Comparison of Testing Clothing Thermal Resistance on 2 Thermal Manikins

The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Paired-Sample T Test method, which proves that there is no remarkable difference in testing results under the same experiment method and requirement. It is of great significance in promoting the application of thermal manikin testing technology and academic exchange among different institutes.

Clothing Thermal Insulation for Typical Seasonal Clothing of Infant with Infant Thermal Manikin

Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (Icl) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter clothing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (Icl) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.

Heat Production Rate Calculation of Thermal Manikin with a Compensation Method

Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.

Airflow Distribution Measurements around the Human Body Using a Thermal Manikin by Particle Image Velocimetry

The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measured the airflow distribution around a thermal manikin acting as a human body by visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal manikin was 1700 mm in height, and its surface temperature was set to 30oC. The experiments were performed in the conditions when the manikin was seated on a chair. The ambient air temperature and wind velocity were experimental variables. The airflow distribution around the manikin was reported by considering the relationships between convection and ambient wind velocity. There were no differences in the airflow distribution around the manikin due to the ambient air temperature when the wind velocity in the chamber was set as 1.0 m/s. Hence, it was assumed that the ambient wind velocity was dominant in this condition. Various airflow distributions were formed around the manikin due to the difference between the body surface temperature and the ambient air temperature in the case where the wind velocity in the chamber was set to approximately equal to 0.0 m/s.

Thermal Manikin of Infant

Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.

Exploring the effects of mask wearing on outdoor thermal comfort at different walking speeds—A thermal manikin-based experiment

Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this study,five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber.Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature(PET)and standard effective temperature(SET^(*))for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter.Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks,the values of PET and SET^(*)rise with increasing mask thermal insulation,and they are generally higher in summer than in winter.Moreover,the variation of SET*is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds.And the differences of SET^(*)with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking.Results further indicate that the individuals’physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation.The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database,explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used,and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors.

Thermal comfort of Frail People under dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments using a thermal manikin with thermoregulatory control:An experimental study

The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their health.Most existing thermal comfort works have been conducted under steady-state,uniform thermal environments,with far fewer being performed in dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments,and even less for frail people.This study aimed at assessing the thermal responses of frail people under transient and non-uniform thermal environments,using a thermal manikin and a climatic test cell.Thermal responses were investigated and discussed in both genders.The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in thermal comfort and thermal sensation between females and males over time,under hot exposure.Under cold exposure,results showed a significant difference in thermal sensation between females and males over time,but no significant difference was observed in term of thermal comfort.Analysis revealed also significant differences in the dynamic thermal sensation between the sexes under cold exposure,while results confirmed that there is no significant difference in the dynamic thermal sensation between sexes under hot exposure.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANIKIN TO SIMULATE THE THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF PREMATURE INFANTS

This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a selection of premature infants in terms of their rate of heat loss.

Effects of Dressing Poses on Clothing Thermal Insulation

With a thermal manikin, the effects of dressing poses on clothing thermal insulation are studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of still air layer over human body has not been influenced by the dressing poses, but the dressing poses have effects on the thermal insulation of clothing system.

Thermal Insulation Distribution Pattern of Layered Clothing Ensemble

With a thermal manikin, the distribution pattern of thermal insulation in multi-layered clothing ensemble is studied. It is found that the thermal insulation of multi-layered clothing ensemble has certain statistical relationship with the thermal insulation of each layer, and the prediction equation has been established.

Influence of Stroller upon Thermal Insulation of Infant

In outdoor spaces, infants in strollers are significantly affected by thermal radiation from the ground surface due to their proximity to it. Infants are at increased risk of heat stroke while riding in a stroller. Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can consequently be considered to need protective measures against thermal environments. In order to treat strollers as clothing, in the present study, experiments were conducted to clarify the thermal environment of an infant riding in a stroller. Using an infant thermal manikin, the clothing area factor fcl and the clothing thermal insulation Icl of the stroller were determined. The stroller clothing area factor fcl was 3.21 and the stroller clothing thermal insulation Icl was 0.47 clo. Therefore, it can be inferred that strollers have a pronounced effect on the body heat balance between an infant and their environment.

服装热阻研究中的数据分析及可视化方法

为明确服装热阻研究的数据分析思路并探求更优的可视化方法,从实验设计、热阻测评、数据处理和数据分析等4个阶段对相关文献进行梳理,明确了常用的数据分析和可视化手段。研究表明服装热阻受环境、服装、人体等多方面因素影响,主要采用暖体假人或真人实验的方法获得。数据较多以二维图像或组图的形式呈现,适用3项以内影响因素结果的分析。采用人工智能方法能够纳入更多影响因素实现服装热阻的准确预测,为不同环境下服装的选择、性能优化及人体热舒适的提升提供科学指导。

充气调温抗浸服的研制与保暖性评价

为满足海上作业人员在不同作业环境中对服装保暖性的需求,研制了一种保暖层为气凝胶材料的充气调温抗浸服。采用“Newton”出汗暖体假人测试了在不同保暖材料(气凝胶、丝绵)、压力状态(无压、低压、高压)和充气量(未充气、1/3充气量、2/3充气量、充满气)下的抗浸服总热阻和局部热阻。结果表明:无压条件下,充气调温抗浸服(未充气)的热阻显著高于丝绵抗浸服;随着压力的增大,抗浸服的总热阻和局部热阻均降低,但2件抗浸服的保暖性无显著差异;在施压条件下,充气调温抗浸服随着充气量的增加,服装总热阻显著高于未充气状态的热阻。因此,所制备充气调温抗浸服可动态调节服装的保暖性能。

基于暖体假人的套装局部热阻及预测模型研究

对多名成年男女全年各季节着装行为进行了现场调研,得到了我国成年男女全年各季节典型着装搭配情况。在实验室条件下利用暖体假人模型进行了各季节典型着装搭配下的套装热阻测试,得到了34组成套服装的整体与局部热阻值,建立了全年各季节典型套装的局部服装热阻数据库。在此基础上分析了套装局部与整体热阻值的关系,获得了基于套装整体热阻值的局部热阻预测模型。

防寒服开口设计对其保暖性能的影响研究

为探究开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响程度,文章对门襟、袖口及领口三个主要的服装开口进行排列组合,通过暖体假人实验探究不同环境温度下、不同开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响。结果表明:三种开口的优化设计均对防寒服总热阻有显著影响(p<0.05),其影响程度为领口>袖口>门襟,同时温度会影响三种开口设计对服装隔热性能的提升效果;5℃时服装总热阻最大提升率达7.20%,-10℃时同款防寒服总热阻仅提升5.27%。门襟设计对上臂、下胸及后腰部位的服装隔热性能提升明显,局部服装热阻变化率达6%;环境温度5℃下袖口束紧设计可将手部及下臂部位的服装局部热阻提升7.00%;领口束紧设计可将下胸、腹部、后背、后腰部位的服装局部热阻提升10.00%。研究结果可为防寒服的开口结构设计提供量化的依据和参考。

风速与风向对人体热交换影响的CFD仿真模拟

为了提升灾害环境中人体热损伤评估精度并保障应急救援人员的生命安全,首先将暖体假人进行三维激光扫描得到数值假人,并按照人体生理构造将其划分为20个区块,通过ICEM软件建立气候室,设置0°~180°的风向;然后通过FLUENT软件计算得到0.2~5.0 m/s风速时的人体显热换热量和辐射换热量,在此基础上求得对流换热量;最后将模拟结果与文献中数据进行对比验证,并分析不同风速与风向对人体热交换的影响。结果表明:提出的计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真模拟方法可有效模拟人体不同部位的换热量;风速的增加会促进人体与环境之间的热交换,当风速从0.2 m/s增加到5.0 m/s时,人体整体对流换热量从56 W/m^(2)增加到360 W/m^(2);人体表面局部部位之间对流换热量有明显的差异,其中四肢部位与环境之间的热交换受风速影响更为明显;风向对人体整体对流换热几乎没有影响,但躯干部位对流换热量受风向的影响较大;在非对称风向(45°、90°、135°)下,人体对流换热量呈现非对称式分布。本研究可为人员安全评估、极端环境下人体热反应建模、防护装备研发等提供基础数据。

利用暖体假人对液冷服散热特性的实验研究分析

目的利用暖体假人对液冷服的各设计参数间的内在关系进行分析 ,同时对液冷服的散热特性进行评价分析。方法温度舱内暖体假人着液冷服和隔热服 ,在不同的温度环境和不同的暖体假人代谢率条件下 ,改变服装设计参数 ,以获得液冷服在不同实验条件下进口液温、液体流率与液冷服散热量及温度比效率间的关系。并测量冷却液进出口温度 ,计算液冷服的实际散热量。结果得到了液冷服在不同实验条件下进口液温、液体流率与液冷服散热量及温度比效率间的关系和液冷服的实际散热量 ,为服装设计参数的合理性提供了评价依据。结论验证了该舱外航天服的液冷服结构参数选取较为合理。揭示了液体流率受管道结构等条件的限制 ,合理调节范围较窄 ,服装温度比效率不会很高 。

服装及其面料热传递性能的测试与比较

新型织物模拟的暖体出汗假人能够测试服装的热阻和湿阻,传统平板式织物保暖仪可以测试各种纺织品热传递性能。采用这2种方法,对1组衬衣及其面料的热阻进行测试与比较。结果显示:平板保暖仪与暖体假人均具有较高的试验精确度和重现性,但暖体假人测试得到的服装及其附面层空气热阻与平板式织物保暖仪测试得到的织物及其附面层空气热阻有一定的差异。

应用男体出汗图谱的运动装设计与性能评价

运动装的结构设计影响其热湿传递性能,从而影响着装者的舒适性。为此,根据男体局部出汗分布特征和当前各种吸湿排汗面料的特性,设计了几款不同面料拼接的运动装,采用34区段出汗暖体假人Newton来客观评价所研发的人体绘图运动服装的热阻、湿阻和透湿指数,并通过热应激预测(PHS)模型预测在各种环境条件下穿着运动装后的人体生理指标(包括皮肤温度、核心温度、出汗率、总出汗量)的变化,从而评价所研制的运动装在不同环境下对人体的热调节作用。

智能发热户外防寒服装研制与性能评价

服装的构成方式会对其防寒性能产生影响。根据户外冷环境的防护要求,研制了新型的多层户外防寒服套装,包括防水外套、抓绒内胆、防寒裤,采用智能电加热装置提高户外防寒服装的调温性能。通过暖体假人试验和真人试验分别评价防寒服装在两种状态下(加热和不加热)的保暖性能。暖体假人试验还探讨了两种风速(0.4和1.5m/s)对户外防寒服的冷防护性能的影响,结合真人试验表征的皮肤温度变化以及主观感受,从而评价所研制的智能发热户外服装的防寒性能。研究结果将为优化户外防寒服的设计提供科学依据。