Q-factor estimation in CMP gather and the continuous spectral ratio slope method

The attenuation factor or quality factor(Q-factor or Q) has been used to measure the energy attenuation of seismic waves propagating in underground media. Many methods are used to estimate the Q-factor. We propose a method to calculate the Q-factor based on the prestack Q-factor inversion and the generalized S-transform. The proposed method specifies a standard primary wavelet and calculates the cumulative Q-factors; then, it finds the interlaminar Q-factors using the relation between Q and offset(QVO) and the Dix formula. The proposed method is alternative to methods that calculate interlaminar Q-factors after horizon picking. Because the frequency spectrum of each horizon can be extracted continuously on a 2D time–frequency spectrum, the method is called the continuous spectral ratio slope(CSRS) method. Compared with the other Q-inversion methods, the method offers nearly effortless computations and stability, and has mathematical and physical significance. We use numerical modeling to verify the feasibility of the method and apply it to real data from an oilfield in Ahdeb, Iraq. The results suggest that the resolution and spatial stability of the Q-profile are optimal and contain abundant interlaminar information that is extremely helpful in making lithology and fluid predictions.

A Novel Braking Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Buses Based on Vehicle Mass and Road Slope Estimation

Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and higher energy recovery efficiency,an effective braking control strategy for hybrid electric buses(HEB)based on vehicle mass and road slope estimation is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the road slope and the vehicle mass are estimated by a hybrid algorithm of extended Kalman filter(EKF)and recursive least square(RLS).Secondly,the total braking torque of HEB is calculated by the sliding mode controller(SMC),which uses the information of brake intensity,whole vehicle mass,and road slope.Finally,comprehensively considering driver’s braking intention and regulations of the Economic Commission for Europe(ECE),the optimal proportional relationship between regenerative braking and pneumatic braking is obtained.Furthermore,related simulations and experiments are carried out on the hardware-in-the-loop test bench.Results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the braking performance and increase the recovered energy through precise control of the braking torque.

Applications of state estimation in multi-sensor information fusion for the monitoring of open pit mine slope deformation

The traditional open pit mine slope deformation monitoring system can not use the monitoring information coming from many monitoring points at the same time, can only using the monitoring data coming from a key monitoring point,and that is to say it can only handle one-dimensional time series.Given this shortage in the monitoring, the multi-sensor information fusion in the state estimation techniques would be intro- duced to the slope deformation monitoring system,and by the dynamic characteristics of deformation slope,the open pit slope would be regarded as a dynamic goal,the condi- tion monitoring of which would be regarded as a dynamic target tracking.Distributed In- formation fusion technology with feedback was used to process the monitoring data and on this basis Klman filtering algorithms was introduced,and the simulation examples was used to prove its effectivenes.

Source Range Estimation Based on Pulse Waveform Matching in a Slope Environment

An approach of source range estimation in an ocean environment with sloping bottom is presented. The approach is based on pulse waveform correlation matching between the received and simulated signals. An acoustic prop- agation experiment is carried out in a slope environment. The pulse signal is received by the vertical line array, and the depth structure can be obtained. For the experimental data, the depth structures of pulse waveforms are different, which depends on the source range. For a source with unknown range, the depth structure of pulse waveform can be first obtained from the experimental data. Next, the depth structures of pulse waveforms in dif- ferent ranges are numerically calculated. After the process of correlating the experimental and simulated signals, the range corresponding to the maximum value of the correlation coefficient is the estimated source range. For the explosive sources in the experiment with two depths, the mean relative errors of range estimation are both less than 7%.

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波与机器视觉融合的道路侧向坡度估计

为解决现有算法难以准确估计前方道路侧向坡度的问题,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)与机器视觉(VB)融合的道路侧向坡度估计方法。首先,建立含有侧向坡度的车辆2自由度模型,通过EKF估计出侧向坡度与车辆侧倾角的叠加态,由侧向加速度乘以适当增益解耦出车辆侧倾角,得到EKF道路侧向坡度估计值;其次,通过视觉成像原理分析二维图像中道路侧向坡度与图像中相关参数的几何关系,得到VB道路侧向坡度估计值;最后,通过数据融合得到最终的道路侧向坡度估计值,使估计结果冗余互补。仿真和实车试验结果表明,该融合算法能够适用于道路侧向坡度变化的坡道,并显著提高了估计精度。

山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法

山区交通工程建设经常面临狭窄地形条件下斜坡、弃渣、桥桩相互影响带来的安全挑战,需要综合评价由此产生的工程稳定问题。为了研究山区公路施工安全评价方法,依托某山区公路斜坡路段,在广泛调研狭窄地形路段工程建设特点的基础上,提出狭窄地形公路工程建设面临的共性安全问题,构建此类工程施工安全评价方法及控制标准体系,并在实际工程中应用、检验及完善该方法及指标体系。主要结果为:提出包括地基承载安全、改变地形边坡稳定性和结构安全的山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法和安全控制标准体系。在山区公路有限空间工程建设中,需要控制弃渣填筑高度,控制加载造成的竖向应力小于承载力安全标准,实现地基承载安全;通过填筑体内部滑移、填筑体与斜坡地形接触面滑移、填筑体与自然地形深大滑移等潜在风险复核,实现边坡稳定性的全面控制;通过对桩基内力复核,控制堆载造成的结构内力小于结构承载安全标准。

一种基于ICESat-2激光光子与SRTM数据的冰川高程变化误差稳健估计方法

针对利用ICESat-2星载光子点云数据进行冰川高程变化监测时,不同地形条件下的ICESat-2激光光子数据质量差异较大导致冰川高程变化量估算误差较大的问题,本文以青藏高原上中国最大的海洋性冰川——恰青冰川为例,联合使用ICESat-2激光测高数据及30 m分辨率SRTM的DEM产品,提出了融合稳健估计准则的多函数拟合冰川高程变化量估算误差改正模型,降低了因地形坡度引起的冰川高程变化量估算误差;进而,估算了2000—2021年间恰青冰川的高程变化速度及质量变化量。结果表明,与对应的传统最小二乘估计结果相比,本文提出的融合稳健估计的函数模型改正效果更优。随后,将改正结果与多种数据进行交叉验证,能够证明该误差改正模型的有效性和可行性。因此,该模型可以有效改善冰川高程和质量变化信息提取的精度,研究结果表明,研究区21年间冰川高程变化速率约为(-0.52±0.56)m·a^(-1),冰川质量变化约为-12773.81×10^(5)t。此外,经过对21年间气象数据的年变化和月变化分析可知,气温和降水量等因素是引起冰川高程变化的主要动因。

肾小管脂滴包被蛋白2在预测糖尿病肾脏病进展中的作用及机制

目的:探讨肾小管上皮细胞中脂滴包被蛋白2(PLIN2)的表达变化能否预测糖尿病肾脏病(DKD)肾功能的减退,以及PLIN2促进DKD肾小管上皮细胞损伤的机制。方法:采用回顾性队列研究,选择12例非糖尿病患者(作为对照)和51例DKD患者为研究对象,收集人口学及实验室检查等资料。采用简化线性混合效应模型获得估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)斜率,Spearsman相关分析和广义线性模型预测PLIN2与DKD患者肾功能减退的关系。体内实验采用BKS-db/db小鼠和链脲佐菌素构建的糖尿病小鼠模型。体外实验采用葡萄糖处理原代肾小管上皮细胞,转染PLIN2 siRNA或过表达质粒。蛋白免疫印迹和免疫荧光染色检测PLIN2表达,油红染色检测脂滴蓄积,细胞实时能量代谢分析仪检测线粒体氧消耗率(OCR)。结果:DKD患者肾小管中的PLIN2表达水平较对照显著升高。随访24 (12,39)个月,DKD患者的eGFR斜率为-7.42(-19.77,-2.09) mL/(min·1.73 m^(2)·year)。基线时肾小管PLIN2阳性面积百分比的增大与随访期内eGFR斜率的变化显著相关[风险比(HR)=1.90,95%置信区间(CI):1.00~3.58],提示肾小管PLIN2预测DKD肾功能减退的价值。糖尿病小鼠模型肾小管中的脂滴和PLIN2表达均较对照组显著增多,葡萄糖处理造成肾小管上皮细胞中脂滴蓄积和PLIN2表达增多。干扰PLIN2显著缓解葡萄糖引起的脂滴蓄积;反之,过表达PLIN2加重葡萄糖引起的脂滴蓄积。葡萄糖处理造成肾小管上皮细胞线粒体OCR的下降在干扰PLIN2后得到缓解;然而,过表达PLIN2直接造成线粒体OCR降低。结论:肾小管PLIN2能预测DKD患者肾功能的减退。PLIN2抑制线粒体有氧呼吸,参与肾小管上皮细胞的脂滴蓄积和DKD的进展。

东北三省NDVI时空变化特征及对气候因子的响应

中国东北地区是全球气候变化最敏感的区域之一,了解植被的时空变化及对气候因子的响应对东北地区生态环境的构建和评价具有重要意义,对全球气候变化的响应也具有重要的指示作用。基于MODIS归一化差值植被指数(NDVI),利用Theil-Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall检验和Hurst指数开展2000—2021年东北三省NDVI时空演变特征及未来变化趋势研究,并通过相关分析方法研究NDVI对气候因子的响应。结果表明:2000—2021年NDVI整体均值为0.391,季节上呈现出春冬季低、夏秋季高的变化趋势,空间上呈现出西低东高的变化趋势;2000—2021年,NDVI年均增长率为0.003 a~(-1),而2010—2021年,NDVI整体呈现极显著上升趋势,年均增长率为0.006a~(-1);东北三省86.93%面积的NDVI在未来可持续增长,表明未来植被生长态势较好;相关分析表明,NDVI与气候因子在空间尺度上存在依赖性,气温与NDVI有更好的相关性;在东北三省大部分地区,气温和降水均对NDVI变化有正贡献,且两者的贡献相当,但在空间上存在着差异。

基于非对称幅度插值的二维来波方位估计

幅度插值方位估计法通过对少数几个波束采样插值得到来波方位,避免了密集的方位搜索,在工程中有广泛的应用。目前该方法大多基于一维,且使用对称函数进行插值,估计误差较高。本文通过解耦的方式将该方法由一维推广至二维任意阵,并考虑真实方位谱在偏离0°后左右波束不对称的情况,利用左右波束斜率比作为求解条件,使用非对称函数进行幅度插值。进一步,针对二维非对称插值中出现的角度失配问题,提出了迭代插值的解决方法。最后仿真分析了插值方法、迭代插值以及信噪比对插值精度的影响,所提出方法的插值精度优于传统对称插值方法;且通过千岛湖实验数据验证,所提方法以10°间隔插值得到的估计精度可以比拟常规波束形成以0.01°进行密集扫描的估计精度。所提方法能够在满足一些工程应用中对实时性要求的同时达到较高的方位估计精度。

基于自适应调参滤波的路面坡度估计算法

为解决低配电动车型缺少直接的道路坡度信息问题,提出基于现有控制器局域网(CAN)总线信号的路面坡度估计算法。首先,对总线输入的车速和纵向加速度信号进行预处理,并根据坡度与车速、纵向加速度间的关系构建卡尔曼滤波方程,估算道路坡度;然后,分析卡尔曼滤波过程中噪声方差参数对坡度估算结果的影响,设计自适应调参的卡尔曼滤波器,对坡度估计结果进行优化;最后,通过实车测试验证了坡度估计算法的实时性与有效性。

基于误比特信息区间斜率的正交频分复用水声通信多普勒估计

针对正交频分复用水声通信中直接误比特率搜索多普勒估计算法存在的高计算复杂度问题,提出了一种基于误比特信息区间斜率的多普勒估计算法,采用计算误比特信息区间斜率取代逐网格搜索最优误比特信息寻优过程,设计根据多普勒估计分辨率动态可变的斜率区间,在进一步提升寻优速率的同时有效减小陷入局部最优解的可能性,并有效降低算法的计算复杂度。仿真实验和海上试验结果表明:所提算法以较低的计算代价实现了与误比特率搜索多普勒估计算法近乎一致的估计性能,在本文试验条件下其相对块多普勒估计、基于互模糊度函数多普勒估计以及准梯度互相关多普勒估计算法可获得不低于14%的误比特率性能改善。

华北地区干旱时空变化及其对植被NDVI的影响

采用2000−2020年华北地区90个气象站点气象观测数据构建标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),选取30m空间分辨率的归一化植被指数栅格数据提取归一化植被指数(NDVI),量化植被覆盖情况,采用Sen’s斜率估计、Mann-Kandall检验、相关性分析、Copula-Bayesian条件概率公式等对华北地区植被干旱敏感性进行分析。结果表明:(1)华北大部分地区SPEI值呈极显著增长,华北北部部分地区SPEI值呈极显著下降;华北西部及北部地区NDVI值呈极显著增长,其余地区呈极显著下降;(2)华北地区干旱与植被以不显著空间集聚为主,小部分地区出现干旱与植被呈高值集聚和低值集聚;(3)华北地区总体上年尺度SPEI与NDVI相关性较好,植被对干旱的响应速度较慢,敏感程度较低,河南部分地区月尺度SPEI与NDVI相关性较好,植被对干旱敏感程度较高,NDVI与SPEI的联合分布函数最符合Clayton Copula函数;(4)华北地区植被低覆盖度出现的可能性随着干旱程度减轻而不断减少,较低覆盖度出现的可能性在极旱至中旱时不断增加,从中旱至轻旱时不断减少,植被中覆盖度、较高覆盖度和高覆盖度的可能性都随着干旱减轻而增加。

Determination of the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows by the perspective of physical mechanics and Shields stress

The critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows is utmost importance for local early hazard forecasting.This paper presents research on the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows through comparisons between slope gradients and three key factors,including topographic contributing area,dimensionless discharge,and Shields stress.The rainfall amount was estimated by utilizing in-situ rainfall records and a slope-dependent Shields stress model was created.The created model can predict critical Shields stress more accurately than the other two models.Furthermore,a new dimensionless discharge equation was proposed based on the corresponding discharge-gradient datasets.The new equation,along with factors such as contributing area above bed failure sites,channel width,and mean diameter of debris flow deposits,predicts a smaller rainfall amount than the in-situ measured records.Although the slope-dependent Shields stress model performs well and the estimated rainfall amount is lower than the in-situ records,the sediment initiation in the experiments falls within sheet flow regime due to a large Shields stress.Therefore,further sediment initiation experiments at a steeper slope range are expected in the future to ensure that the sediment transport belongs to mass failure regime characterized by a low level of Shields stress.Finally,a more accurate hazard forecast on the runoff-initiated debris flow holds promise when the corresponding critical slope-dependent dimensionless discharge of no motion,fluvial sediment transport,mass flow regime,and sheet flow regime are considered.

基于UKF算法的电动汽车车速坡度估计

精准的车辆车速与道路坡度,是实现车辆驱动防滑控制系统研究的关键,本文考虑到转弯工况,建立转向与道路坡度耦合的混合工况模型,运用UKF算法进行车速坡度联合估计,该算法融合了运动学与动力学两种方式,并且基于MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim搭建联合仿真平台,对所设计的混合工况车速和坡度的估计器与控制策略进行了仿真验证,比传统估计方法精度更高,响应速度以及鲁棒性更好。

求解边坡临界滑动面的分布估计算法

在求解边坡临界滑动面问题的优化算法中,大多都存在结构复杂、参数取值困难或寻优效果差的缺点。为此,将基于高斯分布模型的分布估计算法与基于简化Bishop法的滑面安全系数计算模型相结合,建立具有简单生物协同和竞争思想的临界滑动面搜索新方法;然后,针对3自由度问题,设计了一种局部搜索方法,以弥补分布估计算法局部搜索性能差的劣势。将标准方法和改进方法分别应用于边坡断面复杂度依次递增的3道算例中,完成对标准方法正交试验结果的极差分析和多因素方差分析,并实现标准算法与改进算法计算结果的对比分析。结果表明:(1)标准分布估计算法可以计算出边坡的临界滑动面;(2)当算例简单时,各控制因素都不会对计算结果产生显著性差异;当算例复杂时,只有种群规模呈现出显著性;(3)改进算法比标准算法的计算结果更佳、搜索速度更快,且有效降低了种群规模大小对计算结果的影响。探索分布估计算法在边坡临界滑动面搜索问题中的应用,为解决该类问题开辟出了一条新的研究途径。初步校验表明,该模型鲁棒性更好,具有广阔的应用前景。

基于纵-横向动力学耦合的整车质量与道路坡度估计

针对汽车行驶过程中存在侧向分力时应用纵向动力学模型进行整车质量与道路坡度估计存在偏差的问题,提出了基于纵-横向动力学耦合的质量估计模型和坡度估计算法。通过分析加速阶段对质量估计的影响,设定质量估计触发条件,并使用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法对整车质量进行估计,融合运动学卡尔曼滤波算法与动力学扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对道路坡度进行联合估计。通过Simulink-CarSim联合仿真与实车试验对算法进行验证,结果表明,基于纵-横向动力学的质量估计算法误差为0.82%,融合坡度估计算法误差在3%以内,验证了该算法具有较好的准确性与实时性。

Estimating trends of the Mediterranean Sea level changes from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data (1993-2015)

The impact of climate change on sea level has received a great deal of attention by scientists worldwide. In this context, the problem of sea levels on global and regional scales have been analyzed in a number of studies based on tide gauges observations and satellite altimetry measurements. This study focuses on trend estimates from 18 high-quality tide gauge stations along the Mediterranean Sea coast. The seasonal Mann-Kendall test was run at a 5% significance level for each of the 18 stations for the period of 1993-2015 (satellite altimetry era). The results of this test indicate that the trends for 17 stations were statistically significant and showed an increase (no significant trend was observed only at one station). The rates of sea level change for the 17 stations that exhibit significant trends, estimated using seasonal Sen's approach, range after correction for Vertical Land Motion (VLM) from 1.48 to 8.72 mm/a for the period 1993-2015. Furthermore, the magnitude of change at the location of each tide gauge station was estimated using the satellite altimetry measurements. Thus, the results obtained agree with those from the tide-gauge data analysis.

双遗忘因子最小二乘法车辆质量和时变坡度估计

针对双遗忘因子最小二乘法由于数据饱和导致车辆变质量估计失效,在坡道起步时导致坡度估计性能下降的问题,提出一种改进算法。建立了车辆行驶时的纵向动力学数学模型,并根据最小二乘递推估计理论得到双遗忘因子最小二乘递推估计模型;针对原始算法的变质量估计问题,通过引入车速作为车辆停车的判断参数,并在停车后重新初始化协方差矩阵来消除数据饱和的影响;采用AVL CRUISE与Matlab/Simulink联合仿真对识别算法进行了验证。仿真对比分析表明,有效地验证了改进算法的合理性和可靠性,提高了算法在车辆质量和坡度估计时的收敛速度和精度。

基于稳定安全系数的路基边坡可靠指标快速估算

路基边坡稳定可靠性分析过程复杂,建立可靠指标β的快速估算方法有助于概率分析技术在工程中推广。采用Fellenius极限平衡法与Monte Carlo模拟,开展常用坡率下简单土质边坡稳定可靠度计算,研究β随坡高h和强度参数变异系数δc、δφ的变化规律;运用无量纲化和多元非线性回归技术,构建基于稳定安全系数Fs与强度参数均值■的β估算方程,分析回归系数随h和δc、δφ变化趋势,讨论β估算偏差受Fs及■影响规律。研究表明:β与Fs总体呈负幂函数增大趋势,其界限值满足■关系式,拟合参数 a_(d)^(u)、b_(d)^(u)主要受强度参数变异水平影响,呈负指数幂函数、负线性函数变化规律;对内摩擦角和黏聚力进行无量纲化处理,采用幂函数与对数组合获得的β估算模型能较好地描述坡高、强度变异性及稳定安全系数的综合影响;估算偏差Δβ受强度参数变异水平的影响大于坡高,在■条件下的Δβ≥0.5,为估算风险区域,相应的Fs≤1.377。提出的显式估算方法对路基边坡稳定可靠性的快速、准确评估具有重要参考价值。