、家庭综合资本不同的13位初三学生家长进行半结构化的一对一访谈,采用质性研究软件NVIVO11.0对访谈材料进行编码分析,结果发现:子女学业成就不同的家长教育焦虑水平总体呈上升趋势,其焦虑水平排序为中等生家长>优等生家长>后进生家长;家庭综合资本薄弱的中等生家长更焦虑;无论家庭资本如何,优等生家长普遍存在焦虑。其中,家庭综合资本较高的优等生家长考虑更长远的社会公平问题,更多关注孩子的长远发展;家庭综合资本较低的优等生家长的焦虑来源于子女当下学习状态的变化、补习费用上涨带来的经济压力以及难以提供辅导支持的责任压力。

我国幼儿体育与健康教育政策的价值尺度

梳理了新中国成立后幼儿体育与健康教育政策的演进脉络,概括幼儿体育与健康教育政策遵循的价值尺度并对其审思。我国幼儿体育与健康教育政策经历了曲折化发展时期、系统化发展时期、科学化发展时期和针对性发展时期。幼儿体育与健康教育政策遵循三维价值尺度,即公共价值、协同价值和主体价值。幼儿权利的忽视致使政策的公共价值难以有效实现,共同体协作的欠缺导致政策的协同价值难以充分发挥,幼儿教育特殊性的认知偏差造成政策的主体价值难以清晰体现。建议坚定治理目标,充分保障幼儿权利以主动回应公众期望;提高治理能力,系统建构共同体协作以充分发挥协同效能;完善治理体系,准确把握幼儿教育的特殊性以切实契合客观规律。

社会建构形象何以影响随迁子女入学——基于广州市政策设计过程的分析

随迁子女入学政策是确保随迁子女在流入地平等接受义务教育、促进教育公平的制度保障。目标群体的社会建构形象是影响政策利益差异化分配的重要因素。基于广州市义务教育阶段随迁子女入学政策文本,尝试分析随迁子女的社会建构形象,并从政策利益分配、政策论证策略和政策路径选择三个维度探究社会建构形象如何影响随迁子女入学。研究发现,社会建构形象赋予了相关群体不同水平的利益分配标准,政策设计者综合运用工具理性和价值理性策略,分别为不同群体贴上了“可得”和“不可得”的政策身份标签,并最终通过差异化的政策路径实现了随迁子女内部差异化利益分配结果的固定。