Image Recognition Based on Deep Learning with Thermal Camera Sensing

As the COVID-19 epidemic spread across the globe,people around the world were advised or mandated to wear masks in public places to prevent its spreading further.In some cases,not wearing a mask could result in a fine.To monitor mask wearing,and to prevent the spread of future epidemics,this study proposes an image recognition system consisting of a camera,an infrared thermal array sensor,and a convolutional neural network trained in mask recognition.The infrared sensor monitors body temperature and displays the results in real-time on a liquid crystal display screen.The proposed system reduces the inefficiency of traditional object detection by providing training data according to the specific needs of the user and by applying You Only Look Once Version 4(YOLOv4)object detection technology,which experiments show has more efficient training parameters and a higher level of accuracy in object recognition.All datasets are uploaded to the cloud for storage using Google Colaboratory,saving human resources and achieving a high level of efficiency at a low cost.

Ethnic Differences in Thermal Responses between Thai and Japanese Females in Tropical Urban Climate

The outdoor thermal environment might become worse than at present. It causes health injuries through the deterioration of the outdoor thermal condition. It is necessary to study how humans stay outdoors and adjust to thermal conditions. The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of the outdoor tropical urban thermal environment on a subject who has been acclimatized to the environment studied using the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index ETFe. In addition, the tendency of human impacts was clarified through comparison to subjects from a temperate thermal environment region. As a result, it was found that an ETFe of up to 35°C could be recognized as a temperate thermal environment. However, when the ETFe was greater than 40°C, the subject could not tolerate the environment. There was not a significant difference of psychological reaction between Thai people, who were acclimatized to the tropical climate, and Japanese people, who were acclimatized to the temperate climate.

Availability of Heat Conduction for Environmental Control Method to Improving Thermal Environment and Preventing Oversensitivity to Cold and Air-Conditioning Disease on Female Office Workers

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect localized heating of the feet has on physiological and psychological reactions of female in an air-conditioned environment in summer. In Japan, female office workers wear less clothing than their male counterparts. In an air-conditioned office space in summer, female conducts thermoregulation by putting on cardigans, etc. but this action does not greatly contribute to improving conditions for the legs and feet, the lower extremities of the body. The improvement of sensational and physiological temperature by localized warming of the body can contribute to a healthy working environment for female office workers, their safety, and a reduction in air conditioning’s energy expenditure. We used the indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF to investigate the effect localized heating of the feet has on human physiological and psychological response in an air-conditioned environment in summer. The result of heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed more strongly as a psychological effect than as a whole-body physiological effect. Heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was a thermal environment factor that compensates for a low temperature in whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort. The effect of heating due to heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed in the change in sole-of- the-foot skin temperature. Applying slight heat conduction by means of heating via the sole of the foot demonstrated the result of improved whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort.

Improving wavelet reconstruction algorithm to achieve comprehensive application of thermal infrared remote sensing data from TM and MODIS

According to the data characteristics of Landsat thematic mapper （TM） and MODIS, a new fu sion algorithm about thermal infrared data has been proposed in the article based on improving wave let reconstruction. Under the domain of neighborhood wavelet reconstruction, data of TM and MO DIS are divided into three layers using wavelet decomposition. The texture information of TM data is retained by fusing highfrequency information. The neighborhood correction coefficient method （NC CM） is set up based on the search neighborhood of a certain size to fuse lowfrequency information. Thermal infrared value of MODIS data is reduced to the space value of TM data by applying NCCM. The data with high spectrum, high spatial and high temporal resolution, are obtained through the al gorithm in the paper. Verification results show that the texture information of TM data and high spec tral information of MODIS data could be preserved well by the fusion algorithm. This article could provide technical support for high precision and fast extraction of the surface environment parame ters.

Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt along Honghe fault and its relation to earthquakes

Aiming at two Dayao earthquakes with magnitude more than 6 occurred in 2003 in Yunnan Province, we analyzed and interpreted the NOAA satellite thermal infrared images of 1999, 2003 and 2004 in Chuandian region, and also calculated the annual variation of brightness temperature of the hot belt along Honghe fault to explore the formation cause of the high temperature belt and its relation to the earthquakes. The results show that the high temperature belt along Honghe fault is caused by geographic environment factors, such as water system and terrain. But the annual average brightness temperature of the belt in earthquake year of 2003 is clearly higher than that in no earthquake years of 1999 and 2004, this maybe indicates that the thermal activities of Honghe fault increase in earthquake years, and can cause the annual variation anomaly of brightness temperature. We can detect and monitor this thermal activities of Honghe fault before earthquake by analyzing and comparing the relative changes of thermal infrared brightness temperature of the hot belt in different years.

Coherent gradient sensing method for measuring thermal stress field of thermal barrier coating structures

Coherent gradient sensing （CGS） method can be used to measure the slope of a reflective surface, and has the merits of full-field, non-contact, and real-time measurement. In this study, the thermal stress field of thermal barrier coating （TBC） structures is measured by CGS method. Two kinds of powders were sprayed onto Ni-based alloy using a plasma spraying method to obtain two groups of film-substrate specimens. The specimens were then heated with an oxy-acetylene flame. The resulting thermal mismatch between the film and substrate led to out-of-plane deformation of the specimen. The deformation was measured by the reflective CGS method and the thermal stress field of the structure was obtained through calibration with the help of finite element analysis. Both the experiment and numerical results showed that the thermal stress field of TBC structures can be successfully measured by CGS method.

Thermal omens before earthquakes

The calefacient phenomenon in the vicinity of the epicenter before an earthquake has observed. It shows that ther exists some abnormal information of heat radiation in the seismogenic zone. It might be helpful to open up a new research field of survey the hot omen of earthquake and to improve the capability of earthquake prediction by using the satellite remote sensing technology.

A selective reflecting film with a temperature-dependent pitch length

A(polymer network/liquid crystal/chiral dopants) composite exhibiting a temperature-sensing switch of infrared spectrum has been developed.Because of the different change of the chiral dopant in the helical twisting power and the anchoring effect of the polymer network,the polymer stabilized liquid crystal(PSLC) films,of which the bandwidth of the selective reflection spectra increased with changing temperature,were obtained.

FRAME DESIGN OF REMOTE SENSING MONITORINGFOR VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES IN CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS

Volcanic eruption is one of the most serious geological disasters,however,a host of facts have proven that the Changbai Mountains volcano is a modern dormant one and has ever erupted disastrously. With the rapid development of remote sensing technology,space monitoring of volcanic activities has already become possible,particularly in the application of thermal infrared remote sensing. The paper,through the detailed analysis of geothermal anomaly factors such as heat radiation,heat conduction and convection,depicts the monitoring principles by which volcano activities would be monitored efficiently and effectively. Reasons for abrupt geothermal anomaly are mainly analyzed,and transmission mechanism of geothermal anomaly in the volcanic regions is explained. Also,a variety of noises disturbing the transmission of normal geothermal anomaly are presented. Finally,some clues are given based on discussing thermal infrared remote sensing monitoring mechanism toward the volcanic areas.

Retrieval of urban land surface component temperature using multi-source remote-sensing data

The components of urban surface cover are diversified,and component temperature has greater physical significance and application values in the studies on urban thermal environment.Although the multi-angle retrieval algorithm of component temperature has been matured gradually,its application in the studies on urban thermal environment is restricted due to the difficulty in acquiring urban-scale multi-angle thermal infrared data.Therefore,based on the existing multi-source multi-band remote sensing data,access to appropriate urban-scale component temperature is an urgent issue to be solved in current studies on urban thermal infrared remote sensing.Then,a retrieval algorithm of urban component temperature by multi-source multi-band remote sensing data on the basis of MODIS and Landsat TM images was proposed with expectations achieved in this work,which was finally validated by the experiment on urban images of Changsha,China.The results show that：1） Mean temperatures of impervious surface components and vegetation components are the maximum and minimum,respectively,which are in accordance with the distribution laws of actual surface temperature; 2） High-accuracy retrieval results are obtained in vegetation component temperature.Moreover,through a contrast between retrieval results and measured data,it is found that the retrieval temperature of impervious surface component has the maximum deviation from measured temperature and its deviation is greater than 1 ℃,while the deviation in vegetation component temperature is relatively low at 0.5 ℃.

Blue-LED-excitable NIR-Ⅱluminescent lanthanide-doped SrS nanoprobes for ratiometric thermal sensing

Lanthanide(Ln^(3+))-doped near infrared(NIR)-II luminescent nanoprobes have shown great promise in many technological fields,but are currently limited by the low absorption efficiency of Ln^(3+)due to the forbidden 4f→4f transition.Herein,we report a novel NIR-II luminescent nanoprobe based on efficient energy transfer from Ce^(3+)to Er^(3+)and Nd^(3+)in sub-10 nm SrS nanocrystals(NCs),which are excitable by using a commercial blue light-emitting diode(LED).Through sensitization by the allowed 4f→5d transition of Ce^(3+),the NCs exhibit strong NIR-II luminescence from Er^(3+)and Nd^(3+)with quantum yields of 2.9%and 2.3%,respectively.Furthermore,by utilizing the intense NIR-II luminescence of Er^(3+)from the thermally coupled Stark sublevels of ^(4)I_(13/2),we demonstrate the application of SrS:Ce^(3+)/Er^(3+)NCs as blue-LED-excitable NIR-II luminescent nanoprobes for ratiometric thermal sensing.These findings reveal the unique advantages of SrS:Ln^(3+)NCs in NIR-II luminescence,which may open up a new avenue for exploring novel and versatile luminescent nanoprobes based on Ln^(3+)-doped sulphide NCs.

Performance of the Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner and its application potential in land surface temperature retrieval

The Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner is a newly developed multi-spectral instrument that collects images from the near-infrared to long-wave infrared channels.Its data can be used for land surface temperature(LST)retrieval and environmental monitoring.Before data application,quality assessment is an essential procedure for a new instrument.In this paper,based on the data collected by the scanner near the Yellow River in Henan Province,the geometric and radiometric qualities of the images are first evaluated.The absolute geolocation accuracy of the ten bands of the scanner is approximately 5.1 m.The ground sampling distance is found to be varied with the whisk angles of the scanner and the spatial resolution of the images.The band-to-band registration accuracy between band one and the other nine bands is approximately 0.25 m.The length and angle deformations of the ten bands are approximately 0.67%and 0.3°,respectively.The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and relative radiometric calibration accuracy of bands 4,9,and 10 are relatively better than those of the other bands.Secondly,the radiative transfer equation(RTE)method is used to retrieve the LST from the data of the scanner.Measurements of in situ samples are collected to evaluate the retrieved LST.Neglecting the samples with unreasonable retrieved LST,the bias and RMSE between in situ LST measured by CE312 radiometer and retrieved LST are−0.22 K and 0.94 K,and the bias and RMSE are 0.27 K and 1.59 K for the InfReC R500-D thermal imager,respectively.Overall,the images of the Large Field of View Airborne Infrared Scanner yield a relatively satisfactory accuracy for both LST retrieval and geometric and radiometric qualities.

High-precision low-power quartz tuning fork temperature sensor with optimized resonance excitation

This paper presents the design,fabrication,and characterization of a quartz tuning fork temperature sensor based on a new ZY-cut quartz crystal bulk acoustic wave resonator vibrating in a flexural mode.Design and performance analysis of the quartz tuning fork temperature sensor were conducted and the thermal sensing characteristics were examined by measuring the resonance frequency shift of this sensor caused by an external temperature.Finite element method is used to analyze the vibratory modes and optimize the structure of the sensor.The sensor prototype was successfully fabricated and calibrated in operation from 0 to 100 ℃ with the thermo-sensitivity of 70×10-6/℃.Experimental results show that the sensor has high thermo-sensitivity,good stability,and good reproducibility.This work presents a high-precision low-power temperature sensor using the comprehensive thermal characterization of the ZY-cut quartz tuning fork resonator.

Luminescence interference-free lifetime nanothermometry pinpoints in vivo temperature

Luminescence nanothermometry makes non-invasive and real-time temperature readings possible in living animals.However,the spectral fluctuation in tissues and fluids,as well as the interaction between fluorophores and environment hinders accuracy of the thermometry.Here,we report a luminescence lifetime-based nanothermometry which specifically addresses this problem.A temporal based calibration(lifetime sensing)in the NIR range,an endogenous thermal response as well as a polymer encapsulation evading environmental factors,altogether help to pinpoint temperature in vivo.Thanks to the highly condensed NdYb ions in a well-protected tiny core-shell nanocrystal(overall 11 nm),a temperature sensitivity about 2.07%K^(-1)(with 5%Yb^(3+)doped nanoparticles)and an accuracy of 0.27 K(with 25%Yb^(3+)doped nanoparticles)in biological fluids are achieved.Hopefully,combining thermally activated energy transfer nanothermometer with anti-interference lifetime thermometry would provide a more accurate temperature measurement for biological and preclinical studies.

PMODTRAN:a parallel implementation based on MODTRAN for massive remote sensing data processing

MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission(MODTRAN)is a commercial remote sensing(RS)software package that has been widely used to simulate radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere and the radiation observed by a remote sensor.However,when very large RS datasets must be processed in simulation applications at a global scale,it is extremely time-consuming to operate MODTRAN on a modern workstation.Under this circumstance,the use of parallel cluster computing to speed up the process becomes vital to this time-consuming task.This paper presents PMODTRAN,an implementation of a parallel task-scheduling algorithm based on MODTRAN.PMODTRAN was able to reduce the processing time of the test cases used here from over 4.4 months on a workstation to less than a week on a local computer cluster.In addition,PMODTRAN can distribute tasks with different levels of granularity and has some extra features,such as dynamic load balancing and parameter checking.