Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading proper...Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.展开更多
热湿舒适性是鞋靴舒适性的重要组成部分。基于知网和Web of Science等数据库,文章对20年来文献中有关鞋靴热湿舒适性的评测方法进行了分析、总结和评价,并介绍了数值模拟用于鞋靴热湿舒适性评测的原理和具体案例,为建立系统的鞋靴热湿...热湿舒适性是鞋靴舒适性的重要组成部分。基于知网和Web of Science等数据库,文章对20年来文献中有关鞋靴热湿舒适性的评测方法进行了分析、总结和评价,并介绍了数值模拟用于鞋靴热湿舒适性评测的原理和具体案例,为建立系统的鞋靴热湿舒适性评价体系和制订鞋靴热湿舒适性评价标准提供借鉴和参考。展开更多
Comfort standards(ISO 7730,ASHRAE 55)specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments,such as temperature,air movement,and humidity limits.These,however,are often difficult to comply w...Comfort standards(ISO 7730,ASHRAE 55)specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments,such as temperature,air movement,and humidity limits.These,however,are often difficult to comply with,particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing,China.Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort,since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically airconditioned.For this objective,a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001.A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire.Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions,the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables.In addition,people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity.Further,the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement,and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer.The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14℃and 29.42℃.展开更多
文摘Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK2010061)the Advance Research Projects of Southeast University for National Natural Science Foundation of China(XJ0701262)National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2008BAJ12B04,2008BAJ12B05 and 2006BAJ03A04).
文摘Comfort standards(ISO 7730,ASHRAE 55)specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments,such as temperature,air movement,and humidity limits.These,however,are often difficult to comply with,particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing,China.Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort,since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically airconditioned.For this objective,a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001.A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire.Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions,the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables.In addition,people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity.Further,the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement,and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer.The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14℃and 29.42℃.
