Review and Evaluation on the Sociocultural Theory and Bottleneck Hypothesis

Over the past three decades,a growing number of different theories in second language acquisition field have come out in an effort to provide explanations as to how language learning takes place,to figure out what variables are effective for second language acquisition as well as to offer guidance to mass second language learners and language teachers.Because behind every teaching approach exists certain kind of theory of language acquisition and good theory in turn can help students master language skills in an effective and efficient way.Each theory is considered to have contributed to the field by highlighting a specific aspect of the language acquisition process.Second language acquisition theories are intrinsically related with various disciplines such as applied linguistics,psychology,education,sociolinguistics,neurology,etc.Considering the impossibility to elaborate all second language theories,I will focus on sociocultural theory and bottleneck hypothesis in second language acquisition.There is an overview which follows the introduction to the Sociocultural Theory and Bottleneck Hypothesis and its contribution to second language acquisition respectively,and then I will evaluate them to see their contributions to the SLA disciplinary development.

Riemann Hypothesis and Value Distribution Theory

Riemann Hypothesis was posed by Riemann in early 50’s of the 19th century in his thesis titled “The Number of Primes less than a Given Number”. It is one of the unsolved “Supper” problems of mathematics. The Riemann Hypothesis is closely related to the well-known Prime Number Theorem. The Riemann Hypothesis states that all the nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function lie on the “critical line” . In this paper, we use Nevanlinna’s Second Main Theorem in the value distribution theory, refute the Riemann Hypothesis. In reference [7], we have already given a proof of refute the Riemann Hypothesis. In this paper, we gave out the second proof, please read the reference.

On Application of Output-Driven Hypothesis on College English Teaching

This paper discusses how college English teaching can be carried out based on the output-driven hypothesis. It consists of three sections. Section one briefly describes the views of the output-driven hypothesis with relevant theoretical explanations. Section two further illustrates how such teaching practice can be conducted in terms of the teaching objectives, teaching procedures, and methods, and assessment focuses. Section three points out the potential challenges faced by university English teachers when the hypothesis is tested

Practical Teaching Strategies for College English Based on the Output-Driven Hypothesis

With the continuous development and innovation of higher education in China,the development trend of education,from the extension type to the connotative type,is prompting the reform of college English.At present,college English emphasizes more on students5 comprehensive English application skills and their comprehensive development in listening,speaking,reading,and writing,so that they can use English flexibly.The output-driven hypothesis is a teaching theory proposed in the current educational environment,which is devoted to solving many problems in English teaching,such as low efficiency and the separation of learning and application.This study makes a detailed analysis of the connotation of output-driven hypothesis and explores the problems existing in current college English teaching.The purpose of this paper is to put forward practical teaching strategies for college English under the concept of output-driven hypothesis.

RETRACTED: The Riemann Hypothesis Holds True: A Rigorous Proof with Mean Formula and Extremum Principle

Short Retraction Notice? The paper does not meet the standards of 'Applied Mathematics'.? This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused.? Editor guiding this retraction: Editorial Board of AM.? Please see the article page for more details. The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper which is marked 'RETRACTED'.

Riemann Hypothesis, Catholic Information and Potential of Events with New Techniques for Financial and Other Applications

In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions () which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Penrose’s Weyl Curvature Hypothesis and Gravitational Entropy

FSC is shown to be an excellent model of Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis and his concept of gravitational entropy. The assumptions of FSC allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time. This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe. Furthermore, by virtue of the same physical assumptions applying at any cosmic time t, the perpetually-flat FSC model predicts the degree of scale invariance observed in the CMB anisotropy pattern, without requiring an explosive and exceedingly brief inflationary epoch. Penrose’s concepts, as described in this paper, provide support for the idea that FSC models gravitational entropy and Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory.

Unification Might Be Achievable by a Hypothesis of Instantaneous Time-Jumps during Photon and Graviton Interactions (A Brief Note)

Quantum theory according to the Copenhagen interpretation holds that, when a quantum interaction is observed (i.e., “measured”), the observer’s measuring devices temporarily become a part of the quantum system. Relativity theory holds that the event clock of the absorbed or emitted photon or graviton is frozen in time relative to all clocks outside the observed system. If we harmonize both theories, this would appear to imply that time continuity must be interrupted at each instant of observed photon or graviton interaction with matter. It is as if a segment of space-time is clipped out during each such observed interaction. If so, we must dispense with the notion of an absolutely smooth and continuous space-time and replace it with an observation-dependent, discontinuous, relativistic/quantum space-time. Mathematical physicists should be able to model this hypothesis (call it a “time-jump hypothesis”) and its inherent discontinuous space-time in their further efforts at unification.

负向变形理论假说

金属板材或管材在轧制过程中产生宏微观织构导致其各方向力学性能不同,表现出明显的各向异性。目前常用厚向异性系数r值定量表征各向异性。在假设存在-r值的前提下,基于Hill48屈服准则,给出了二维应力状态屈服轨迹,讨论了可能的反常变形行为。若能制备出r<-0.5的材料,将出现拉伸变粗或变宽,而压缩变细或变窄的反常现象,称之为“负向变形材料”。如其客观存在,则现有关联型塑性本构理论不适应这类材料,由此提出“负向变形理论假说”。希望更多学者通过深入研究证明:该假说是正确的理论或谬误的想法,活跃学术思维,以其寻求塑性理论突破,推动原始技术创新。

如何预测她会拥有“花心”男友?女性童年环境对其伴侣短期择偶策略的预测机制

本研究基于生命史理论和父亲投资理论,探讨从童年环境到女性拥有“花心”伴侣的预测机制。研究1采用问卷法,以250名有恋爱经历的未婚女性为研究对象,结果显示:童年环境不可预测性调节童年父女关系和女性自感配偶价值间的关系;当童年环境的不可预测性较低时,童年父爱缺乏将通过女性自感配偶价值的中介作用进而预测其男友的短期择偶策略偏好。研究2采用实验启动童年父女关系的途径,以169名未婚女性为被试,因变量改为女性对伴侣短期择偶策略的容忍度,再次支持了研究1的模型。基于上述结果,本研究提出“父亲投资敏感度限制假说”和“童年环境社会化假说”,以期揭示童年环境对个体生命史策略的塑造机制。

土力学的连续性假设及其在建模中的应用

为了弥补土力学中缺失连续性假设这一重要理论缺陷,在对多个学科中的连续性概念进行系统地梳理考究的基础上,提出了土力学中连续性假设的恰当表述,进而厘清了土的本构模型的概念、种类、属性和建模思路。研究结果表明:连续介质力学和多孔介质流体动力学的连续性假设为土力学的连续性假设提供了有益参考,但都有一定的缺陷;用混合物理论的观点和方法描述土的连续性比较合适,且可以避开在定义孔隙率时遇到的困扰;“连续”是一个相对的概念,当外部特征尺寸远大于介质内部特征尺寸时,就可以把研究对象看作连续介质;现有土的各种本构模型均以连续介质力学为基础,总体上属于唯象模型。阐明了本构关系的概念、种类和建模思路:本构关系是物质宏观性质的数学模型;土的本构模型包括持水、渗水、渗气、传热、屈服、变形、强度、细观结构演化、热力学效应、相变规律等多方面的内容,而不仅限于应力-应变关系;土的本构关系的研究应针对具体土类,抓住主要影响因素,建立解决主要问题的数学模型。

On Perron’s Formula and the Prime Numbers

The Riemann hypothesis is intimately connected to the counting functions for the primes. In particular, Perron’s explicit formula relates the prime counting function to fixed points of iterations of the explicit formula with particular relations involving the trivial and non-trivial roots of the Riemann Zeta function and the Primes. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate this relation at the fixed points of iterations of explicit formula, defined by functions of the form limT∈Ν→∞fT(zw)=zw,where, zwis a real number.

Quantum Realities and Observer-Dependent Universes: An Advanced Observer Model

This paper presents a novel observer model that integrates quantum mechanics, relativity, idealism, and the simulation hypothesis to explain the quantum nature of the universe. The model posits a central server transmitting multi-media frames to create observer-dependent realities. Key aspects include deriving frame rates, defining quantum reality, and establishing hierarchical observer structures. The model’s impact on quantum information theory and philosophical interpretations of reality are examined, with detailed discussions on information loss and recursive frame transmission in the appendices.

“余”字本义的“帝自称说”汉字字源学考辩——基于“炎黄崇拜”假说

“余”字本义释义存在多种解说。但究竟哪种解说合乎逻辑思辨和推理的科学性标准,需要进行汉字字源学层面的考证辨析。该文提出“余”字本义的“帝自称说”,借助“炎黄崇拜”假说的理论工具,从“余”字字族、“亼”字字族、专有名称、专有地名、专有自称5个维度进行了系统的考辩,得出“余”应为上古华夏文明中帝对自己的专有称谓,“余”字造字构型应当从亼从木。其中“亼”字字根代表了“△”形帝陵、神庙或神坛,是“炎黄崇拜”的标志性建筑形制;“木”字字根为“炎黄”二帝来自神授之权杖的简体造型。该文的探索性研究旨在为“余”字本义的“帝自称说”提供有力论证的同时,亦能够验证“炎黄崇拜”假说在建构汉字字源学理论体系中的有效性。

参数估计与假设检验理实一体化教学探索

文章在阐明标准正态分布分位数、置信水平、置信区间和样本均值的抽样分布的基础上,通过计算样本均值落在总体均值两侧任何位数抽样标准差范围内的概率,运用中心极限定理建立总体均值的参数估计区间;根据估计区间,提出假设检验的基本思想,明确双侧检验和单侧检验的拒绝域,并提醒学生左侧检验与右侧检验容易误判的地方;通过引例,实施理实一体化教学,边讲原理边做实验,化抽象为具体,从具体再到抽象,消除学生对参数估计和假设检验的畏惧感,明晰推导思路,让学生在完成操作任务的过程中学习统计学知识。

游戏化教学法在西班牙语本科课堂中的应用

目前,游戏化教学法在我国多应用于学龄前及中小学教育阶段,关于该教学法在高等教育阶段的应用研究仍有限。人们对游戏化教学法的认知仍普遍停留在使用视频或电子游戏等方式开展教学,然而游戏化教学法的应用范围远不止于此。文章以西班牙语本科课堂教学设计为例,将游戏设计理念、反馈机制等元素与课堂教学有效结合,使游戏化教学作为辅助教学手段与其他教学方法配合,应用在西班牙语听、说、读、写等各层面的教学中,显著增强了学生的学习动机,并能够提高其课堂参与度及自主学习意愿,从而最终达到提高学习效果的目标。

Entanglement vs. Correlation in Quantum Theory

A detailed explication of Edwin Jaynes’ criticism of Bell’s deviation of his renowned inequality is presented. The exact consequence of an incorrect symbolic rendition for a conditional probability for the derivation is illustrated. Additionally, a data-point by data-point simulation of an optical test intended to exploit a Bell Inequality for demonstrating the inevitability of either irreality or nonlocality is described. This simulation shows in detail that only non correlated signal pairs do not violate the chosen form of a Bell Inequality, contrary to the intended hypothetical input into Bell’s derivation. Finally, attention is drawn to the fact that, von Neumann’s “Projection Hypothesis” is the basic conception behind nonlocality in quantum theory.

Cracking the Snake Detection Theory: The Subcortical Visual Pathway as a Major Player in Cultural Transformations

According to the proposed hypothesis, graphic characters trigger the subcortical visual route. The reaction discussed is very weak. Yet, its very existence has an unusual importance: characters and (occluded) venomous snakeskin patterns reveal themselves as conflatable. Furthermore, following tractogra- phic research, a functional segregation of the subcortical pathway is to be presupposed. Thus, there can’t be a later dissociation of two stimuli previously associated. The outcomes of lecture will gradually appear probabilistically (much) more peaceful than encountering a venomous snake, though, and thus a continuous lessening of the reaction is expectable. Here, on one hand, it is relevant that the subcortical visual pathway goes to the amygdala. The reactions we describe tap into goal-oriented processes, and they will do that unfettered. On the other hand, in the case of characters, since the beginning, fear has been converted into appetition to a great degree. This process should be fostered in the presence of light. In this way, luminosity might become a conditioned stimulus for attraction. In this case, a Pavlovian addiction for light will foster, yet also—from the point of view of reward feeling—counterbalance the lessening of the stimulation elicited by characters. The addiction we refer to is one towards light accompanied by graphic signs. Yet, as opposed to the case of the luminous medium, the attention captured by the later ones taken for themselves is continuously reduced.

Edmund Becher Wilson＇s Early Contributions to the Chromosome Theory of Heredity： A Case Study of Instrumentalism in Science

The chromosome theory of inheritance was established during the three first decades of the 20th century. During the early stage of its substantiating, there were lots of puzzles and little evidence that could validate it. The cytological processes were obscure and several scientists maintained serious doubts concerning the existence of a connection between Mendel＇s principles and the behaviour of chromosomes during cell division. It was vital to associate an external, observable characteristic of the organism to a specific chromosome, and this was achieved when sex was connected to special chromosomes. At that time, however, some important scholars refused to accept or delayed acceptance of the conception that the hereditary factors （later called genes） were physical entities located along the chromosomes. Such was the case of Thomas Morgan （1866-1945） and William Bateson （186 I- 1926）. Their attitudes could be explained by considering the doubtful ground of the hypothesis at that time. It is more difficult, however, to understand the attitude of Edmund Beecher Wilson （1856-1939）. Being an expert in cytology he was acquainted with all the difficulties concerning the chromosome hypothesis. Nonetheless, from 1905 onward, he attributed little weight to the problems and dedicated a notable effort to obtaining evidence that could have grounded it. This paper analyses Wilson＇s attitude focusing on his studies from 1900 to 1915 and the scientific context of this period. This study led to the conclusion that Wilson＇s attitude could be explained in methodological terms by the adoption of an instrumentalist attitude, while Bateson and Morgan adopted a realistic perspective.

演化视角下大国工业化与矿产资源消费的典型事实和脱钩实证

工业化进程伴随着产业结构跃迁,矿产资源消费的总量与结构表现出较为明显的阶段性演进特征。文章从演化视角下中国、英国、美国、德国、日本五国工业化、产业结构变动与矿产资源消费的典型事实出发,将原材料库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)和Tapio脱钩理论引入资源消费领域,讨论矿产资源在工业化不同阶段中演进的长期趋势和短期脱钩规律。研究发现,在能源矿产以外的金属矿产中,主要工业国铁矿石和铜满足EKC假说,后工业化时期已经实现强脱钩。作为后发工业大国,中国金属矿产消费在达峰过程中与主要工业大国“殊途同归”,收敛到相近的终点,呈现出增长连结的脱钩状态。面对新工业革命的深入发展和大国博弈升级的世界大变局,数字化与绿色化的全球产业变革使矿产需求出现新的特点。因此,应遵循资源消费规律,持续关注工业化进程与矿产资源的消费轨迹及其脱钩状态,有效应对矿产资源领域的激烈竞争,加快推动中国经济高质量发展与矿产资源消费的“强脱钩”。