Comparative investigations of ternary thermite Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO and Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3) from pyrolytic,kinetics and combustion behaviors

To develop new energy enhancement energetic materials with great combustion performance and thermal stability,two kinds of ternary thermite,Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO and Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3),were prepared and analyzed via mechanical ball milling.The samples were characterized by SEM,XRD,TG-DSC,constant volume and constant pressure combustion experiments.The first exothermic peaks of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO and Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3) appear at 579°C and 564.5°C,respectively.The corresponding activation energies are similar.The corresponding mechanism functions are set as G(a) = [-ln(1-a)]^(3/4) and G(a) =[-ln(1-a)]2/3,respectively,which belong to the Avrami-Erofeev equation.Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO has better thermal safety.For small dose samples,its critical temperature of thermal explosion is 121.05°C higher than that of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3).During combustion,the flame of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO is spherical,and the main products are FeAl_(2)O_(4) and Cu.The flame of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3)is jet-like,and the main products are Al_(2)O_(3),Bi and Fe.Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3)has better ignition and gas production performance.Its average ignition energy is 4.2 J lower than that of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO.Its average step-up rate is 28.29 MPa/s,which is much higher than 6.84 MPa/s of Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuO.This paper provides a reference for studying the thermal safety and combustion performance of ternary thermite.

Novel Insight into the Preparation of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Through Thermite Reduction Based on the Mass Action Concentration

Based on the mass action concentration theory,a novel thermodynamic analysis for the raw material ratio in the procedure of preparing Ti-6Al-4V alloy by aluminothermic reduction process is proposed in this paper,which is originated from TiO_(2),Al particles,and V_(2)O_(5) as feedstocks,and the relevant equilibrium thermodynamics was calculated through this new method.The results show that the range of aluminum addition coefficient in raw material to experiment should be controlled within 61.5%-100%,which can significantly reduce the number of experimental groups.This method is ready to regulate the matter of excessive aluminum content in reactants for materials preparation,especially for those reactions including elements that are effortless to combine with aluminum to form the corresponding intermetallics or alloys.In addition,it can also be used in general metallurgy or material preparation process to effectively predict the composition and proportion of equilibrium components under certain conditions.

Mechanism for thermite reactions of aluminum/iron-oxide nanocomposites based on residue analysis

Sol-gel method was employed to combine Al and iron-oxide to form nanocomposites （nano-Al/xero-Fe2O3 and micro-Al/xero-Fe2O3）. SEM, EDS and XRD analyses were used to characterize the nanocomposites and the results indicated that nano-Al and micro-Al were compactly wrapped by amorphous iron-oxide nanoparticles （about 20 nm）, respectively. The iron-oxide showed the mass ratio of Fe to O as similar as that in Fe2O3. Thermal analyses were performed on two nanocomposites, and four simple mixtures （nano-Al＋xero-Fe2O3, nano-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, micro-Al＋xero-Fe2O3, and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3） were also analyzed. There were not apparent distinctions in the reactions of thermites fueled by nano-Al. For thermites fueled by micro-Al, the DSC peak temperatures of micro-Al/Xero-Fe2O3 were advanced by 68.1 ℃ and 76.8 ℃ compared with micro-Al＋xero-Fe2O3 and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, respectively. Four thermites, namely, nano-Al/xero-Fe2O3, nano-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, micro-Al/xero-Fe2O3, and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, were heated from ambient temperature to 1020 ℃, during which the products at 660 ℃ and 1020 ℃ were collected and analyzed by XRD. Crystals of Fe, FeAl2O4, Fe3O4,α-Fe2O3, Al,γ-Fe2O3, Al2.667O4, FeO andα-Al2O3 were indexed in XRD patterns. For each thermite, according to the specific products, the possible equations were given. Based on the principle of the minimum free energy, the most reasonable equations were inferred from the possible reactions.

Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of Laser-Induced Thermite Reaction Al_2O_3 Ceramic Coatings on Pure Aluminum and AA7075 Aluminum Alloy

Wear-resistant laser-induced thermite reaction Al2O3 ceramic coatings can be fabricated on pure Al and AA7075 aluminum alloy by laser cladding （one-step method） and laser cladding followed by laser re-melting （two-step method） using mixed powders CuO-Al-SiO2 in order to improve the wear properties of aluminum and aluminum alloy, respectively. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The wear resistance of the coatings was evaluated under dry sliding wear test condition at room temperature. Owing to the presence of hard α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 phases, the coatings exhibited excellent wear resistance. In addition, the wear resistance of the coatings fabricated by two-step method is superior to that of the coatings fabricated by one-step method.

Preparation of CuCr alloys by thermit-reduction electromagnetic stirring

The influences of the additive CaF2, different molds, mold pre-heating temperature, electromagnetic stirring, and alloying elements on CuCr have been investigated respectively during the preparation of CuCr alloys by thermit-reduction electromagnetic stirring. The results indicate that the reasonable reactant mass ratio of CuO： Cr2O3：Al is 100：140：160; CaF2 can reduce the solidification point of slags to improve the metal separating efficiency from slags; the crystal particles become thinner because of the high cooling velocity in the metal mold; while casting in the graphite mold, the casting properties of CuCr improve with the increase of pre-heating temperature; the compact alloys are prepared at 500℃; electromagnetic stirring can prevent the growth of dendrite crystal into refine crystal particles, as well as homogenize Cu and Cr to improve the CuCr properties; the optimal stirring time is 7 min; when the alloying elements Ni and Co are added to the reactants, elements Cu and Cr can distribute evenly but the crystal particles become thick.

Spray deposition of FeCrNiMn and high carbon steel coatings by thermite reaction

A novel surface cladding technique was developed to prepare the FeCrNiMn alloy and high carbon steel cladding layers,and the microhardness,bonding strength,abrasion wear and corrosion resistance were investigated.The microstructures of the cladding layers were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS).The results show that the bonding strength between the substrate and the two cladding layers were(432.6±21)and(438.3±12)MPa,respectively.Vickers hardness values of the two cladding layers were HV418.5and HV329.6,respectively.The corrosion current densities of the two coatings were2.926×10–6and6.858×10–6A/cm2after electrochemical corrosion test in3.5%NaCl solution,and the wear rate were1.78×10–7and1.46×10–6mm3/mN after sliding wear test,respectively.This indicates that a well metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate was achieved,the abrasion wear and corrosion resistance of both coatings had been greatly improved compared with the substrate.The novel cladding technology is promising for preparing wear-and-corrosion resistant coatings.

Fabrication of an r-Al_2Ti intermetallic matrix composite reinforced with α-Al_2O_3 ceramic by discontinuous mechanical milling for thermite reaction

In this study, a powder mixture with an Al/TiO2 molar ratio of 10/3 was used to form an r-Al2Ti intermetallic matrix composite （IMC） reinforced with α-Al2O3 ceramic by a novel milling technique, called discontinuous mechanical milling （DMM） instead of milling and ignition of the produced thermite. The results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） of samples with varying milling time indicate that this fabrication process requires considerable mechanical energy. It is shown that Al2Ti-α-Al2O3 IMC with small grain size was produced by DMM after 15 h of ball milling. Peaks for γ-TLA1 as well as Al2Ti and Al2O3 are observed in XRD patterns after DMM followed by heat treatment. The microhardness of the DMM-treated composite produced after heat treatment was higher than Hv 700.

STUDY OF PREPARATION PROCESS OF TUNGSTEN POWDER BY SHS WITH A MAGNESIUM THERMIT STAGE

Tungsten powder was fabricated from the system CaWO4-Mg by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with a magnesium thermit stage. The physic-chemical change during heating and the effects of pressure of sample and diluents (W powder) on product have been studied. The experimental results show that the porosity of combustion product and the particle size of final tungsten powder decrease with increasing pressure of sample. Addition of diluents could increase the particle size of final tungsten powder. The purity of tungsten is improved by leaching in NaOH solution. The results of spectral analysis and particle size distribution of final tungsten powder show that the final Tungsten powder has a median diameter of 0.87μm,specific surface area of 1.09m2/g and purity of above 99.0%.

钢铁业副产物衍生Thermite熔剂熔融处理及回收都市垃圾焚化飞灰之研究

创新熔融技术之研究——利用具有高温自传播特性的工业副产物衍生Thermite反应熔融处理及回收都市垃圾焚化飞灰。选定两种钢铁业副产物-转炉矿泥及热轧矿泥与铝业下脚料——铝屑混合成Thermite熔剂(文中称Thermite A、Thermite B),应用于熔融处理都市垃圾焚化飞灰及回收金属资源与熔渣之研究。两种副产物与铝屑衍生Thermite熔剂之最佳配比与理论值相符,分别为28．1%铝屑混合71．9%转炉矿泥、25．2%铝屑混合74．8%热轧矿泥。反应具自传播特性之最大飞灰添加量分别为21．1%、15．7%范围,自传播特性不受辅助热源影响。以两种钢铁业副产物衍生Thermite熔剂熔融处理都市垃圾焚化飞灰结果:反应温度分别可达2048℃～1236℃及1766℃～1200℃高温．产物包括熔渣与金属锭,经辅助热源修正后,两者分离效果良好,总固体物回收率分别介于81．8%-96．3%及81．4%-94．6%;熔渣呈现黑色坚硬玻璃质状, XRD分析其主要物种为Al2O3、Fe、CaAl4O7、SiO2:TCLP溶出结果符合环保署法规限值,显示熔渣安定性及可再利用价值。金属锭中铁含量介于91．8%-97．9%,以理论配比所得之金属锭含铁量最高,辅助热源提升反应温度可提高金属锭之含铁量。综合评估,利用工业废弃资材自身化学反应热能提供作为熔融热源,处理有害事业废弃物,同时回收金属资源及熔渣。技术精进创新、节省能源、环境友善最终处理、废弃物资源化等优点．对于建立永续发展之循环型环境而言,为极具价值之技术。

Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of Laser-induced Thermite Reaction Al_2O_3 Ceramic Coating on AA7075 Aluminum Alloy

The microstructure and wear behaviour of the thermite reaction coating produced by the hybrid laser claddingremelting on AA7075 aluminum alloy for the systems of Al-CuO-SiO2, Al-Cr2O3-SiO2, Al-Fe2O3-SiO2, and Al-TiO2-SiO2 were studied. The results of the X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis show that in all the four reaction coatings, α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 phases were present at the top surface, together with various intermetallic phases, the corresponding reduced metal and Al phase in the fusion zone. Under the dry sliding condition, the wear resistance, in terms of weight loss, of the laser-clad specimens was considerably higher than that of the untreated specimen. The predominant wear mechanism of the former specimens was abrasive wear, while for the latter, it was the adhesive wear that prevailed.

Chemical Reaction of In-situ Processing of NiAl/Al_2O_3 Composite by Using Thermite Reaction

NiAl/Al2O3 composite were synthesized by thermite reaction of nickel oxide and aluminum powder mixtures.The phase,the microstructure of the composite,as well as the thermite reaction mechanism,were investigated by X-ray diffractomety（XRD0,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） combined with differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）.The experimental results show that the thermite reaction leads to the interpenetrating network structure of NiAl/Al2O3 at 1223K for 60min and the chemical reaction apparent activation energy is Eap=166.960±13.496kJ·mol^-1 in the NiO/Al system.

Application of heat treatment technology for thermit welds at Da-qin railway

A kind of heat treatment technology of thermit welds was introduced in this paper. Through the heal treatment not only the mechanical properties are improved, but the hardness of head was redistributed. Heat treatreatment alleviated the soften of the quenched rail clue to welding. The technology has been successfully applied to lay the lines and crosses at Da-qin continuous line.

A Proposed Core Catcher System and Thermite Experimental Results

To prevent direct contact of the melt and basemat concrete of the cavity in a postulated core melt accident, a core catcher concept is suggested. Upon ablation of the sacrificial layer on top of the core catcher while molten core material is discharged, a mixture of water and gas is injected from below. It is expected that a simultaneous injection of water and gas could prevent a possible steam explosion/spike and also suppress the rapid release of steam which might result in fast over-pressurization of the containment. A test facility for the core catcher using a thermite reaction technique for the generation of the melt was designed and constructed at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute （KAERI）. The first series of tests were performed by using a mixture of Al, Fe2O3, and CaO as a stimulant. As a first try, only water was injected from the bottom of the melt through five water injection nozzles when the melt front reached the water injection nozzles. A description of the test facility for the core catcher, the thermite composition, and the methods of experiment is included. The test results are discussed.

井下管柱熔融切割工具研制

现阶段井下管柱恶性遇卡处置效率低、处置时间长,甚至会诱发井眼附加伤害,成为制约井下作业效率及安全的主要因素。为此,研制出一种基于高温熔融的金属管柱快速切割解卡作业工具。将工具下放至目标深度后,利用锚定机构实现工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,采用电激发特制的高能铝热药柱;铝热药剂急速反应释放极量、超高温的等离子火焰;火焰由特殊设计的喷射机构引导喷射,沿径向高速喷出对管柱实施径向熔切。开展液态环境中ø127 mm加重钻杆熔切试验,验证工具井下作业的可行性。研究结果表明:锚定机构能顺利完成工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,药剂能被顺利激发,喷射机构能引导火焰高速喷射实施径向熔切。该工具可对不同厚度的管柱实施熔切作业,管柱熔切深度与装药量相关,10 kg装药量下,切割用时8 s,切割平均深度达21 mm。该工具及其技术可为井下遇卡管柱高效、安全解卡提供新的解决方案。

Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)铝热剂粉尘着火敏感性

为明确铝热剂反应的着火特性,利用最低着火温度(minimum ignition temperature,MIT)和最小点火能(minimum ignition energy,MIE)测试装置,结合TG-DSC方法对4种Al粉与Fe_(2)O_(3)质量比为1∶4,1∶3,1∶2,1∶1的层状和云状Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)铝热剂进行了着火敏感性研究.结果表明,4种配比试样的粉尘层、粉尘云MIT均超出相关标准常规测试范围,在空气中质量比为1∶3铝热剂的反应触发温度为888℃,活化能为248.49 kJ/mol,说明铝热反应不容易触发;相同质量比的Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)粉尘云的MIE远高于粉尘层,层状MIE最低值为0.7 J,着火敏感性较强,这是因为Fe_(2)O_(3)在粉尘云状态的反应中充当惰化剂,而在粉尘层状态反应中为反应提供了活性氧自由基.

Preparation and combustion properties of laminated sticks of B-CuO and B-Bi_(2)O_(3)

To explore the composite process of B-CuO and B-Bi_(2)O_(3) two-component laminated sticks,obtain the corresponding sticks with good printing effect,and explore the energy release behavior.In this study,boron,copper oxide,and bismuth trioxide powders were dispersed in the dispersed phase (DMF) using F_(2602) as a binder,and the construction of two-component B-CuO,B-Bi_(2)O_(3),three-component microcomposite,and three-component macro-composite sticks were realized with the help of double nozzle direct ink writing (DIW) technique respectively.The resulting sticks were ignited by a nichrome wire energized with a direct current,and a high-speed camera system was used to record the combustion behavior of the sticks,mark the flame position,and calculate the rate of ignition.The results showed that the B-CuO stick burning rate (42.11 mm·s^(-1)) was much higher than that of B-Bi_(2)O_(3)(17.84 mm·s^(-1)).The formulation with the highest CuO content (ω_(CuO)=58.7%) in the microscale composite of the sticks also had the fastest burning rate of 60.59 mm·s^(-1),as the CuO content decreased (ω_(CuO)=43.5%,29.3%),its burning rate decreased to 34.78 mm·s^(-1),37.97 mm·s^(-1).The stick with the highest copper oxide content(ω_(CuO)=60%) also possessed the highest burning rate (48.84 mm·s^(-1)) in the macro-composite sticks,and the burning rates of the macro-composite sticks with component spacing of 0.1 mm,0.2 mm,and 0.5 mm were 43.34 mm·s^(-1),48.84 mm·s^(-1),and 40.76 mm·s^(-1).

Design,preparation,and characterization of a novel ZnO/CuO/Al energetic diode with dual functionality:Logic and destruction

Self-destructing chips have promising applications for securing data.This paper proposes a new concept of energetic diodes for the first time,which can be used for self-destructive chips.A simple two-step electrochemical deposition method is used to prepare ZnO/CuO/Al energetic diode,in which N-type ZnO and P-type CuO are constricted to a PN junction.This paper comprehensively discusses the material properties,morphology,semiconductor characteristics,and exploding performances of the energetic diode.Experimental results show that the energetic diode has typical rectification with a turn-on voltage of about 1.78 V and a reverse leakage current of about 3×10^(-4)A.When a constant voltage of 70 V loads to the energetic diode in the forward direction for about 0.14 s or 55 V loads in the reverse direction for about 0.17 s,the loaded power can excite the energetic diode exploding and the current rises to about100 A.Due to the unique performance of the energetic diode,it has a double function of rectification and explosion.The energetic diode can be used as a logic element in the normal chip to complete the regular operation,and it can release energy to destroy the chip accurately.

铝热剂应用研究进展

为深入理解铝热剂的应用情况,首先回顾了其发展历程,以实际应用问题为导向,对铝热剂在微含能器件(如微点火器和微推进器)、含能药剂(如烟火药、推进剂及其添加剂、起爆药和炸药添加剂)、材料制备(包括材料制备与合成、材料焊接)及其他领域(如安全装置、微生物灭杀、金属热切割和油井封堵)的应用研究进行了综述,并探讨了铝热剂应用中的安全性问题(包括感度和毒性问题);总结了当前铝热剂应用研究存在的不足,如性能优异的铝热剂种类较为单一、对新应用场景开拓不足、对铝热剂的安全性研究不够深入等问题。最后对铝热剂应用研究未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望,认为未来应朝着开发新型铝热剂、拓展新的应用领域以及深入研究铝热剂应用安全性等方向发展。附参考文献124篇。

氧化铝/聚四氟乙烯热化学反应特性及影响因素

为深入了解铝/聚四氟乙烯(Al/PTFE)材料的预点火反应,采用超声混合法制备了Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE复合材料,对其微观形貌、晶相和特征官能团等进行了表征,分析了材料的热化学反应性能及影响因素。结果表明,Al_(2)O_(3)能延迟PTFE熔化的起始温度;Al_(2)O_(3)和PTFE的粒径越小,Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE材料越容易发生反应,放热量越大;小粒径的Al_(2)O_(3)能延迟AlF_(3)生成反应的起始温度,提前AlF_(3)晶型转变的起始温度,从而提高反应的集中放热量,Al_(2)O_(3)(50nm)与PTFE(1μm)反应程度最高;α-Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE的热化学反应性能优于γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE和无定形Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE;Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE的热化学反应具有典型动力学特征,反应主放热峰的峰值温度随升温速率增大而升高;计算得到Al_(2)O_(3)/PTFE主反应的表观活化能为45.0kJ/mol。