Investigating spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture content in an arid mining area using an improved thermal inertia model

Mining operations can usually lead to environmental deteriorations. Underground mining activities could cause an extensive decrease in groundwater level and thus a dramatic variation in soil moisture content（SMC）. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of SMC from 2001 to 2015 at two spatial scales（i.e., the Shendong coal mining area and the Daliuta Coal Mine） were analyzed using an improved thermal inertia model with a long-term series of Landsat TM/OLI（TM=Thematic Mapper and OLI=Operational Land Imager） data. Our results show that at large spatial scale（the Shendong coal mining area）, underground mining activities had insignificant negative impacts on SMC and that at small spatial scale（the Daliuta Coal Mine）, underground mining activities had significant negative impacts on SMC. Trend analysis of SMC demonstrated that areas with decreasing trend of SMC were mainly distributed in the mined area, indicating that underground mining is a primary cause for the drying trend in the mining region in this arid environment.

Thermal inertia at the MSL and InSight mission sites on Mars

For planetary surface materials,thermal inertia is the critical property that governs the surface’s daily thermal response and controls diurnal and seasonal surface temperature variations.Here we use the ground measurements made by the MSL Curiosity rover and the InSight lander to determine the thermal inertia of two sites on Mars.This study compares the variation of thermal inertia during and after the Large Dust Storm(LDS)of Martian Year(MY)34.To determine surface thermal inertia,we derive a simple approximation(using energy balance),which utilizes surface albedo,surface energy flux,and diurnal change in the surface temperature.The average thermal inertia in MY34 is about 39.2%,3.7%,and 3.4%higher than MY35 average thermal inertia for the MSL,InSight(FOV1),and InSight(FOV2),respectively.Notably,the thermal inertia at the InSight(FOV1)is consistently lower by about 20 J·m^(-2)·s^(-1/2)·K^(-1) than the InSight(FOV2)site for all scenarios,indicating variation in the region’s surface composition.The best-fit surface albedo in MY34(determined using the KRC model)are about 0.08,0.05,and 0.03 higher than MY35 surface albedo for the MSL,InSight(FOV1),and InSight(FOV2),respectively.An increase in both surface albedo and thermal inertia during the LDS indicates that the underlying surface is both more thermally resistant and more reflective than the overlying loose dust.

The Thermal Inertia Characteristics of the System Ocean-Atmosphere

To estimate the time delay between the planetary temperature change and the change of the incoming solar radiation fraction absorbed by the ocean and the atmosphere, the analytical energy balance model is presented. The model generalization allows of using averaged data for model parameterization. Using the model, the time delay is investigated on four model cases of absorbed radiation change. The interconnections among the time delay, the planetary thermal inertia and the ocean active layer depth are established.

Thermal Inertia of 330 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler during Load Change

The operating principles of Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB)boilers involve a significant amount of heat accumulation,which forms the thermal inertia of the boiler and hinders the improvement of its variable load response rate.This study aims to characterize the thermal inertia of CFB boilers by evaluating the change in the boiler's heat accumulation corresponding to the change in unit power generation.The thermal inertia of a 330MW CFB boiler was determined through the collection of operating data under four different operating conditions of 30%,50%,75%,and 100%load.The study proposes to substitute the existing refractory material with a metal grille to reduce the thermal inertia of the boiler.The effect of the metal grille on heat transfer was confirmed through verification on a 440 t/h CFB boiler,and its performance change and thermal inertia reduction were further predicted.The results indicate that over 50%of the total thermal inertia of CFB boilers originates from the refractory material.The use of metal grille in place of refractory material improved heat transfer in the furnace,resulting in a decrease of the furnace chamber temperature by 13℃in the 330 MW CFB boiler.This reduction of thermal inertia by 30%-35%will facilitate faster load lifting and lowering of the boiler,fulfilling the requirement for flexible peaking.

A Reliability Assessment of an Integrated Energy System Based on Coupling Energy Flow and Thermal Inertia

With the wide application of integrated energy systems(IES),the degree of coupling between different types of energy sources is further strengthened,and the mechanism of fault development tends to be complicated.Therefore,in order to improve the accuracy and practicability of the reliability assessment of IESs,a sequential simulation reliability assessment method considering multi-energy flow and thermal inertia is proposed in this paper.In this method,the IES structure model is constructed with the combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)unit as the core equipment,combining with the new energy source to realize the comprehensive energy power flow calculation considering any loss.Then,a load reduction optimization model is established,considering the importance of load and operational economy,in the system status analysis.Furthermore,the heat supply reliability index is corrected taking into account the transmission delay characteristics and terminal thermal inertia.A case study based on the 20-node and the analysis of the influence factors demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.

Study of Construction Techniques and Hygro-Thermal Behavior of a Vernacular Earth Building in a Humid Tropical Climate

This study analyzes the know-how of local communities, to draw on techniques that make contemporary buildings more energy efficient. The impluvium hut in the locality of Enampore, Casamance, Southern Senegal, served as the object of study. The hut, including several rooms, is entirely built with earthen walls, earthen floor, earthen ceiling, covered by a double straw roof and its central courtyard. A room noted (L) and a semi-opened living space were chosen as spaces for hygro-thermal experimentation. The hottest average temperature obtained respectively in the room (L) and in the living space is 25.5˚C and 27˚C when outside is about 34˚C. The thermal amplitude inside room (L) is 0.88˚C, in semi-opened living space, is 2.6˚C and outside is 9.5˚C. With these results we can say that room (L) undergoes very low temperature variations and that there is no need to air-condition in the enclosure. The thermal amplitude makes it possible to see the influence of the earthen walls on the interior temperature and its regularity compared to the fluctuation of the external temperature. The thermal inertia of the building walls was characterized using also the time lag and the decrement factor. They was respectively 7.0 H and 0.093 for the room (L). With this result we can say that this material has a high thermal inertia. For humidity, it is high around 78.5% in the room (L), 66.0% at the semi-open living room, when it is 59.0% outside. Through this study, it is possible that the revalorization of vernacular architecture can be an alternative to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.

A remote sensing model for monitoring soil evaporation based on differential thermal inertia and its validation

The presently applied remote sensing algorithms and approaches to monitor soil surface fluxes are reviewed at the beginning of this paper, and the bottleneck of the estimation of soil sur-face fluxes lies in the dependence on non remotely sensed parameters (NRSP). A soil surface evaporation model based on differential thermal inertia, only using remotely sensed information, has thus been proposed after many experiments. The key of the model is to derive soil moisture availability by differential thermal inertia rather than local soil parameters such as soil properties and type. Bowen ratio is estimated by means of soil moisture availability instead of NRSP, such as temperature and wind velocity. Net radiation flux and apparent thermal inertia have been used for soil heat flux parameterization, therefore, the objective of evaporation (latent heat flux) inversion for bare soil only by remotely sensed information can be realized. Two NOAA-AVHRR five-band images, taken at Shapotou northwest of China when soil surface temperature approximated to the highest and lowest of the region, were applied in combination with the ground surface information measured synchronously. The distribution of soil evaporation in Shapotou could be determined. Model verification has been performed between the measured soil surface evaporation and the corresponding calculated value of the images, and the result has proved model to be feasible. Fi-nally, the possible errors and further modifications when applying model to fulling vegetation can-opy have been discussed.

A REMOTE-SENSING THERMAL INERTIA MODEL FOR SOIL MOISTURE AND ITS APPLICATION

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION Information of soil water content plays a very important role in agriculture, water conservancy, meteorology and so on. However, regional distribution for soil water content is not even. Remote sensing for estimating regional soil moisture is very suitable. Particularly, the thermal inertia remote sensing in thermal infrared waveband is realistic and efficient.

A new measuring technique of soil thermal inertia

Thermal inertia is the function of substance density, heat capacity and heat diffusivity, and is an important parameter for researching the process of surface heat balance using remote sensing technique. In this paper, using soil heat plates, infrared thermometer, data logger and other instruments, by man-controlled changing the solar radiation status on the soil samples, the authors gave a new method to measure soil thermal inertia. Using the continuously surveying data of soil heat flux and infrared radiation temperature, thermal inertia can be calculated easily. Based on the thermal inertia calculation of three soil samples with different water content, good results were abtained by the authors, so this method is feasible. Meanwhile, this measuring technique is also a new attempt.

汽车尾气温差发电系统瞬态回收性能分析

为了预测温差发电(thermoelectric generator, TEG)系统的动态特性,基于COMSOL Multiphy-sics建立了用于求解温差发电系统温度场分布的瞬态计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)模型和用于研究温差发电模块瞬态响应特性的分析模型,提出了混合瞬态CFD-分析模型,并经过瞬态试验验证.结果表明:由于热惯性的影响,TEG系统的转化效率会出现一个瞬时的较高值;相较于尾气温度和质量流量的瞬态波动,热电半导体的热端温度和冷端温度会存在时滞;在美国环保局的高速公路燃油经济性测试(highway fuel economy test, HWFET)模式循环工况下,瞬态模型求解得到整个温差发电系统的平均输出功率、平均转化效率分别为35.63 W和3.40%,瞬态模型的输出电压平均误差为6.41%;该模型能够以较高的精度及较短的计算时间预测温差发电系统在瞬态热源激励下的瞬态响应特性.

含相变储能热泵的综合能源系统优化调度

利用相变储能装置的储能特性,针对热量传输过程中的热延迟与热衰减,建立考虑热惯性特征的含相变储能热泵的综合能源系统优化调度模型,并采用预测平均评价(predicted mean vote, PMV)指标来量化热负荷弹性。运用Dymola与Matlab联合建模,以经济运行总成本为目标函数,对比分析三种不同场景下综合能源系统的削峰填谷能力、可再生能源消纳能力、环境效益与安全性,对冬季典型日进行24 h运行策略优化。算例分析结果表明,考虑热惯性与热负荷弹性的含相变储能热泵的综合能源系统具有更好的经济性与抗故障能力,相较于含常规储热水箱的综合能源系统经济运行总成本降低了6.6%,抗供热故障时间延长3.51 h。

交直流电力系统与供热系统联合经济调度

随着热电联产等技术的广泛应用,电力系统和供热系统耦合日益紧密,电热联合调度得到了广泛的关注,但现有电热联合调度忽略了热网供电来源的多样性,由此提出了交直流电力系统与供热系统联合经济调度方法。首先,建立交直流电力系统模型,并提出一种线性近似方法对电压源变换器模型所带来的强非线性进行处理;然后,以运行成本最低为目标,建立考虑热网热惯性的交直流电力系统与供热系统联合调度模型,该模型中供热系统通过热电联产机组和交流电锅炉与交流电网耦合,通过直流电锅炉与直流电网耦合;最后,通过算例仿真验证了所提方法的有效性并说明了在电热联合调度中考虑交直流电源的必要性。

主蒸汽压力和床温耦合系统的改进自抗扰控制设计

针对主蒸汽压力和床温耦合控制系统扰动抑制性能差、系统解耦复杂和参数整定困难的问题,提出一种耦合改进自抗扰控制(CIADRC)。首先,建立耦合系统近似积分串联模型,在此基础上构造耦合自抗扰控制;然后,在各前馈通道串联前馈补偿器,解决耦合系统大惯性、大时滞导致线性扩张状态观测器(LESO)信号不同步问题;同时,提出定量化参数整定公式,简化参数调节;最后,在主蒸汽压力和床温耦合系统中与PID、ADRC、模型辅助ADRC(MADRC)进行仿真对比。结果表明,提出的CIADRC在定值跟随、抗扰动上均具有明显的优势,且具有广阔的工程应用前景。

池式钠冷快堆固有热工流体安全特性研究

本文提出池式钠冷快堆具有一种重要特性,即固有的热工流体安全特性,分析其形成机理,并采用实际反应堆和钠工质台架的自然循环试验数据,以及不同系统程序的预测计算,对其进行论证。结果表明,池式钠冷快堆具有固有的热工流体安全特性。在事故紧急停堆初期,池式钠冷快堆仅依靠该固有安全特性即可保证堆芯安全,后期只需要在堆内温度上升到安全限值之前建立堆外有效热阱即可。有效热阱可以是专门设置的余热排出系统也可以是堆容器常规热损失项;对于将换热器布置在热池或冷池的较典型事故余热排出系统,从其启动到对堆芯发挥冷却作用需要相对较长时间。此时段,反应堆需依赖固有的热工流体安全特性来抑制堆芯温升,保证堆芯安全。

计及热媒流率和热损耗不确定性的综合能源系统优化调度

针对综合能源系统中多种能源耦合以及不同能源的异质性,首先,利用流量分段法构建了更为精确的近似供热管道模型,并结合建筑的储热特性,共同构建了考虑2类热惯性的热力系统模型;其次,研究热能在调度过程中的特点,对2类不确定量进行描述;然后,利用信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT),建立了鲁棒优化模型和机会优化模型,并引入非支配遗传算法(NSGA-II)对多目标模型进行求解;最后用44节点供热网络系统进行仿真,结果表明:该方法可有效量化热媒流率和热损耗的不确定性对调度运行的影响,提升了系统运行的经济性。

考虑风电功率预测误差分时补偿的电热联合系统多时间尺度调度

由于风电具有不确定性,风电功率预测误差难以避免。热力系统具备储放热能力,通过调整热功率平移风电功率,可以降低风电功率预测误差的影响。但在风电并入电热联合系统时,风电变化频繁,热力系统具有较大惯性和延迟,难以与风电功率同步;同时,热力系统不同区域对电力系统指令的响应速度也不同。因此,为了解决利用热力系统补偿风电功率预测误差时响应时间不同步的问题,提出了一种考虑风电功率预测误差分时补偿的电热联合系统多时间尺度调度策略。首先,分析概率区间误差评估和实时预测误差评估的评估周期。然后,研究热力系统中供热区域和管网的时间特性。最后,在日前阶段利用响应速度较慢的供热区域补偿评估周期较长的概率区间误差,在实时阶段利用响应速度较快的管网补偿评估周期较短的实时预测误差,建立了多时间尺度调度模型。算例分析表明,所提策略实现了不同调度周期、不同预测误差评估周期、不同热力系统区域响应速度在时间上的匹配,减少了风电功率预测误差的影响,提高了系统的风电消纳能力。

Influence of Surface Types on the Seasonality and Inter-Model Spread of Arctic Amplification in CMIP6

A robust phenomenon termed the Arctic Amplification(AA)refers to the stronger warming taking place over the Arctic compared to the global mean.The AA can be confirmed through observations and reproduced in climate model simulations and shows significant seasonality and inter-model spread.This study focuses on the influence of surface type on the seasonality of AA and its inter-model spread by dividing the Arctic region into four surface types:ice-covered,ice-retreat,ice-free,and land.The magnitude and inter-model spread of Arctic surface warming are calculated from the difference between the abrupt-4×CO_(2)and pre-industrial experiments of 17 CMIP6 models.The change of effective thermal inertia(ETI)in response to the quadrupling of CO_(2) forcing is the leading mechanism for the seasonal energy transfer mechanism,which acts to store heat temporarily in summer and then release it in winter.The ETI change is strongest over the ice-retreat region,which is also responsible for the strongest AA among the four surface types.The lack of ETI change explains the nearly uniform warming pattern across seasons over the ice-free(ocean)region.Compared to other regions,the ice-covered region shows the maximum inter-model spread in JFM,resulting from a stronger inter-model spread in the oceanic heat storage term.However,the weaker upward surface turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes tend to suppress the inter-model spread.The relatively small inter-model spread during summer is caused by the cancellation of the inter-model spread in ice-albedo feedback with that in the oceanic heat storage term.

Finite element simulation of inertia friction welding of superalloy bars

A thermo-mechanical coupling.finite element model was built to investigate the inertia friction welding of GH4169 bars. The remeshing and map solution techniques were adopted. Ttle whole welding process was investigated by adopting an innovative heat generation model and the flywheel rotational speed measured via the experiment. The simulated evolution of axial shortening shows a good agreement with the experiment. In addition, extensive .strain concentration presents in the interface and flash, and the largest ,strain exists near the flash root. Moreover, an intere.sting thermal reflux phenomenon during the cooling stage was found.

面向火星表面巡视探测的热惯量反演模型及试验验证

基于火星表面土壤温度的昼夜周期性变化特性,建立了一种面向火星表面巡视探测的热惯量反演模型,可根据表层不同深度的热电偶测温数据计算被测区域的热惯量,实现表面巡视探测过程中的热惯量在线反演。为验证模型正确性,在地面建立了火星表面热特性试验测试系统,通过对比被测模拟火星土壤的热惯量实际值与模型计算值,验证热惯量反演模型的精度。结果表明,与试验模拟火星土壤的热惯量数值相比,该模型对热惯量的反演误差小于6%,为在线反演火星表面不同土壤地形的热惯量,辅助识别地形可通过性提供了一种可行方法。

考虑配电网容量约束和建筑热惰性的城市换热站电制热补热优化配置方法

北方地区市政供暖普遍存在热源、热网缺口和化石燃料依赖度高的问题,增量建筑的末端供热效果难以保障,而依靠传统配电网增容的方式一定程度上造成了社会资源的浪费。设计了一种面向城市换热站的电制热补热系统,提出了一种配电网“免增容”的城市换热站电制热补热优化配置方法。首先,阐述了电制热补热系统的设计结构,建立了制热设备和蓄热设备的模型与建筑热惰性模型。然后,通过两阶段优化方法,考虑设备投资与运行成本,以经济性为目标,建立了电制热补热优化配置模型。最后,以北京市石景山某居民区为研究对象通过Matlab进行仿真计算,研究结果表明,电制热补热优化配置方法可有效降低配电网负荷峰谷差,保障末端供热效果,并且具有较好的经济性,可为电采暖规划提供参考。