P-Type Nitrogen-Doped ZnO Films Prepared by In-Situ Thermal Oxidation of Zn_3N_2 Films

P-type nitrogen-doped ZnO films are prepared successfully by in-situ thermal oxidation of Zn3N2 films. The prepared films are characterized by x-ray diffraction, non-Rutherford back.scattering （non-RBS） spectroscopy, x- ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectrum. The results show that the Zn3N1 films start to transform to ZnO at 400℃ and the total nitrogen content decreases with the increasing annealing temperature. The p-type fihns are achieved at 500℃ with a low resistivity of 6.33Ω.cm and a high hole concentration of ＋8.82 × 10^17 cm-3, as well as a low level of carbon contamination, indicating that the substitutional nitrogen （No） is an effective acceptor in the ZnO：N film. The photoluminescence spectra show clear UV emissions and also indicate the presence of oxygen vacancy （Vo） defects in the ZnO：N films. The p-type doping mechanism is briefly discussed.

Thermal Oxidation Resistance of Rare Earth-Containing Composite Elastomer

The rare earth-containing composite elastomer was obtained by the reaction of vinyl pyridine-SBR (PSBR) latex with rare earth alkoxides, and its thermal oxidation resistance was studied. After aging test, it is found that its retention rate of mechanical properties is far higher than that of the control sample. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that its thermal-decomposing temperature rises largely. The analysis of oxidation mechanisms indicates that the main reasons for thermal oxidation resistance are that rare earth elements are of the utility to discontinue autoxidation chain reaction and that the formed complex structure has steric hindrance effect on oxidation.

Effect of ultrathin GeO_x interfacial layer formed by thermal oxidation on Al_2O_3 capped Ge

We propose a modified thermal oxidation method in which an Al2O3 capping layer is used as an oxygen blocking layer （OBL） to form an ultrathin GeOx interracial layer, and obtain a superior Al2O3/GeOx/Ge gate stack. The GeOx interfacial layer is formed in oxidation reaction by oxygen passing through the Al2O3 OBL, in which theAl2O3 layer could restrain the oxygen diffusion and suppress the GeO desorption during thermal treatment. The thickness of the GeOx interfacial layer would dramatically decrease as the thickness of Al2O3 OBL increases, which is beneficial to achieving an ultrathin GeOx interfacial layer to satisfy the demand for small equivalent oxide thickness （EOT）. In addition, the thickness of the GeOx interfacial layer has little influence on the passivation effect of the Al2O3/Ge interface. Ge （100） p-channel metal- oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors （pMOSFETs） using the Al2O3/GeOx/Ge gate stacks exhibit excellent electrical characteristics; that is, a drain current on-off （Ionloft） ratio of above 1 104, a subthreshold slope of - 120 mV/dec, and a peak hole mobility of 265 cm2/V.s are achieved.

Retarded thermal oxidation of strained Si substrate

Strained Si is recognized as a necessary technology booster for modem integrated circuit technology. However, the thermal oxidation behaviors of strained Si substrates are not well understood yet despite their importance. In this study, we for the first time experimentally find that all types of strained Si substrates （uniaxial tensile, uniaxial compressive, biaxial tensile, and biaxial compressive） show smaller thermal oxidation rates than an unstrained Si substrate. The possible mechanisms for these retarded thermal oxidation rates in strained Si substrates are also discussed.

Thermal Oxidation of Silicon Carbide Substrates

Thermal oxidation was used to remove the subsurface damage of silicon carbide （SIC） surfaces. The anisotropy of oxidation and the composition of oxide layers on Si and C faces were analyzed. Regular pits were observed on the surface after the removal of the oxide layers, which were detrimental to the growth of high quality epitaxial layers. The thickness and composition of the oxide layers were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry （RBS） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, respectively. Epitaxial growth was performed in a metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） system. The substrate surface morphology after removing the oxide layer and gallium nitride （GaN） epilayer surface were observed by atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The results showed that the GaN epilayer grown on the oxidized substrates was superior to that on the unoxidized substrates.

Leakage current reduction by thermal oxidation in Ni/Au Schottky contacts on lattice-matched In_(0.18)Al_(0.82)N/GaN heterostructures

By using temperature-dependent current-voltage, variable-frequency capacitance-voltage, and Hall measurements, the effects of the thermal oxidation on the electrical properties of Ni/Au Schottky contacts on lattice-matched Ino.18Alo.82N/GaN heterostructures are investigated. Decrease of the reverse leakage current down to six orders of magni- tude is observed after the thermal oxidation of the Ino.18Alo.82N/GaN heterostructures at 700 ℃. It is confirmed that the reverse leakage current is dominated by the Frenkel-Poole emission, and the main origin of the leakage current is the emis- sion of electrons from a trap state near the metal/semiconductor interface into a continuum of electronic states associated with the conductive dislocations in the InxAll-xN barrier. It is believed that the thermal oxidation results in the formation of a thin oxide layer on the InxAll-xN surface, which increases the electron emission barrier height.

Compositional and structural evolution of the titanium dioxide formation by thermal oxidation

Titanium oxide films were prepared by annealing DC magnetron sputtered titanium films in an oxygen ambient. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Auger electron spectroscopy （AES） sputter profiling, MCs^＋-mode secondary ion mass spectrometry （MCs^＋-SIMS） and atomic force microscopy （AFM） were employed, respectively, for the structural, com- positional and morphological characterization of the obtained films. For temperatures below 875 K, titanium films could not be fully oxidized within one hour. Above that temperature, the completely oxidized films were found to be rutile in structure. Detailed studies on the oxidation process at 925K were carried out for the understanding of the underlying mechanism of titanium dioxide （TiO2） formation by thermal oxidation. It was demonstrated that the formation of crystalline TiO2 could be divided into a short oxidation stage, followed by crystal forming stage. Relevance of this recognition was further discussed.

Morphology and Structure of SiO_2 Film Using Thermal Oxidation Process on(111)Silicon Crystals in Dry Oxygen Atmosphere

By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon monocrystal under dry oxygen atmosphere at 1100℃.Compared with their oxidation kinetic curves consisted of three stages,we suggested a mechanism on forming silicon oxide film.According to electron and X-ray diffraction analyses the silicon oxide films consisted of silica with different crystal structure.We also have discussed a stacking fault and a dislocation formed in the Si-Sio_2 interface region simulaneously forming silicon oxide film.

The p-type ZnO thin films obtained by a reversed substitution doping method of thermal oxidation of Zn_3N_2 precursors

P-type ZnO is crucial for the realization of ZnO-based homojunction ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. The problem associated with the preparation of stable p-type ZnO with high hole density still hinders device applications. In this paper,we introduce an alternative route to stabilizing N in the oxidation process, the thermal stability of p-ZnO is significantly improved. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the alternative doping method and provide some prospective outlook of the method.

Effect of Low-Temperature Thermal Oxidation on the Capillary Performance of Sintered Copper Powder Wicks

In this study,a composite powder capillary wick is prepared,manufactured by sintering copper powder and surface treated by low-temperature thermal oxidation.It is used to improve the performance of the capillary wick.The forced flow method and infrared imaging method are used to test the permeability and capillary performance of the samples.The effects of different oxidation temperatures on the performance of capillary wick are investigated.The experimental results show that the wetting performance of the oxidized samples is significantly enhanced.With the increase of oxidation temperature,the permeability decreases.The capillary height and velocity of the thermally oxidized samples are significantly higher than those of the untreated capillary wick.However,the oxidation temperature needs to be adjusted to obtain the best capillary performance.The highest capillary performance is found at oxidation temperature of 300℃,with an increase of 46% compared to the untreated ones.Comparisons with other composite wicks show that the sample with an oxidation temperature of 300℃ has competitive capillary performance,making it a favorable alternative to two-phase heat transfer device.This study shows that combining low-temperature thermal oxidation technology with powder sintering is a convenient and effective method to improve the capillary performance of powder wicks.

Theoretical and experimental study on the inhibition of jet fuel oxidation by diarylamine

Antioxidants addition is believed as a facile and effective way to improve jet fuel thermal oxidation stability.However,amine antioxidants,as one of the most important antioxidants,have not received sufficient attention in the field of jet fuel autoxidation yet.Herein,the inhibition efficiency and mechanism of decane and exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene(THDCPD)oxidation by di-4-tert-butylphenylamine(diarylamine)was experimentally and theoretically investigated.The results show that diarylamine can significantly inhibit decane oxidation but is less efficient for THDCPD oxidation,which is attributed to the higher energy barrier of retro-carbonyl-ene reaction(rate-determining step)in THDCPD than that in decane during diarylamine regeneration.However,the addition of diarylamine will cause undesirable color change after accelerated oxidation and produce slightly more deposits during high-temperature thermal oxidative stress for both decane and THDCPD.The results provide significant implications for the future design of effective antioxidant additives for high-performance jet fuel.

MOS structure fabrication by thermal oxidation of multilayer metal thin films

A novel approach for the fabrication of a metal oxide semiconductor（MOS） structure was reported.The process comprises electrochemical deposition of aluminum and zinc layers on a base of nickel-chromium alloy. This two-layer structure was thermally oxidized at 400℃for 40 min to produce thin layers of aluminum oxide as an insulator and zinc oxide as a semiconductor on a metallic substrate.Using deposition parameters,device dimensions and SEM micrographs of the layers,the device parameters were calculated.The resultant MOS structure was characterized by a C-V curve method.From this curve,the device maximum capacitance and threshold voltage were estimated to be about 0.74 nF and -2.9 V,respectively,which are in the order of model-based calculations.

One-step thermal oxidation synthesis of large-area Mn_(3)O_(4)nanoflakes at low temperature in air atmosphere

Single-crystalline Mn_(3)O_(4)nanoflakes were grown on manganese sheets by one-step thermal oxidation process at 360-500℃in ambient atmosphere.The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The nanoflakes with a size of 15-20 nm in thickness,~60 nm in width,and~210 nm in length are obtained at 360℃for 24 h.A surface diffusion mechanism is proposed to explain the growth of manganese oxide nanostructures via thermal oxidation,which includes two steps:manganese oxide(MnO/Mn_(3)O_(4))layers form firstly,and then Mn_(3)O_(4)nanostructures grow above the upper metal oxide layer to form multi-layered structures,MnO/Mn_(3)O_(4)/Mn_(3)O_(4)-nanoflakes.The nucleation and growth of Mn_(3)O_(4)nanostructures are related to the surface energy and different growth rates along different crystal directions,which are controlled by the diffusion of the metal and gas molecule.

Influence of the Thermal Barrier Coatings Design on the Oxidation Behavior

The properties of two different types of thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） were compared to improve the surface characteristics on high temperature components. These TBCs consisted of a duplex TBC and a five-layered functionally graded TBC. NiCrAIY bond coats were deposited on a number of Inconel-738LC specimens using high velocity oxy-fuel spraying （HVOF） technique. For duplex coating, a group of these specimens were coated with yttria stabilized zirconia （YSZ） using plasma spray technique. Functionally graded NiCrAIY/YSZ coatings were fabricated by plasma spray using co-injection of the two different powders in a single plasma torch. The amount of zirconia in functionally graded coatings were gradually increased from 30 to 100 vol. pct. Microstructural changes, thermally grown oxide （TGO） layer growth and damage initiation of the coatings were investigated as a function of isothermal oxidation test at 970℃. As a complementary test, the performance of the fabricated coatings by the optimum processing conditions was evaluated as a function of intense thermal cycling test at 1100℃. Also the strength of the adhesive coatings of the substrate was also measured. Microstructural characterization was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and optical microscopy whereas phase analysis and chemical composition changes of the coatings and oxides formed during the tests were studied by XRD （X-ray diffraction） and EDS （energy dispersive spectrometer）. The results showed that microstructure and compositions gradually varied in the functionally graded coatings. By comparison of duplex and functionally graded TBCs oxidation behavior （duplex failure after 1700 h and funcitionally graded TECs failure after 2000 h）, thermal shock test and adhesion strength of the coatings, the functionally graded TBC had better performance and more durability.

Comparative Study of the Effects of Thermal and Photochemical Accelerated Oxidations on Quality of “Green Type” and “Black Type” French Olive Oils

Oxidative stability of two commercial olive oils of different specificity (green type and black type) has been studied during thermal and photochemical accelerated processes through the evolution of quality indices. It might help to assure a good utilisation of olive oil. In most of works described in literature, they are measured individually. In this study, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been performed to emphasize their variation and describe in concise way the quality and the safety of extra-virgin olive oil after two oxidative stresses. No difference had been detected between both type oils when they are heated. Peroxides, aldehydes and conjugated dienes and trienes were formed but rapidly degraded into final oxidation compounds, mainly acid compounds. During the photochemical process, similar changes occurred slower and the green type oil had shown better stability because of its higher phenolic content. The fatty acids had been more impacted (higher disappearance of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)) when the oils were heated than when irradiated. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), MUFA and PUFA were the most relevant indicators to characterize non-oxidized oils and PV characterized the early stage of oil oxidation.

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on the Tensile Properties of High Temperature Oxidation Coating

The failure process was characterized by complex diffusion of elements in the bonding layer,TGO growth and growth stress inside the coating.We studied the aluminum migration phenomenon of NiCoCrAlY and NiCoCrAlYHf coatings under high temperature oxidation,TGO growth characteristics,the microstructure and composition of the bonding layer,and integrates them into the description of the surface strain under coating tension.The experimental results show that the TGO growth rate of NiCoCrAIYHf coating is lower than that of NiCoCrAIY coating,and the formed TGO is thinner.After high temperature oxidation,the cracking time of NiCoCrAIY coating is advanced,while the cracking time of rare earth doped coating is delayed.The addition of rare earth elements can effectively inhibit the generation of spinel phase,improve the fracture toughness of TGO,refine the grains in the bonding layer,and increase the grain boundary strengthening by 29.1 MPa which is consistent with the experimental value.Therefore,the yield strength of the doped coating is improved and the crack time of the coating is delayed.

Effect of niobium alloying level on the oxidation behavior of titanium aluminides at 850°C

This work addresses the alloying of titanium aluminides used in aircraft engine applications and automobiles. The oxidation resistance behavior of two titanium aluminides of α2 ＋ γ （Ti3Al ＋ TiAl） and orthorhombic Ti2NbAl, recognized as candidates for high-temperature applications, was investigated by exposure of the alloys for 100 h in air. Thus, oxidation resistance was expressed as the mass gain rate, whereas surface aspects were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the type of oxidation products was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The orthorhombic Ti2NbAl alloy was embrittled, and pores and microcracks were formed as a result of oxygen diffusion through the external oxide layer formed during thermal oxidation for 100 h.

Hydrogen-bonded organic framework modified separator for simultaneously enhancing the safety and electrochemical performance of Ni-rich lithium-ion battery

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathode(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1−x−y)O_(2),x>0.5,NCM)shows substantial potential for applications in longer-range electrical vehicles.However,the rapid capacity decay and serious safety concerns impede its practical viability.This work provides a hydrogen-bonded organic framework(HOF)modification strategy to simultaneously improve the electrochemical performance,thermal stability and incombustibility of separator.Melamine cyanurate(MCA),as a low-cost and reliable flame-retardant HOF,was implemented in the separator modification layer,which can prevent the battery short circuit even at a high temperature.In addition,the supermolecule properties of MCA provide unique physical and chemical microenvironment for regulating ion-transport behavior in electrolyte.The MCA coating layer enabled the nickel-rich layered oxide cathode with a high-capacity retention of 90.3%after 300 cycles at 1.0 C.Collectively,the usage of MCA in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)affords a simple,low-cost and efficient strategy to improve the security and service life of nickel-rich layered cathodes.

Self-motivated,thermally oxidized hematite nanoflake photoanodes:Effects of pre-polishing and ZrO_(2) passivation layer

High-temperature thermal oxidation of an Fe foil produces a high-quality,crystalline hematite nanoflake suitable as a photoanode for the photoelectrochemical(PEC)water oxidation.Physical pre-polishing of the foil surface has a profound effect in the formation of a vertically-aligned nanoflakes of hematite phase with extended(110)planes by removing the loosely-bonded oxide layer.When the surface of the photoanode is modified with a ZrO_(2) passivation layer and a cobalt phosphate co-catalyst,the charge recombination at the photoanode-electrolyte interface is greatly suppressed to improve its overall PEC activity.As a result,the photocurrent density at 1.10 VRHE under 1 sun condition is enhanced from 0.22 mA cm^(-2) for an unmodified photoanode to 0.59 mA cm^(-2) for the fully modified photoanode,and the photocurrent onset potential is shifted cathodically by 400 mV.Moreover,the photoanode demonstrates outstanding stability by showing steady production of H_(2) and O_(2) gases in the stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 in a continuous PEC operation for 10 h.

Thermal Oxidative Aging Characterization of SBS Modified Asphalt

Both macro and micro-methods were introduced to study the physical and chemical properties of thermal oxidative aging of SBS （styrene-butadiene-styrene） modified asphalt. The physical properties of SBS modified asphalt before and after aging were analyzed by normal tests. The structure and quality variation of SBS modified asphalt during the aging process was analyzed by FTIR （Fourier transform infrared spectrum）. FTIR result shows that the degeneration of SBS modified asphalt is mainly caused by oxidative reaction and rupture of C=C double bond. The molecular weight variations of asphalt function groups and SBS polymer were studied by GPC （Gel Permeation Chromatography）. GPC result shows that small molecules transform into larger one in asphalt and SBS polymer molecule degrade during the aging process. SBS polymer may lose its modifying function after long time aging.