This paper investigates the temperature field distribution and thermal focal length within a laser diode array （LDA） end-pumped YVO4/Nd：YVO4 rectangular composite crystal. A general expression of the temperature fi...This paper investigates the temperature field distribution and thermal focal length within a laser diode array （LDA） end-pumped YVO4/Nd：YVO4 rectangular composite crystal. A general expression of the temperature field distribution within the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal was obtained by analysing the characteristics of the Nd：YVO4 crystal and solving the Poisson equation with boundary conditions. The temperature field distributions in the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal for the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 composite crystal and the Nd：YVO4 single crystal are researched respectively. Calculating the thermal focal length within the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal was done by an analysis of the additional optical path differences （OPD） caused by heat, which was very identical with experimental results in this paper. Research results show that the maximum relative temperature on the rear face of the Nd：YVO4 crystal in the composite crystal is 150 K and the thermal focal length is 35.7mm when the output power of the LDA is 22 W. In the same circumstances, the experimental value of the thermal focal length is 37.4 mm. So the relative error between the theoretical analysis and the experimental result is only 4.5%. With the same conditions, the thermal focal length of the Nd：YVO4 single crystal is 18.5 mm. So the relative rate of the thermal focal length between the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 crystal and the Nd：YVO4 crystal is 93%. So, the thermal stability of the output power and the beam quality of the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 laser is more advantageous than the laser with Nd：YVO4 single crystal.展开更多
The ability to quantify and predict the energy absorption/transmission characteristics of multi-layered porous medium is imperative if one is involved in the automotive, launch vehicle, commercial aircraft, architectu...The ability to quantify and predict the energy absorption/transmission characteristics of multi-layered porous medium is imperative if one is involved in the automotive, launch vehicle, commercial aircraft, architectural acoustics, petroleum exploration, or even in modeling human tissue. A case in point, the first four aforementioned fields rely on effective Noise and Vibration (NV) development for their commercial success. NV development requires the setting of NV targets at different system levels. The targets are then translated to Transmission Loss (TL), Insertion Loss (IL), and absorption (Alpha) performance for the multi-layered porous materials being utilized. Thus, it behooves to have a thorough understanding of the physics behind the energy dissipating mechanism of the material that entails the effects of the fluid meandering through the pores of the material and its interaction with the structural skeleton. In this section of the project the focus is on the thermal interchange that occurs within the porous medium. Via the acoustic modeling at the micro/macro level it is shown how this thermal exchange affects the acoustic compressibility within the porous material. In order to obtain a comprehensive approach the ensuing acoustic modeling includes the effects due to relaxation process, thus bulk viscosity and instantaneous entropy functions (effects due to vibration of diatomic molecules of air) are incorporated into the equation. The instantaneous entropy functions are explained by means of the Boltzmann’s distribution, partition function, and quantum states. The concept of thermal length and its connection to thermal permeability is clarified. Lastly, the results for TL calculations employing the aforementioned thermal exchange into the Transfer Matrix Method with finite size correction, (FTMM), pertaining to a simple multi-layered material is compared with experimentally obtained data.展开更多
This work examines the fracture behavior of a functionally graded material （FGM） plate containing parallel surface cracks with alternating lengths subjected to a thermal shock. The thermal stress intensity factors ...This work examines the fracture behavior of a functionally graded material （FGM） plate containing parallel surface cracks with alternating lengths subjected to a thermal shock. The thermal stress intensity factors （TSIFs） at the tips of long and short cracks are calculated using a singular integral equation technique. The critical thermal shock △Tc that causes crack initiation is calculated using a stress intensity factor criterion. Numerical examples of TSIFs and △Tc for an Al2O3/Si3N4 FGM plate are presented to illustrate the effects of thermal property gradation, crack spacing and crack length ratio on the TSIFs and △Tc. It is found that for a given crack length ratio, the TSIFs at the tips of both long and short cracks can be reduced significantly and △Tc can be enhanced by introducing appropriate material gradation. The TSIFs also decrease dramatically with a decrease in crack spacing. The TSIF at the tips of short cracks may be higher than that for the long cracks under certain crack geometry conditions. Hence, the short cracks instead of long cracks may first start to grow under the thermal shock loading.展开更多
Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin ...Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin and its adjacent area, southern China, has been qualitatively and semi quantitatively studied. The results reflect several features of the thermal history. Firstly, all the samples have experienced temperatures higher than 60-70 ℃. Secondly, the time that the basement strata (T 1 b ) on the northwestern side of the Shiwandashan basin were uplifted and exhumed to the unannealed upper crust (with a paleogeotemperature of below 60-70 ℃) is much earlier than the basement rocks ( γ 1 5) on the southeastern side of the basin. Thirdly, the thermal history of samples from the basin can be divided into six stages, i.e., the fast burial and heating stage (220-145 Ma), the transient cooling stage (145-135 Ma), the burial and heating stage (135-70 Ma), the rapid cooling stage (70-50 Ma), the relatively stable stage (50-20 Ma) and another rapid cooling stage (20 Ma to present).展开更多
Researching into changes in thermal growing season has been one of the most important scientific issues in studies of the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies investigated th...Researching into changes in thermal growing season has been one of the most important scientific issues in studies of the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies investigated the differences under various definitions of thermal growing season and compared the trends of thermal growing season in different parts of China. Based on the daily mean air temperatures collected from 877 meteorological stations over northern China from 1961 to 2015, we investigated the variations of the thermal growing season parameters including the onset, ending and duration of the growing season using the methods of differential analysis, trend analysis, comparative analysis, and Kriging interpolation technique. Results indicate that the differences of the maximum values of those indices for the thermal growing season were significant, while they were insignificant for the mean values. For indices with the same length of the spells exceeding 5°C, frost criterion had a significant effect on the differences of the maximum values. The differences of the mean values between frost and non-frost indices were also slight, even smaller than those from the different lengths of the spells. Temporally, the starting date of the thermal growing season advanced by 10.0–11.0 days, while the ending dates delayed by 5.0–6.0 days during the period 1961–2015. Consequently, the duration of the thermal growing season was prolonged 15.0–16.0 days. Spatially, the advanced onset of the thermal growing season occurred in the southwestern, eastern, and northeastern parts of northern China, whereas the delayed ending of the thermal growing season appeared in the western part, and the length of the thermal growing season was prolonged significantly in the vast majority of northern China. The trend values of the thermal growing season were affected by altitude. The magnitude of the earlier onset of the thermal growing season decreased, and that of the later ending increased rapidly as the altitude increased, causing the magnitude of the prolonged growing season increased correspondingly. Comparing the applicability of selected indices and considering the impacts of frost on the definitions are important and necessary for determining the timing and length of the thermal growing season in northern China.展开更多
Short hole investigations relevant to gas turbine (GT) hot walls cooling heat transfer techniques, were carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with conjugate heat transfer (CHT) code. The CFD so...Short hole investigations relevant to gas turbine (GT) hot walls cooling heat transfer techniques, were carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with conjugate heat transfer (CHT) code. The CFD software are commercial ones: ICEM for grid modelling and ANSYS Fluent for the numerical calculation, where symmetrical application prevails. The CFD CHT predictions were undertaken for Nimonic-75 metal walls with square (152.4 mm) arrays of 10 holes, whereby the lumped heat capacitance method was applied in order to determine the surface average heat transfer coefficient (HTC), h (W/m<sup>2</sup> K) and the dimensionless Nusselt number, Nu. The major parameters considered for the short hole geometries are the pitch to diameter, X/D and length to diameter, L/D ratios and both were varied with range of D values, but X of 15.24 mm and L of 6.35 mm kept constant. Also applied, are variable mass flux, G (kg/s∙m<sup>2</sup>) and were used in predicting the flow aerodynamics in the short holes. The predictions were for classic thermal entry length into a round hole, as vena contracta, flow separation and reattachment dominates the holes, hence the development of thermal profile through the depth of the GT hot walls. Additionally, the acceleration of the flow along the wall surfaces as it approaches the holes, was a significant part of the overall heat transfer. This was shown to be independent of the hole length, even though the L/D parameter is a critical component to enhanced heat transfer. The CFD CHT predictions showed that validation of the HTC h, Nu and pressure loss, ∆P are in better agreement with measured data and within reasonable acceptance. The ∆P agreement signifies that the aerodynamics were predicted correctly, which is also the reason why the HTC expressed per wall hole approach surface area and Nu were better predicted. This illustrates how effective and efficient the wall internal heat transfer cooling is for gas turbine hot wall heat transfer using airflow jets cooling.展开更多
藏东南地区的雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区(以下简称大峡谷地区)是印度洋暖湿气流输送至青藏高原的重要通道,在高原水分与能量循环过程中具有重要地位。为了揭示不同水汽输送对陆-气间水热交换通量的影响,本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再...藏东南地区的雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区(以下简称大峡谷地区)是印度洋暖湿气流输送至青藏高原的重要通道,在高原水分与能量循环过程中具有重要地位。为了揭示不同水汽输送对陆-气间水热交换通量的影响,本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析数据产品,根据大气中总水汽含量和水汽水平输送通量将大峡谷地区2013年5月20日至7月9日的水汽强度划分为强/弱/极弱三种级别。并利用第五代公用陆面模式(Community Land Model version 5.0,CLM5.0)模拟了水汽输送对大峡谷-大气间水热交换的影响。研究表明:大峡谷地区的南(东)边界为水汽主要的输入(输出)边界,大峡谷南侧河谷存在水汽强输送带。CLM5.0模拟的大峡谷-大气间水热交换通量与实际相比误差较大,通过优选热力学粗糙度参数化方案和土壤属性替代数据集,提高了CLM5.0模拟大峡谷-大气间水热交换通量的精度。其中Zeng and Dickinson(1998)的方案(以下简称Z98方案)效果最优,较CLM5.0默认参数化方案下模拟的小麦站和草地站近地面感热通量均方根误差分别下降18.2%和10.9%。区域模拟结果显示:大峡谷地区近地面潜热通量区域模拟总体分布为东南高而西北低,近地面感热通量则相反,随水汽水平输送强度的减弱,潜热通量大值区向西北延伸面增大,而感热通量大值区则向东南延伸面增大。冰雪覆盖的高海拔地区近地面感热通量维持低值,而潜热通量则相反。整个试验阶段,大峡谷地区降水时长达59%,不同水汽输送条件下近地面有效能量主要以潜热的方式向大气输送,其中在强水汽水平输送条件下的水汽强输送带的近地面感热输送最弱,Z98方案下的感热通量日均值仅为-1.80 W·m^(-2),潜热通量则大于70.0 W·m^(-2)。对于大峡谷地区,当水汽维持高值范围时,近地面净辐射降低,但近地面净辐射主要被潜热消化,水汽保温大气的效应使得地-气温差降低,近地面感热输送抑制显著。本研究结果对认识雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区陆面过程及其对水汽水平输送的响应有一定的参考价值。展开更多
文摘This paper investigates the temperature field distribution and thermal focal length within a laser diode array （LDA） end-pumped YVO4/Nd：YVO4 rectangular composite crystal. A general expression of the temperature field distribution within the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal was obtained by analysing the characteristics of the Nd：YVO4 crystal and solving the Poisson equation with boundary conditions. The temperature field distributions in the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal for the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 composite crystal and the Nd：YVO4 single crystal are researched respectively. Calculating the thermal focal length within the Nd：YVO4 rectangular crystal was done by an analysis of the additional optical path differences （OPD） caused by heat, which was very identical with experimental results in this paper. Research results show that the maximum relative temperature on the rear face of the Nd：YVO4 crystal in the composite crystal is 150 K and the thermal focal length is 35.7mm when the output power of the LDA is 22 W. In the same circumstances, the experimental value of the thermal focal length is 37.4 mm. So the relative error between the theoretical analysis and the experimental result is only 4.5%. With the same conditions, the thermal focal length of the Nd：YVO4 single crystal is 18.5 mm. So the relative rate of the thermal focal length between the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 crystal and the Nd：YVO4 crystal is 93%. So, the thermal stability of the output power and the beam quality of the YVO4/Nd：YVO4 laser is more advantageous than the laser with Nd：YVO4 single crystal.
文摘The ability to quantify and predict the energy absorption/transmission characteristics of multi-layered porous medium is imperative if one is involved in the automotive, launch vehicle, commercial aircraft, architectural acoustics, petroleum exploration, or even in modeling human tissue. A case in point, the first four aforementioned fields rely on effective Noise and Vibration (NV) development for their commercial success. NV development requires the setting of NV targets at different system levels. The targets are then translated to Transmission Loss (TL), Insertion Loss (IL), and absorption (Alpha) performance for the multi-layered porous materials being utilized. Thus, it behooves to have a thorough understanding of the physics behind the energy dissipating mechanism of the material that entails the effects of the fluid meandering through the pores of the material and its interaction with the structural skeleton. In this section of the project the focus is on the thermal interchange that occurs within the porous medium. Via the acoustic modeling at the micro/macro level it is shown how this thermal exchange affects the acoustic compressibility within the porous material. In order to obtain a comprehensive approach the ensuing acoustic modeling includes the effects due to relaxation process, thus bulk viscosity and instantaneous entropy functions (effects due to vibration of diatomic molecules of air) are incorporated into the equation. The instantaneous entropy functions are explained by means of the Boltzmann’s distribution, partition function, and quantum states. The concept of thermal length and its connection to thermal permeability is clarified. Lastly, the results for TL calculations employing the aforementioned thermal exchange into the Transfer Matrix Method with finite size correction, (FTMM), pertaining to a simple multi-layered material is compared with experimentally obtained data.
文摘This work examines the fracture behavior of a functionally graded material （FGM） plate containing parallel surface cracks with alternating lengths subjected to a thermal shock. The thermal stress intensity factors （TSIFs） at the tips of long and short cracks are calculated using a singular integral equation technique. The critical thermal shock △Tc that causes crack initiation is calculated using a stress intensity factor criterion. Numerical examples of TSIFs and △Tc for an Al2O3/Si3N4 FGM plate are presented to illustrate the effects of thermal property gradation, crack spacing and crack length ratio on the TSIFs and △Tc. It is found that for a given crack length ratio, the TSIFs at the tips of both long and short cracks can be reduced significantly and △Tc can be enhanced by introducing appropriate material gradation. The TSIFs also decrease dramatically with a decrease in crack spacing. The TSIF at the tips of short cracks may be higher than that for the long cracks under certain crack geometry conditions. Hence, the short cracks instead of long cracks may first start to grow under the thermal shock loading.
文摘Based on interpretations of the apatite fission track analysis data for 10 outcrop samples and forward modeling of confined fission track length distributions, the thermal history of rocks in the Shiwandashan basin and its adjacent area, southern China, has been qualitatively and semi quantitatively studied. The results reflect several features of the thermal history. Firstly, all the samples have experienced temperatures higher than 60-70 ℃. Secondly, the time that the basement strata (T 1 b ) on the northwestern side of the Shiwandashan basin were uplifted and exhumed to the unannealed upper crust (with a paleogeotemperature of below 60-70 ℃) is much earlier than the basement rocks ( γ 1 5) on the southeastern side of the basin. Thirdly, the thermal history of samples from the basin can be divided into six stages, i.e., the fast burial and heating stage (220-145 Ma), the transient cooling stage (145-135 Ma), the burial and heating stage (135-70 Ma), the rapid cooling stage (70-50 Ma), the relatively stable stage (50-20 Ma) and another rapid cooling stage (20 Ma to present).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571044,41401661,41001283)the Climate Change Special Fund of the China Meteorological Administration(CCSF201716)the China Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)Fund Project(2012043)
文摘Researching into changes in thermal growing season has been one of the most important scientific issues in studies of the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies investigated the differences under various definitions of thermal growing season and compared the trends of thermal growing season in different parts of China. Based on the daily mean air temperatures collected from 877 meteorological stations over northern China from 1961 to 2015, we investigated the variations of the thermal growing season parameters including the onset, ending and duration of the growing season using the methods of differential analysis, trend analysis, comparative analysis, and Kriging interpolation technique. Results indicate that the differences of the maximum values of those indices for the thermal growing season were significant, while they were insignificant for the mean values. For indices with the same length of the spells exceeding 5°C, frost criterion had a significant effect on the differences of the maximum values. The differences of the mean values between frost and non-frost indices were also slight, even smaller than those from the different lengths of the spells. Temporally, the starting date of the thermal growing season advanced by 10.0–11.0 days, while the ending dates delayed by 5.0–6.0 days during the period 1961–2015. Consequently, the duration of the thermal growing season was prolonged 15.0–16.0 days. Spatially, the advanced onset of the thermal growing season occurred in the southwestern, eastern, and northeastern parts of northern China, whereas the delayed ending of the thermal growing season appeared in the western part, and the length of the thermal growing season was prolonged significantly in the vast majority of northern China. The trend values of the thermal growing season were affected by altitude. The magnitude of the earlier onset of the thermal growing season decreased, and that of the later ending increased rapidly as the altitude increased, causing the magnitude of the prolonged growing season increased correspondingly. Comparing the applicability of selected indices and considering the impacts of frost on the definitions are important and necessary for determining the timing and length of the thermal growing season in northern China.
文摘Short hole investigations relevant to gas turbine (GT) hot walls cooling heat transfer techniques, were carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with conjugate heat transfer (CHT) code. The CFD software are commercial ones: ICEM for grid modelling and ANSYS Fluent for the numerical calculation, where symmetrical application prevails. The CFD CHT predictions were undertaken for Nimonic-75 metal walls with square (152.4 mm) arrays of 10 holes, whereby the lumped heat capacitance method was applied in order to determine the surface average heat transfer coefficient (HTC), h (W/m<sup>2</sup> K) and the dimensionless Nusselt number, Nu. The major parameters considered for the short hole geometries are the pitch to diameter, X/D and length to diameter, L/D ratios and both were varied with range of D values, but X of 15.24 mm and L of 6.35 mm kept constant. Also applied, are variable mass flux, G (kg/s∙m<sup>2</sup>) and were used in predicting the flow aerodynamics in the short holes. The predictions were for classic thermal entry length into a round hole, as vena contracta, flow separation and reattachment dominates the holes, hence the development of thermal profile through the depth of the GT hot walls. Additionally, the acceleration of the flow along the wall surfaces as it approaches the holes, was a significant part of the overall heat transfer. This was shown to be independent of the hole length, even though the L/D parameter is a critical component to enhanced heat transfer. The CFD CHT predictions showed that validation of the HTC h, Nu and pressure loss, ∆P are in better agreement with measured data and within reasonable acceptance. The ∆P agreement signifies that the aerodynamics were predicted correctly, which is also the reason why the HTC expressed per wall hole approach surface area and Nu were better predicted. This illustrates how effective and efficient the wall internal heat transfer cooling is for gas turbine hot wall heat transfer using airflow jets cooling.
文摘藏东南地区的雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区(以下简称大峡谷地区)是印度洋暖湿气流输送至青藏高原的重要通道,在高原水分与能量循环过程中具有重要地位。为了揭示不同水汽输送对陆-气间水热交换通量的影响,本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析数据产品,根据大气中总水汽含量和水汽水平输送通量将大峡谷地区2013年5月20日至7月9日的水汽强度划分为强/弱/极弱三种级别。并利用第五代公用陆面模式(Community Land Model version 5.0,CLM5.0)模拟了水汽输送对大峡谷-大气间水热交换的影响。研究表明:大峡谷地区的南(东)边界为水汽主要的输入(输出)边界,大峡谷南侧河谷存在水汽强输送带。CLM5.0模拟的大峡谷-大气间水热交换通量与实际相比误差较大,通过优选热力学粗糙度参数化方案和土壤属性替代数据集,提高了CLM5.0模拟大峡谷-大气间水热交换通量的精度。其中Zeng and Dickinson(1998)的方案(以下简称Z98方案)效果最优,较CLM5.0默认参数化方案下模拟的小麦站和草地站近地面感热通量均方根误差分别下降18.2%和10.9%。区域模拟结果显示:大峡谷地区近地面潜热通量区域模拟总体分布为东南高而西北低,近地面感热通量则相反,随水汽水平输送强度的减弱,潜热通量大值区向西北延伸面增大,而感热通量大值区则向东南延伸面增大。冰雪覆盖的高海拔地区近地面感热通量维持低值,而潜热通量则相反。整个试验阶段,大峡谷地区降水时长达59%,不同水汽输送条件下近地面有效能量主要以潜热的方式向大气输送,其中在强水汽水平输送条件下的水汽强输送带的近地面感热输送最弱,Z98方案下的感热通量日均值仅为-1.80 W·m^(-2),潜热通量则大于70.0 W·m^(-2)。对于大峡谷地区,当水汽维持高值范围时,近地面净辐射降低,但近地面净辐射主要被潜热消化,水汽保温大气的效应使得地-气温差降低,近地面感热输送抑制显著。本研究结果对认识雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区陆面过程及其对水汽水平输送的响应有一定的参考价值。
