GURTIN-TYPE VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR DYNAMICS OF A NON-LOCAL THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM

Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.

Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal Equilibrium Parameters of MIKE 11 Model:A Case Study of Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China

Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters in the reservoir module of MIKE 11 model was conducted for the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China in order to apply the module to the environmental impact assessment to accurately predict water temperature of reservoirs.Results showed that radiation parameter A and evaporation-first parameter were much more sensitive than other parameters.The values of the radiation parameter A ranged from 0.10 to 0.34.The values of evaporation-first parameter varied from 0 to 10.The sensitivity of solar absorption parameters was less than that of evaporation parameter,of which light attenuation values ranged from 0.5 to 0.7,and this parameter would not impact model results if it was more than 2.Constants in Beer's law ranged from 0.2 to 0.7.Radiation parameter B was not more sensitive than evaporation parameter and its reasonable range was higher than 0.48.The fitting curves showed consistent changing tendency for these parameters within the reasonable ranges.Additionally,all the thermal equilibrium parameters had much more important effects on surface water temperature than deep water temperature.Moreover,if no observed data could be obtained,the local empirical value would be used to input to the MIKE 11 model to simulate the changes in the discharged outflow-water temperature qualitatively.

Thermal Equilibrium Reached by Interaction Between Two Identical Systems

In this work we show that tending to thermal equilibrium in one system, at least in certain cases, is associated with the coherent dynamical evolution of this system in interaction with another identical system. The temperature varying effect with time is manifestly shown in our analyses.

A General Thermal Equilibrium Discharge Flow Model

Based on isentropic flow and thermal equilibrium assumptions, a model was derived to calculate discharge flow rate, which unified the rules of room temperature water discharge, high temperature and high pressure water discharge, two-phase critical flow, saturated steam and superheated steam critical flow, and gave a method to calculate critical condition. Because of the influence of friction, the entropy is increased in the actual discharge process, and the discharge flow rate in thermal equilibrium condition can be obtained by the original model multiplied by an appropriate correction coefficient. The model calculated results agreed well with the experiment data of long nozzle critical flow.

NONLINEAR J-E CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ELECTRIC-THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE FOR HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITES

The nonlinear J-E characteristics under self-heating equilibrium for conductive composites based on high density polyethylene were studied. The results show that there are identical conduction mechanisms under self-heating equilibrium for the composites with various initial resistivities determined by filler content or ambient temperature. The nonlinear conduction behavior was involved in the limited microstructure transformations of the conducting network induced by electrical field applied and the corresponding self-heating effect. A reversible thermal fuse (RTF) model was suggested to interpret the physical origin of the nonlinear J-E characteristics.

Some Ideas about the Thermal Equilibrium in the Biosphere and the Entropy Variation Ascribed to Changes in the Radiations Wavelengths

An explanation is given for the thermal equilibrium in the biosphere, which is based in the equality between the thermal energy received from the sun and the thermal energy reemitted from the atmosphere to the space. In order to understand the origin of the energy that gives rise to the processes and phenomena taking place in the biosphere, it is necessary to take into account the free energy represented by the product of temperature times the change in entropy, T△S, whose magnitude can be attributed to the variation experimented by the wavelengths (or, consequently, the frequencies) of the radiations composing the radiation spectrum received from the sun compared with the radiation spectrum reemitted from the biosphere into the space. A simple discussion allows to predict that the entropy increase driving the processes is connected with a spontaneous conversion of high frequency radiations (with lower “content” of entropy) in radiations of lower frequencies (with higher “content” of entropy). A consequence of this is that high frequency radiations would correspond to more ordered states and, therefore, to less probable states than those corresponding to radiations of lower frequencies.

AN APPARENT TEMPERATURE MODEL BASED ON THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

In this paper,a comprehensive analysis and review of the advances in the research of human body comfort degree is made.Based on the studies of human thermal equilibrium theories contributed by previous researchers,different apparent temperature models corresponding to different environments are set up in accordance with the current situation and the characteristics of metabolism in different groups of people in China.After case studies and comparison with present dominant human body comfort degree statistical models,it is proved that the apparent temperature models have high rationality and wide adaptability.Furthermore,the comfort scaling standard according to apparent temperature is suggested,which is suitable for the middle latitude regions in China.

THE TRANSITIVITY OF THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM AND THE TRANSITIVITY OF CLOCK RATE SYNCHRONIZATION

The transitive property of thermal equilibrium is shown to be equivalent to the transitiveproperty of synchronization of rates of coordinate clocks. A necessary and sufficient condi-tion for the validity of the zeroth law of thermodynamics in Riemann space time is obtained.It is pointed out that the validation of the zeroth law is a necessary condition to construct"simultaneity surfaces", but not a sufficient condition. The reason why one has to use the"dragged system" in the study of Hawking radiation in Kerr spacetime has been explained.

High Pressure-Differential Thermal Analysis and Ultrasonic Wave Amplitude Analysis of Ice-Water Equilibrium at 1.5-5.0 GPa

Water is the most active component in all geological systems. It has an importanteffect on the physical properties of minerals and melts. It also plays a key role in the evolutionof the Earth. Accurate thermodynamics data on water are currently confined to pressures below1.0 GPa and temperatures below 900℃. Presented in this paper are new data available on theP-T properties of water at pressures up t0 5. 0 GPa, developed from differential thermal analysis and ultrasonic wave amplitude analysis. It has been found that there may exist anotherternary point at 3. 0 GPa and that ultrasonic wave amplitude change of ice-water transitionshows two inflection points above 2. 0 GPa, consistent with the two peaks of differential thermal curves above 2. 0 GPa. It may be a new phenomenon which needs further study.

A non-equilibrium molecular dynamics study of the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide

The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide in the temperature range of 300–2400 K was estimated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculation using Fourier law.The Kawamura function was adopted as the interatomic potential function.The calculated thermal conductivities are found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of the simulation cube.The thermal conductivity simulation results are compared with the experiment results and agreed well with the experimental results when the temperature is above 600 K.The thermal conductivities scale effects are found to be existed in uranium dioxide nanometer thin film.The approximate mean free paths of phonons in different temperatures can be examined.

多孔介质传热模型在多孔壁湍流中的适用性

为了考查不同的多孔介质传热模型在不同工况下的适用性,对带有高孔隙率多孔介质壁面槽道湍流及其传热进行了直接数值模拟研究。在多孔介质层外流体区域,通过有限差分方法求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和温度对流扩散方程;在多孔介质层内,使用修正的Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer模型描述高孔隙率多孔介质阻力,以及分别采用局部热平衡(local thermal equilibrium,LTE)模型、局部非热平衡(local thermal non-equilibrium,LTNE)模型、理想金属(ideal metal foams,IMF)模型计算温度分布。通过对所得热场的统计特性的分析比较,探究了不同Biot数下水和空气两类流体介质的多孔介质传热模型的有效性。研究表明:LTE模型不足以准确预测金属泡沫多孔介质内传热问题,其等效导热系数因仅考虑孔隙率因素而低估了多孔介质层的传热能力;IMF模型在小比热容流体介质的算例中表现良好,可以代替LTNE描述多孔介质层内的传热,而在大比热容流体介质的算例中表现不佳,需要考虑比热容以及流固两相间的传热能力对预估的固体相温度分布进行修正。

回转式空气预热器积灰模型构建与积灰工况传热性能研究

为了量化研究积灰状态下回转式空气预热器(空预器)对运行条件的敏感性,构建基于局部热非平衡模型的三方程回转式空预器热力计算模型,探究了积灰分布与运行条件对空预器传热性能和硫酸氢铵(ABS)沉积的综合影响,对比分析了积灰热阻与热容对空预器的影响规律。计算结果表明:积灰热阻对传热性能的削弱效果远大于积灰热容对传热的强化效果;冷段积灰比例的增加使得ABS沉积区比例增大;当蓄热元件表面积灰厚度增加时,提高转速、增大流量或提升机组负荷对改善传热性能及减小ABS沉积区比例的效果尤为显著;改变流体温度对空预器性能的影响较小;当机组负荷由50%增加至100%时,ABS沉积区比例在清洁状态下的减小量为5%,在冷段积灰厚度为2 mm时提高至7%。研究结果可为针对性地调整空预器运行参数,从而优化传热效果及减轻积灰腐蚀提供参考。

Thermal Analysis of Vehicular Twin-Tube Hydraulic Gas-Precharged Shock Absorbers

In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiation were derived by applying certain laws governing heat transfer;an equivalent thermal resistance network model of a shock absorber undergoing heat transfer was established innovatively;moreover,the shock absorber’s thermodynamic model of control volume system was built by using the first law of thermodynamics;and finally,time required for shock absorber to reach thermal equilibrium and corresponding value of steady temperature were calculated by programming.In this way,a lower thermal equilibrium temperature will be achieved,hence help to improve reliability of shock absorbers in work by offering low ambient temperature,by reducing amplitudes and frequencies of external incentives exerted on them and by increasing flow rate of ambient air passing around them.

闪沸喷雾孔几何形状对孔内流动特性影响的数值模拟

研究了汽车直喷汽油机喷嘴的几何形状对于闪沸喷雾孔内流动以及相变过程的影响机理。基于热不平衡假设建立了一维的两相相变流动模型,对于具有不同喷孔流道长度、直径、入口处圆角以及流道锥角的结构,分析了闪沸喷雾孔内流动的特性。将该模型结果与作者团队先前的实验结果进行了精度比对,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:喷孔流道长度越长,孔径越小,从而孔内相变越剧烈。流道入口处圆角会减少喷孔内部蒸汽的生成。收缩型喷孔压降较小,孔内蒸汽相的生成也相应减少,从而扩张型喷嘴增大蒸汽产生速率。不同的喷孔结构,改变了流道内的压力以及速度分布;压力分布影响了气泡的生长速率,速度分布影响了气泡的生长时间,而两者共同作用影响了孔内的相变特性。

碳纤维增强复合材料层压板的雷击烧蚀损伤及剩余强度分析

轻质高强的碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)已广泛应用于飞机结构中,但是相较于金属而言其导电性能较弱,因此必须考虑雷击的影响。由于雷电流分量C波通常对CFRP造成的损伤最为严重,因此本文建立了C波的热电耦合模型和CFRP层压板的有限元模型,模拟CFRP层压板在C波作用下的雷击损伤。雷击后,CFRP层压板内部在室温下存在热辐射和热传导,会使得损伤进一步扩展。基于扩展后的损伤,使用Hashin准则进行失效判定,预测了CFRP层压板的剩余压缩强度。

Thermal quantum discord in Heisenberg models with Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction

We study the quantum discord of the bipartite Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya （DM） interaction in thermal equilibrium state and discuss the effect of the DM interaction on the quantum discord. The quantum entanglement of the system is also discussed and compared with quantum discord. Our results show that the quantum discord may reveal more properties of the system than quantum entanglement and the DM interaction may play an important role in the Heisenberg model.

石墨烯-碳纳米管复合结构热导率的非平衡分子动力学模拟

为制备高性能的热界面材料,采用非平衡分子动力学方法计算了三维石墨烯–碳纳米管复合结构的热学特性,研究了复合结构的尺寸及系统温度对于整体结构热导率的影响。研究表明,复合结构z方向长度的增加和温度的升高都能使复合结构的热导率在一定程度上增加并逐渐达到一个饱和值。为进一步探究整体及局部结构中声子能量传递的情况,计算了复合整体和连接处界面两侧的声子振动态密度,结果表明,碳纳米管与石墨烯界面处形变是阻碍复合结构热导率提高的主要因素。

Quantum thermal discord in a two-spin-1/2 XXZ model

We study the quantum discord in a two-spin-1/2 XXZ model in thermal equilibrium at temperature T in the presence of an external magnetic field B. Special attention is paid to the dependence of quantum discord on the temperature T and magnetic field B. It is found that quantum thermal discord is more robust than concurrence against temperature, in the sense that quantum thermal discord does not vanish at finite temperatures, but concurrence vanishes completely at a critical temperature.

履带车辆油气弹簧生热机理和热模型研究

为研究油气弹簧工作过程中的生热机理,建立油气弹簧参数化热模型。采集试验数据对油气弹簧阻尼示功特性进行数值拟合,得到活塞运动速度-阻尼力关系的数学表达式。对油气弹簧的传热路径和换热特点分析,建立油气弹簧热阻网络模型,计算得到工作过程中油气弹簧2种工作介质的温度变化特性。设计试验对油气弹簧的热模型计算结果进行验证。试验结果表明:阻尼力做功是油气弹簧温度升高的主要热量来源,油液温度比气体温度上升更快、平衡温度更高,该模型可以准确地计算出油气弹簧不同工作介质的温升情况,为油气弹簧热-机耦合动力学研究提供了参考。

非平衡热输运边界条件影响研究

当材料的特征尺寸小到与声子平均自由程相当,或特征时间短到与声子弛豫时间相当时,准平衡假设就不再有效,系统内会产生非局部效应。此时,边界条件将成为影响非平衡热输运的重要因素之一。超快速激光加热纳米薄膜是反映此类问题的典型案例,其传热过程中不仅热影响时间极短,而且作用区域还在纳米尺度。文章研究了不同边界条件对纳米硅薄膜非平衡热输运的影响,分析了声子从扩散状态向弹道状态转变的特性。结果表明:采用镜面边界条件与反弹边界条件具有相似的热输运过程,薄膜内部能量密度差异较小;对流边界条件下薄膜内部热量持续向外界流失,其能量密度最低;通过改变对流方式,发现强制对流相比于自然对流会带走更多的热量;随着薄膜尺寸减小,边界条件对热输运的影响会增大。