Analytical Solution and Simplified Formula for Added Mass of Horizontal and Vertical Motions of Truncated Cylinders Under Earthquake Action

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of floating truncated cylinders undergoing horizontal and vertical motions due to earthquake excitations in the finite water depth.The governing equation of the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the cylinder is derived based on the radiation theory with the inviscid and incompressible assumptions.The governing equation is solved by using the method of separating variables and analytical solutions are obtained by assigning reasonable boundary conditions.The analytical result is validated by a numerical model using the exact artificial boundary simulation of the infinite water.The main variation and distribution characteristics of the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the side and bottom of the cylinder are analyzed for different combinations of wide-height and immersion ratios.The added mass coefficient of the cylinder is calculated by integrating the hydrodynamic pressure and simplified formulas are proposed for engineering applications.The calculation results show that the simplified formulas are in good agreement with the analytical solutions.

On the spreading behavior of a droplet on a circular cylinder using the lattice Boltzmann method

The study of a droplet spreading on a circular cylinder under gravity was carried out using the pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann high-density ratios multiphase model with a non-ideal Peng–Robinson equation of state. The calculation results indicate that the motion of the droplet on the cylinder can be divided into three stages: spreading, sliding, and aggregating.The contact length and contact time of a droplet on a cylindrical surface can be affected by factors such as the wettability gradient of the cylindrical wall, the Bond number, and droplet size. Furthermore, phase diagrams showing the relationship between Bond number, cylinder wall wettability gradient, and contact time as well as maximum contact length for three different droplet sizes are given. A theoretical foundation for additional research into the heat and mass transfer process between the droplet and the cylinder can be established by comprehending the variable rules of maximum contact length and contact time.

A Review on Vibration Control of Multiple Cylinders Subjected to FlowInduced Vibrations

The fatigue damage caused by flow-induced vibration(FIV)is one of the major concerns for multiple cylindrical structures in many engineering applications.The FIV suppression is of great importance for the security of many cylindrical structures.Many active and passive control methods have been employed for the vibration suppression of an isolated cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations(VIV).The FIV suppression methods are mainly extended to the multiple cylinders from the vibration control of the isolated cylinder.Due to the mutual interference between the multiple cylinders,the FIV mechanism is more complex than the VIV mechanism,which makes a great challenge for the FIV suppression.Some efforts have been devoted to vibration suppression of multiple cylinder systems undergoing FIV over the past two decades.The control methods,such as helical strakes,splitter plates,control rods and flexible sheets,are not always effective,depending on many influence factors,such as the spacing ratio,the arrangement geometrical shape,the flow velocity and the parameters of the vibration control devices.The FIV response,hydrodynamic features and wake patterns of the multiple cylinders equipped with vibration control devices are reviewed and summarized.The FIV suppression efficiency of the vibration control methods are analyzed and compared considering different influence factors.Further research on the FIV suppression of multiple cylinders is suggested to provide insight for the development of FIV control methods and promote engineering applications of FIV control methods.

Impact of a Magnetic Dipole on Heat Transfer in Non-Conducting Magnetic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

The thermal behavior of an electrically non-conducting magnetic liquid flowing over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole is considered.The governing nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite element approach,which is properly validated through comparison with earlier results available in the literature.The results for the velocity and temperature fields are provided for different values of the Reynolds number,ferromagnetic response number,Prandtl number,and viscous dissipation parameter.The influence of some physical parameters on skin friction and heat transfer on the walls of the cylinder is also investigated.The applicability of this research to heat control in electronic devices is discussed to a certain extent.

SPH Modelling of the Vortex-Induced Vibration of A Near-Wall Cylinder

The frequency-locked phenomenon commonly occurs in the vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of bluff bodies.Numerical simulation of this lock-in behavior is challenging,especially when the structure is positioned in close proximity to a solid boundary.To establish a robust simulator,an enhanced smoothed particle hydrodynamic(SPH)model is developed.The SPH model incorporates a particle shifting algorithm and a pressure correction algorithm to prevent cavity formation in the structure's wake area.A damping zone is also established near the outlet boundary to dissipate the vortices that shed from the structure.Additionally,GPU parallel technology is implemented to enhance the SPH model's computational efficiency.To validate the mo del,the predicted results are compared with the available refere nce data for flow past both stationary and oscillating cylinders.The verified SPH model is then employed to comparatively investigate the motion re sponse,lift characteristic,and vortex shedding mode of cylinders with and without accounting for the effect of boundary layers.Numerical analyses demonstrate that the developed SPH model is a proficient tool for efficiently simulating the vibration of near-wall bluff bodies at low Reynolds number.

Three-Dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of Flow past A Near-Wall Circular Cylinder:Combined Effects of Gap Ratio and Boundary Layer Thickness on Flow Profiles and Pressure Distribution

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the wake flow downstream of a near-wall circular cylinder at different gap ratios and boundary layer thicknesses are carried out by using the iterative immersed boundary method.The non-dimensional gap between the cylinder and the wall,G/D=0.2,0.6 and 1.0,the non-dimensional boundary layer thickness,δ/D=0.0,0.7 and 1.6,the Reynolds number,Re=350,and the aspect ratio of the cylinder,L/D=25are adopted.High-resolution visualizations of the complex vortex structures at differentδ/D and G/D are presented.The transition of the streamwise vortex mode,the combined effects ofδ/D and G/D on the flow statistics,the pressure and shear stress distribution and the hydrodynamic forces are analyzed.Results show that with decreasing G/D and increasingδ/D,the gap flow and its vortex-shedding are significantly weakened,together with an elongated wake and an enlarged low-velocity area near the wall,leading to the wake mode transition from the two-sided to one-sided vortex-shedding.Different relative positions of the cylinder regarding the boundary layer alter the flow features of the shear layers.With an increase inδ/D,the front stagnation point shifts to the upper surface,and the distance between the flow divergence point and the maximum pressure position increases.The mean drag coefficient and r.m.s.values of drag and lift coefficients decrease with a decrease in G/D and an increase inδ/D,while the mean lift coefficient increases with decreasing G/D but decreases with increasingδ/D.

Limit analysis of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell under internal pressure using a strain gradient plasticity theory

Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions can capture the size effect at the micron scale. Numerical results show that the smaller the inner radius of the cylinder or spherical shell, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the size effect is more evident with increasing strain or strain-rate sensitivity index. The classical plastic-based solutions of the same problems are shown to be a special case of the present solution.

WEIGHT FUNCTION FOR STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS IN ROTATING THICK-WALLED CYLINDER

The equation of stress intensity factors（SIF） of internally pressurized thick-walled cylinder was used as the reference case. SIF equation of rotating thick-walled cylinder containing a radial crack along the internal bore was presented in weight function method. The weight function formulas were worked out and can be used for all kinds of depth of cracks, rotating speed, material, size of thick-walled cylinder to calculate the stress intensity factors. The results indicated the validity and effectiveness of these formulas. Meanwhile, the rules of the stress intensity factors in rotating thick-walled cylinder with the change of crack depths and the ratio of outer radius to inner radius were studied. The studies are valuable to engineering application.

Plastic Deformation Mechanism in Double-Roller Clamping Spinning of Flanged Thin-Walled Cylinder

Double?roller clamping spinning(DRCS) is a new process for forming a thin?walled cylinder with a complex surface flange. The process requires a small spinning force,and can visibly improve forming quality and production e ciency. However,the deformation mechanism of the process has not been completely understood. Therefore,both a finite element numerical simulation and experimental research on the DRCS process are carried out. The results show that both radial force and axial force dominate the forming process of DRCS. The deformation area elongates along the radial direction and bends along the axial direction under the action of the two forces. Both the outer edge and round corner of the flange show the tangential tensile stress and radial compressive stress. The middle region shows tensile tangential stress and radial stress,while the inner edge shows compressive tangential stress and radial stress. Tan?gential tensile strain causes a wall thickness reduction in the outer edge and middle regions of the flange. The large compressive thickness strain causes material accumulation and thus,an increase in the wall thickness of the round corner. Because of bending deformation,the round corner shows a large radial tensile strain in addition. The inner edge of the flange shows small radial compressive strain and tensile strain in thickness. Thus,the wall thickness on the inner edge of the flange continues to increase,although the increment is small. Furthermore,microstructure analysis and tensile test results show that the flanged thin?walled cylinder formed by DRCS has good mechanical properties. The results provide instructions for the application of the DRCS process.

A borehole stability study by newly designed laboratory tests on thick-walled hollow cylinders

At several mineral exploration drilling sites in Australia, weakly consolidated formations mainly consistof sand particles that are poorly bonded by cementing agents such as clay, iron oxide cement or calcite.These formations are being encountered when drilling boreholes to the depth of up to 2 0 0 m. To studythe behaviour of these materials, thick-walled hollow cylinder （TWHC） and solid cylindrical syntheticspecimens were designed and prepared by adding Portland cement and water to sand grains. The effectsof different parameters such as water and cement contents, grain size distribution and mixture curingtime on the characteristics of the samples were studied to identify the mixture closely resembling theformation at the drilling site. The Hoek triaxia! cell was modified to allow the visual monitoring of graindebonding and borehole breakout processes during the laboratory tests. The results showed the significanceof real-time visual monitoring in determining the initiation of the borehole breakout. The sizescaleeffect study on TWHC specimens revealed that with the increasing borehole size, the ductility ofthe specimen decreases, however, the axial and lateral stiffnesses of the TWHC specimen remain unchanged.Under different confining pressures the lateral strain at the initiation point of boreholebreakout is considerably lower in a larger size borehole （2 0 mm） compared to that in a smaller one（10 mm）. Also, it was observed that the level of peak strength increment in TWHC specimens decreaseswith the increasing confining pressure.

Analysis of dynamic stress intensity factors of thick-walled cylinder under internal impulsive pressure

Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary condi- tions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier-Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack sub- jected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method. The finite element method is utilized to verify the results of numerical examples, showing the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

Reduction of the residual stresses in cold expanded thick-walled cylinders by plastic compression

We suppose that in order to maintain high accuracy of holes and to lower residual stresses after cold expansion of thick-walled cylinders, which undergo cross-section plastic deformation, it is necessary to perform axial plastic compression and subsequent cold expansion with small interferences. To test this hypothesis, we studied hoop, radial and axial residual stresses in cylinders made of carbon steel AISI 1050 with hole diameter of 5 mm, outer diameter of 15 mm and length of 30 mm by Sachs method as well as accuracy of expanded holes. It is found that double cold expansion with total interference equal to 5.1% generates hoop residual stresses with largest absolute value equal to 284 MPa and ensures high holes accuracy(IT7). After plastic compression with strain equal to 0.5 and 1% the mentioned stresses reduced to 120 and 75 MPa respectively,and accuracy of the holes reduced as well. Subsequent cold expansion with small interference equal to 0.9% helps to restore holes accuracy(IT7)gained by double cold expansion and ensure that absolute value of hoop residual stresses(177 MPa) is lower compared to double cold expansion.

Numerical evaluation of an autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder under dynamically applied axially non-uniform internal service pressure distribution

A dynamical moving pressure structural numerical calculation model using the internal ballistics calculation pressure-time results was constituted and the vicinity of the internal ballistics and quasiinternal ballistics structural model was checked. The Von Mises stresses obtained by the dynamical structural numerical model calculations and the Von Mises stresses calculated from the shot test strain measurements were compared. The difference for the worse case was 20% and for the best case was 0.1%.Furthermore, the model gave better agreement for the higher charge masses. The numerical structural quasi-internal ballistics computation model created was verified for the top charge mass which represents the highest stress condition and used in a gun barrel design.

Ringlike failure experiment of thick-walled limestone cylinder specimens in triaxial unloading tests

In order to study the failure of surrounding rock under high in situ stress in deep underground engineering projects, disturbed by excavation unloading, we carried out triaxial unloading experiments using thickwalled cylinder specimens on a TATW-2000 rock servo-controlled triaxial testing machine in a laboratory. The specimens were made of limestone material, taken from Tongshan county, Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. In our experiments, rock deformation and failure behavior was studied through loading and unloading of inner hole pressure of thick-walled cylinder specimens. At first, the axial stress, confining pressure and inner pressure were increased simultaneously to a specified designed state of stress. Then, keeping the axial stress and confining pressure stable, the pressure on the inner hole was decreased until the specimen was fractured. When the inner pressure was released completely but the specimen did not fracture, the confining pressure was decreased subsequently until complete failure occurred. Our experimental results suggest that traces of major circular ringlike fractures with a number of radial cracks often appear in thick cylinder walls. This type of ringlike failure phenomenon, similar to intermittent zonal fracturing characteristics of deep exploitation, has, so far, not been published. Our experimental results show that rock deformation and failure behavior of thick-walled limestone cylinders vary under different stress paths between loading and unloading. Tensile failure and orderly failure surfaces occur under unloading conditions while irregular damaged rock blocks are produced during loading failure. This type of triaxial unloading experiment provides for new research methodology and approach for thorough investigations on intermittent zonal fracturing in deep underground excavations.

Filling mode and regularity of vertical centrifugal casting process of titanium alloy in thin-walled cylinder cavity

The mold filling process of titanium alloy in a thin-walled cylinder cavity under vertical centrifugal casting process was studied by means of the hydraulic simulation experiments. Results show that the filling mode of the melt in the cylinder cavity varies with casting wall-thickness. When the casting wall-thickness is less than or equal to the thickness of the first layer during the filling process, the melts fill the cavity from the bottom to the top.When the casting wall-thickness is greater than the thickness of the first layer during the filling process, the melts first fill the largest radius parts of the cavity with a certain thickness of the first layer from the bottom to the top of the cavity, and then they fill the cavity from the larger radius part to the smaller radius part. The melt filling ability increases with the increment of the mold rotational speed and the pouring temperature. In another aspect, the melt filling ability rises with the decrement of the melt viscosity, and the melt with the better filling ability is prone to fill the cylinder cavity layer by layer.

Stress analytical solution for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform distributed pressure

The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common cases.Stress analytical method for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform pressure on the outer surface and uniform radial pressure on the inner surface is given.The power series method of complex function is used.The stress analytical solution is obtained with the assumption that two layers of a cylinder are fully contacted.The distributions of normal and tangential contact stress along the interface,tangential stress on the inner boundary and stresses in the radial direction at θ=0°,45° and 90°,are obtained.An example indicates that,when the elastic modulus of the inner layer of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder is smaller than that of the outer layer,the tangential stress is smaller than that in the corresponding point for a traditional cylinder composed of homogeneous materials.In that way,stress concentration at the inner surface can be alleviated and the stress distribution is more uniform.This is a capable way to enhance the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of thick-walled cylinder.

An approach for optimization of the wall thickness (weight) of a thick-walled cylinder under axially non-uniform internal service pressure distribution

Today, improving the weight/load carrying capacity ratio of a part is the matter of studies in most of the scientific and industrial areas.Autofrettage dimensions, the amount of material removed from outer and inner radius while manufacturing and the service pressure applied affect the residual stress distribution throughout the wall thickness and hence the load-bearing capacity of a thick-walled cylinder. Calculation of residual stresses after autofrettage process and optimization of autofrettage outline dimensions by using the amount of service pressures applied are common issues in literature.In this study, mandrel-cylinder tube interference dimensions were renovated by using traditional methods for swage autofrettage process of a gun barrel. Also, the residual stresses in the cylinder after autofrettage process, inside and outside material removal process and the variable service pressure throughout the cylinder applied were taken into consideration and incorporated into the design. By using the constrained optimization method, wall thickness(thus the weight) was optimized(minimized)to achieve the specified safety factor along the length of the cylinder. For the same cylinder, the results of the suggested analytical/with residual stress calculation approach were compared to analytical/without residual stress calculation results and numerical topology optimization method calculation results. Since the experimental measurement results are not yet available, it was not possible to compare them with the calculation results.The suggested approach enabled 22.9% extra weight reduction in proportion to numerical topology optimization and enabled 4.2% extra weight reduction in proportion to analytical/without residual stress optimization.Using this approach, the gain from residual stresses after autofrettage operation, the loss of residual stresses after material removal, and the effects of service pressures can be taken into account for each stage of design.

Theoretical model of radiation heat wave in two-dimensional cylinder with sleeve

A semi-analytical model is constructed to investigate two-dimensional radiation heat waves(Marshak waves)in a low-Z foam cylinder with a sleeve made of high-Z material.In this model,the energy loss to the high-Z wall is regarded as the primary two-dimensional effect and is taken into account via an indirect approach in which the energy loss is subtracted from the drive source and the wall loss is ignored.The interdependent Marshak waves in the low-Z foam and high-Z wall are used to estimate the energy loss.The energies and the heat front position calculated using the model under typical inertial confinement fusion conditions are verified by simulations.The validated model provides a theoretical tool for studying two-dimensional Marshak waves and should be helpful in providing further understanding of radiation transport.

Poroelastodynamic responses and elastic moduli of a transversely isotropic porous cylinder under forced deformation test

Existing transversely isotropic poroelastodynamics solutions are limited to infinite domains and without experimental validation. Furthermore, there is a lack of analytical simulations for the elastic moduli dispersion of fluid-saturated porous cylinders. To address these three limitations and investigate the mechanisms of moduli dispersion, we present the analytical solutions of the poromechanical responses and the elastic moduli dispersion of a transversely isotropic, fluid-saturated, finite porous cylinder subjected to a forced deformation test. Through an example, we demonstrate the effects of loading frequency, boundary conditions, and material's anisotropy, dimension, and permeability on the responses of pore pressure,force, displacement, and dynamic elastic moduli of the cylinder. The specimen's responses are significantly influenced by the frequency of the applied load, resulting in a drained state at low frequencies and an undrained state at high frequencies. At high frequencies, the sample behaves identically for an open or a closed lateral boundary, and permeability has insignificant effects. The dynamic elastic moduli are mainly controlled by the loading frequency and the ratio of the sample's radius to its height. Lastly,we show excellent matches between the newly derived analytical solution and laboratory measurements on one clay and two shale samples from Mont Terri.

Numerical simulation of flow past twin near-wall circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds number

Fluid flow past twin circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement placed near a plane wall was investigated by means of numerical simulations. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved with a three-step finite element method at a relatively low Reynolds number of Re -- 200 for various dimensionless ratios of 0.25 ≤ G/D ≤2.0 and 1.0 ≤ L/D ≤ 4.0, where D is the cylinder diameter, L is the center-to-center distance between the two cylinders, and G is the gap between the lowest surface of the twin cylinders and the plane wall. The influences of G/D and L/D on the hydrodynamic force coefficients, Strouhal numbers, and vortex shedding modes were examined. Three different vortex shedding modes of the near wake were identified according to the numerical results. It was found that the hydrodynamic force coefficients and vortex shedding modes are quite different with respect to various combinations of G/D and L/D. For very small values of G/D, the vortex shedding is completely suppressed, resulting in the root mean square （RMS） values of drag and lift coefficients of both cylinders and the Strouhal number for the downstream cylinder being almost zero. The mean drag coefficient of the upstream cylinder is larger than that of the downstream cylinder for the same combination of G/D and L/D. It is also observed that change in the vortex shedding modes leads to a significant increase in the RMS values of drag and lift coefficients.