Study of Defect and Large Thermal Strain Nature in Organic Crystal of Rubidium Hydrogen Phthalate

Imperfections in the(001) plate of rubidium hydrogen phthalate(RAP, RbC8H5O4) crystals have been studied by means of X-ray topography. The main defects are the grown-in dislocations, inclusions, growth layers and the thermal strain lobes caused by heat. The large thermal strain nature was determined by an Inclusion Probed Method (IPM), which is due to the gradient of the interplanar spacing formed by atomic displacement to <110> directions.

FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STRAINFATIGUE LIFE FOR THE SINTERING MACHINE PALLET

In recent years elastic-plastic fracture mechanics has developed rapidly and is widely used to solve various engineering problems. The application of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics on the pallet of sintering machine is approached in detail for the first time in the present study. The theoretical results were compared with the actual data determined from sintering machine pallet. Results show that good agreement was achieved between the method suggested by the author and the actual data. The basis of determining design of the sintering machine pallet in iron and steel engineering has been provided and it will result in great economic benefits.

Numerical Study on the Stress–Strain Cycle of Thermal Self-Compressing Bonding

Thermal self-compressing bonding(TSCB) is a new solid-state bonding method pioneered by the authors. With electron beam as the non-melted heat source, previous experimental study performed on titanium alloys has proved the feasibility of TSCB. However, the thermal stress–strain process during bonding, which is of very important significance in revealing the mechanism of TSCB, was not analysed. In this paper, finite element analysis method is adopted to numerically study the thermal elasto-plastic stress–strain cycle of thermal self-compressing bonding. It is found that due to the localized heating, a non-uniform temperature distribution is formed during bonding, with the highest temperature existed on the bond interface. The expansion of high temperature materials adjacent to the bond interface are restrained by surrounding cool materials and rigid restraints, and thus an internal elasto-plastic stress–strain field is developed by itself which makes the bond interface subjected to thermal compressive action. This thermal self-compressing action combined with the high temperature on the bond interface promotes the atom diffusion across the bond interface to produce solid-state joints. Due to the relatively large plastic deformation, rigid restraint TSCB obtains sound joints in relatively short time compared to diffusion bonding.

Effects of Strains on Thermal Conductivity of Si/Ge Superlattices

The effect of strains on the thermal conductivity of Si/Ge superlattices was investigated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics（NEMD） simulation. The thermal conductivities experienced a near linear drop with increasing tensile and compressive strains. It was explained by the fact that the decrease of the phonons velocities and a mass of structural defects generated under strains. Meanwhile, a theoretical calculation based on Modified-Callaway model was performed,and it was found that the theoretical results were in good agreement with the molecular dynamics results.

THERMAL ACTIVATION ANALYSIS ON STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE TENSILE PROPERTIES IN TiAl ALLOY

Tensile properties of a two phase γ Ti 47Al 1.5Cr 0.5Mn 2.8Nb alloy with a duplex microstructure were tested under strain rates ranging from 5×10 -5 to 5×10 -3 s -1 at temperatures from 1 123 K to 1 273 K. It was found that there exists approximately linear relationship between the flow stresses and the logarithm of the strain rate at different temperatures. The strain rate dependence was analyzed by thermal activation theory, and dislocation climbing has been identified as the rate controlling mechanism.

INFLUENCE OF TOP- TEMPERATURE OF THERMAL CYCLE ON THERMAL STRESS/STRAIN AND THERMAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF PURE IRON

By using a self-made thermal fatigue test machine of outer-constraint mode, the influence of top-temperature of thermal cycle T t on thermal stress-strain and thermal fatigue behavior of an industrial pure iron was investigated. The T t was varied from stress/strain 773K to 1073K. The results show that, increasing of T t , the thermal stress-strain cycles can be classified into four types, they are: compressive stress cycle; compressive strain-tensile stress cycle; compressive strain-tensile stress cycle than changing to compressive tensile plastic strain cycle; and finally, compressive tensile plastic strain cycle. It is also revealed that certain relationship does exist between thermal fatigue life and characteristics of thermal stress/strain cycle. When compressive tensile plastic strain cycle were appear by increasing of T t , thermal fatigue life decreasing rapidly. The concept of thermal fatigue transition temperature, and determining method were put up in this thesis.

ZPPR Fuel Element Thermal Stress-Strain Analysis

The design temperature of high plutonium concentration ZPPR fuel plates is 600°C. Cladding integrity of the 304 L stainless steel cladding is a significant concern with this fuel since even small holes can lead to substantial fuel degradation. Since the fuel has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the cladding, an investigation of the stress induced in the cladding due to the differential thermal expansion of fuel and cladding up to the design temperature was conducted. Small holes in the cladding envelope would be expected to lead to the fuel hydriding and oxidizing into a powder over a long period of time. This is the same type of chemical reaction chain that exists in the degradation of the high uranium concentration ZPPR fuel. Unfortunately, the uranium fuel was designed with vents which allowed this degradation to occur. The Pu cladding is sealed so only fuel with damaged cladding would be subject to this damage. The thermal stresses that can be developed in the fuel cladding have been calculated in this paper and compared to the ultimate tensile stress of the cladding. The conclusion is drawn that thermal stresses cannot induce holes in the cladding even for the highest storage temperatures predicted in calculations (292°C). In fact, thermal stress cannot cause cladding failure as long as the fuel temperatures are below the design limit of 600°C (1112°F).

Retarded thermal oxidation of strained Si substrate

Strained Si is recognized as a necessary technology booster for modem integrated circuit technology. However, the thermal oxidation behaviors of strained Si substrates are not well understood yet despite their importance. In this study, we for the first time experimentally find that all types of strained Si substrates （uniaxial tensile, uniaxial compressive, biaxial tensile, and biaxial compressive） show smaller thermal oxidation rates than an unstrained Si substrate. The possible mechanisms for these retarded thermal oxidation rates in strained Si substrates are also discussed.

Effect of high temperature annealing on strain and band gap of GaN nanoparticles

Black-coloured GaN nanoparticles with an average grain size of 50 nm have been obtained by annealing GaN nanoparticles under flowing nitrogen at 1200 ℃ for 30 min. XRD measurement result indicates an increase in the lattice parameter of the GaN nanoparticles annealed at 1200 ℃, and HRTEM image shows that the increase cannot be ascribed to other ions in the interstitial positions. If the as-synthesised GaN nanoparticles at 950 ℃ are regarded as standard, the thermal expansion changes nonlinearly with temperature and is anisotropic; the expansion below 1000 ℃ is smaller than that above 1000 ℃. This study provides an experimental demonstration for selecting the proper annealing temperature of GaN. In addition, a large blueshift in optical bandgap of the annealed GaN nanoparticles at 1200 ℃ is observed, which can be ascribed to the dominant transitions from the C（FT） with the peak energy at 3.532 eV.

Thermal buckling analysis of ceramic-metal functionally graded plates

Thermal buckling response of functionally graded plates is presented in this paper using sinusoidal shear deformation plate theory (SPT). The material properties of the plate are assumed to vary according to a power law form in the thickness direction. Equilibrium and stability equations are derived based on the SPT. The non-linear governing equations are solved for plates subjected to simply supported boundary conditions. The buckling analysis of a functionally graded plate under various types of thermal loads is carried out. The influences of many plate parameters on buckling temperature difference will be investigated. Numerical results are presented for the SPT, demonstrating its importance and accuracy in comparison to other theories.

Numerical simulation of a sheet metal extrusion process by using thermal-mechanical coupling EAS FEM

The thermal-mechanical coupling finite element method(FEM)was usedto simulate a non-isothermal sheet metal extrusion process. On thebasis of the finite plasticity consistent with multiplicativedecomposition of the deformation gradient, the enhanced as- sumedstrain(EAS)FEM was applied to carry out the numerical simulation. Inorder to make the computation reliable ad avoid hour- glass mode inthe EAS element under large compressive strains, an alterative formof the original enhanced deformation gradient was employed. Inaddition, reduced factors were used in the computation of the elementlocal internal parameters and the enhanced part of elementalstiffness.

Strain rate sensitivity of tensile properties in high Nb containing TiAl alloys

The effect of strain rate on the yield strength of high Nb containing TiAl alloy was studied. The results show that the strain rate sensitivity varies with the test temperature, and the yield strength is not sensitive to the strain rate at room temperature but significantly sensitive to the strain rate at high temperature. An increase of the strain rate or a decrease of the temperature results in an obvious change of fracture mode. It is found that the strain rate sensitivity of this alloy varying with temperature is due to the dislocation climb generated at high temperature.

Annealing and strain rate effects on the mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained iron produced by SPD

Thermal stability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained(UFG)Fe produced by severe plastic deformation(SPD)were investigated.The UFG Fe was processed by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)via route Bc.After 6 passes,the grain size of UFG Fe reaches 600 nm, as confirmed by means of electron back scatter diffraction(EBSD).Examination of micro-hardness and grain size of UFG Fe as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization.The critical transition temperature is approximately 500℃,and the material has a bimodal structure after annealing at this temperature.Deformation behaviors of ECAP Fe and ECAP + annealing Fe were studied under both quasi-static and dynamic compressive loadings.The UFG iron shows increased strength and reduced strain rate sensitivity compared with its coarse-grained counterparts.The appropriate post-ECAP annealing can increase strain hardening ability and cancel out thermal softening effect with only a small loss of strength under dynamic loading.

Effects of high temperature rapid thermal annealing on Ge films grown on Si(001) substrate

Tensile strain, crystal quality, and surface morphology of 500 nm thick Ge films were improved after rapid thermal annealing at 900 ℃ for a short period （〈 20 s）. The films were grown on Si（001） substrates by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition. These improvements are attributed to relaxation and defect annihilation in the Ge films. However, after prolonged （〉 20 s） rapid thermal annealing, tensile strain and crystal quality degenerated. This phenomenon results from intensive Si-Ge mixing at high temperature.

STRUCTURE AND THERMAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORIENTED POLYIMIDE (PEI-E)

The strain induced crystallization behaviour in polyimide from 1,4-bis (3', 4'- dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene and 4,4'-oxydianiline (PEI-E)has been investigated by WAXD, DSC and FTIR. The results obtained show that crystallization in PEI-E did take place just after tensile yielding. Meanwhile, the effect of strain induced crystallization on the thermomechanical properties was studied by DMA and TMA, the results of which indicate that the crystallization and hot stretching have a certain influence on the dynamic mechanical properties, such as weakening the β relaxation and decreasing the glass transition temperature. The TMA results confirm the shifting of glass transition temperature to lower temperature region after hot stretching. This phenomenon could be well explained by the effect of residual stress according to Eyring's theory.

PEELING-OFF PHENOMENON IN FRP STRENGTHENED CONCRETE BEAMS DUE TO THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESS

Peeling-off phenomena in FRP strengthened concrete beams are investigated in this paper. Based on the beam theory and the fracture mechanics, a new theoretical model is proposed to analyze the peeling-off behavior near FRP-concrete interfaces, which is governed by residual thermal stresses. Numerical examples are presented to provide a clear insight into the failure mechanism. Some suggestions are provided for the optimal design of FRP strengthened structures.

7FDL-16柴油机气缸盖热结构耦合应力分析

通过CATIA软件进行三维建模,利用Space Claim模块提取流体域,在Fluent模块设置流体边界条件并仿真流动,先后导入Ansys Workbench稳态热和静应力分析模块,设置热边界条件和应力载荷,得到气缸盖的温度场以及热结构耦合应力分布云图。热结构耦合应力分析可得:热应变最大处在火力面鼻梁区,最大变形量为0.002 1 mm,应力最大处在两排气门之间的鼻梁区,最大应力值为398 MPa,安全系数为2.71,满足实际结构工作的要求标准。

Effects of Syngas Particulate Fly Ash Deposition on the Mechanical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Simulated Film-Cooled Turbine Vane Components

Research is being conducted to study the effects of particulate deposition from contaminants in coal synthesis gas (syngas) on the mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) employed on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) turbine hot section airfoils. West Virginia University (WVU) had been working with US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to simulate deposition on the pressure side of an IGCC turbine first stage vane. To model the deposition, coal fly ash was injected into the flow of a combustor facility and deposited onto TBC coated, angled film-cooled test articles in a high pressure (approximately 4 atm) and a high temperature (1560 K) environment. To investigate the interaction between the deposition and the TBC, a load-based multiple-partial unloading micro-indentation technique was used to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical properties of materials. The indentation results showed the Young’s Modulus of the ceramic top coat was higher in areas with deposition formation due to the penetration of the fly ash. This corresponds with the reduction of strain tolerance of the 7% yttria-stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings.

热流固耦合下不同载荷对光热熔盐泵转子运行稳定性的影响

光热电站熔盐泵转子系统由于其自身结构及外部载荷激励,在极端运行工况下难以维持运行稳定性。针对该问题建立有限元模型,分析了温度载荷、流场力载荷、离心力载荷等对熔盐泵转子的应力变形规律;设置4种不同轴段长度的转子模型,分析不同转子模态振型、固有频率以及临界转速等动力学特性。研究发现:转子结构中最大等效应力出现在首级叶轮叶片进口与前盖板交界处,最大变形出现在首级叶轮前盖板尾缘处,流场载荷与质量力载荷使应力与变形在叶轮上大致呈现中心对称分布,温度载荷使得叶轮产生较大的形变;对首级叶轮进行强度校核后,所选材料满足结构强度要求。模型转子的固有频率随中间轴段长度的增加而降低,湿态转子模型的固有频率略低于干态固有频率;其他转子的一阶临界转速均小于转子的设计转速,只有A9转子的临界转速满足±10%安全裕度,不易在运行过程中发生共振。研究结果对于该类型泵安全稳定运行以及在能源应用等领域具有重要的指导意义。

频域分割的复合超声热应变成像

在超声热应变成像(TSI)中,二维TSI图像中加热区域即感兴趣区域(ROI)的后方(远离声源方向)由于热声棱镜效应、互相关函数峰值误判等可能出现较强的噪声,影响对热区的识别。为对TSI图像降噪并优化ROI的选取,提出一种频域分割的复合超声热应变成像方法。首先,对加热过程中超声成像得到的射频数据进行频段划分,将划分后每个频段的数据视作一次独立成像的结果。其次,利用不同频段数据分别进行TSI计算,所得ROI的形态及其中的热应变分布有很好的一致性,而噪声分布差异较大。基于此对ROI与噪声区域进行区分,通过多频段TSI的复合实现降噪。最后,对降噪后的TSI图像,借助径向梯度指标实现ROI的识别。基于数值仿真和离体猪脂肪加热实验,对所建立的方法进行了验证,仿真中ROI热应变成像的对比度提升了1.7 dB,实验中提升了13.6 dB。