Dynamic Failure Model of Thin Coal and Rock Mass under Uniform Impact Load

During the excavation of deep coal and rock mass, the radial stress of the free face changes from three-dimensional compression state to two-dimensional stress, bearing the combined action of dynamic disturbance and static load at the same time. With that, many mines suffer from dynamic disasters, such as coal and gas outburst, rock burst and rock caving during deep mining excavation, which is often accompanied by plate crack, spalling and other disasters, seriously affecting the stability of stope and roadway. Taking thin rectangular coal and rock mass as the research object, the dual equation of the free vibration was derived and the exact solution model of the free vibration was established with the use of Hamilton dual system. Based on the action characteristics of the uniform impact load, the effective mode of the forced vibration was obtained by using the Duhamel integral principle and the orthogonality of the mode function. Based on the third strength theory and the numerical simulation results, the dynamic damage process and development trend of coal and rock mass were analyzed under uniform impact load. It was concluded that the starting position of dynamic damage can be judged by the first order main mode, and the development direction and trend of the damage can be judged by the fifth and sixth order main modes. It was concluded that the vibration mode functions of coal and rock mass with four side fixed (C-C-C-C), the two sides fixed and simply supported on the other (S-C-S-C) are mainly composed of three modes that are the first order (dominant frequency), the fifth order and the sixth order, from which the dynamic damage mechanism is preliminarily studied.

Coal mine roof rating(CMRR),rock mass rating(RMR)and strata control:Carborough Downs Mine,Bowen Basin,Australia

The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geological characterization with geotechnical risk mitigation.The premise of CMRR is that strength properties of mine roof rock are influenced by defects typical of coal measures stratigraphy.The CMRR has been used in longwall pillar design,roof support methods,and evaluation of extended cuts,but is rarely evaluated.Here,the RMR and CMRR are applied to a longwall coal mine.Roof rock mass classifications were undertaken at 67 locations across the mine.Both classifications showed marked spatial variability in terms of roof conditions.Normal and reverse faulting occur across the mine,and while no clear relationships exist between rock mass character and faulting,a central graben zone showed heterogeneous rock mass properties,and divergence between CMRR and RMR.Overall,the CMRR data fell within the broad envelope of results reported for extended cuts at Australian and U.S.coal mines.The corollary is that the CMRR is useful,and should not be used in isolation,but rather as a component of a strata control programme.

Deformation analysis of transversely isotropic coal-rock mass with porous and cracks

Coal-rock as a typical sedimentary rock has obvious stratification,namely it has transversely isotropic feature.Meanwhile,deformation leads to coal-rock mass having the characteristics of different porous and crack structures as well as local anisotropy.Equivalent axial and circumferential strain' formulas of the pure coal-rock mass specimen with a single crack were derived through the establishment of equivalent mechanical model of standard cylindrical coal-rock specimen,and have been widely used to a variety of media combined different structures containing multiple cracks.The complete stress strain curve of a real coal-rock specimen was obtained by the CTC test.Additionally,according to the comparison with the theoretical value,the theoretical mechanical model could well explain the deformation characteristics of coal-rock mass and verify its validity.Further,following features were analyzed:strain normalized coefficient and elastic modulus(Poisson's ratio) in vertical and parallel direction to the stratification,stratification angle,porosity,pore radius,normal and tangential stiffness of crack,and the relationship of different crack width with different tangential stiffness of crack.Through the analysis above,it substantiate this claim that the theoretical model with better reliability reflects the transversely isotropic nature of the coal-rock and the local anisotropy caused by the porous and cracks.

Similarity model tests of movement and deformation of coal-rock mass below stopes

For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test stand to carry out model tests of similar materials in order to improve the effect of gas drainage from low protected seams and to measure the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass using a method of non-contact close-range photogrammetry.Our results show that 1) using paraffin melting to take the place of coal seam mining can satisfy the mining conditions of a protective seam;2) coal-rock mass under goafs has an upward movement after the protective seam has been mined,causing floor heaving;3) low protected seams become swollen and deformed,providing a good pressure-relief effect and causing the coal-rock mass under both sides of coal pillars to become deformed by compression and 4) the evolution of permeability of low protected seams follows the way of initial values→a slight decrease→a great increase→stability→final decrease.Simultaneously,the coefficient of air permeability increased at a decreasing rate with an increase in interlayer spacing.

Numerical modeling on strain energy evolution in rock system interaction with energy-absorbing prop and rock bolt

The interaction mechanism between coal and rock masses with supporting materials is significant in roadway control, especially in deep underground mining situations where dynamic hazards frequently happened due to high geo-stress and strong disturbed effects. This paper is to investigate the strain energy evolution in the interaction between coal and rock masses with self-designed energy-absorbing props and rock bolts by numerical modeling with the finite difference method. The interaction between rock and rock bolt/prop is accomplished by the cables element and the interface between the inner and outer props. Roadway excavation and coal extraction conditions in deep mining are numerically employed to investigate deformation, plastic zone ranges, strain energy input, accumulation, dissipation,and release. The effect on strain energy input, accumulation, dissipation, and release with rock deformation, and the plastic zone is addressed. A ratio of strain energy accumulation, dissipation, and release with energy input a, β, γ is to assess the dynamic hazards. The effects on roadway excavation and coal extraction steps of a, β, γ are discussed. The results show that:(1) In deep high geo-stress roadways, the energyabsorbing support system plays a dual role in resisting deformation and reducing the scope of plastic zones in surrounding rock, as well as absorbing energy release in the surrounding rock, especially in the coal extraction state to mitigate disturbed effects.(2) The strain energy input, accumulation is dependent on roadway deformation, the strain energy dissipation is relied on plastic zone area and disturbed effects, and strain energy release density is the difference among the three. The function of energyabsorbing rock bolts and props play a key role to mitigate strain energy release density and amount, especially in coal extraction condition, with a peak density value from 4×10^(4) to 1×10^(4)J/m^(3), and amount value from 3.57×10^(8) to 1.90×10^(6)J.(3) When mining is advanced in small steps, the strain energy accumulation is dominated. While in a large step, the released energy is dominant, thus a more dynamic hazards proneness. The energy-absorbing rock bolt and prop can reduce three times strain energy release amount, thus reducing the dynamic hazards. The results suggest that energy-absorbing props and rock bolts can effectively reduce the strain energy in the coal and rock masses, and prevent rock bursts and other hazards.The numerical model developed in this study can also be used to optimize the design of energyabsorbing props and rock bolts for specific mining conditions.

Interaction mechanism of the interface between a deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass using a high normal stress direct shear apparatus

In order to evaluate the feasibility of safe mining close to the contact zone under reduced security coal pillar conditions at a coal mine in eastern China, the interaction mechanism of the interface between deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass was investigated in the laboratory by direct shear testing. A DRS-1 high pressure soil shear testing machine and orthogonal design method were used in the direct shear tests. Variance and range methods were applied to analyze the sensitivity of each factor that has an influence on the mechanical characters of the interface. The test results show that the normal pressure is the main influencing factor for mechanical characteristics of the interface, while the lithological characters and roughness are minor factors; the shear stress against shear displacement curve for the interface shows an overall hyperbola relationship, no obvious peak stress and dilatancy was observed.When the normal pressure is 6 MPa, the shear strengths of interfaces with different roughness are basically the same, and when the normal pressure is more than 8 MPa, the larger the roughness of the interface, the larger will be the shear strength; the shear strength has a better linear relationship with the normal pressure, which can be described by a linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion.

Compositional and Structural Study of Macerals in Coals and Source Rocks Using SIMS

The authors applied the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) technique to the analysis of compositions and structures of vitrinites fusinites, fusinites bitumens and graptolites in the hydrocarbon source rocks with different maturities dscribed their SIMS spectral characteristics and found that different macerals have differnt spectra which, reflected the compositional and structural differences of macerals. Moreover, the change bod of parameter CH2+/CH3+ can be used for the evaluation of thermal evolution regularity of macerals in the hydrocarbon source rocks The study results show that the SIMS technique is a powerful means for microara analysis of macerals in coals and source rocks. It is certain that the study level of macerals can be raised by detailed study of SIMS results of SIMS results of macerals.

Mechanics analysis on the conditions of rock burst occurrence in the coal mass of roadway rib

According to the rock burst features occurred in the coal mass of roadway rib in one mine,the mechanics model of coal mass and roof structure system along the edge of goaf was founded to analyze the stress of roof rock layer,so the subside curve of roof rock layer was deduced.Furthermore,the stability of coal and rock system were analyzed,the critical load and critical resistance zone were used to judge the danger degree of rock burst occurrence.The influence of coal mass strength,brittleness degree,coal seam thickness,roof thickness,suspending length,equivalent shear module on the critical load, critical resistance zone was confirmed.So the rock burst occurrence conditions of coal mass in roadway rib mainly depend on mining depth,coal seam thickness and hard roof and floor,which are decided by the above studies,and successfully applied in prediction and prevention of rock burst in this mine.

Source Rock Classification and the Basic Structure of Coal and Kerogen

In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/composition. The determined rock type is roughly similar to palynofacies of Combaz , whereas it is "rock maceral facies (for coal viz. coal facies)" in strictly speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to use the organic ingredients classification proposed by the authors so that it can be used for both maceral analysis and environment research . This source rock classification not only shows sedimentology and diagenetic changes but also acquires organic matter type even if hydrocarbon potential derived from maceral’s geochemical parameters. So, it is considered as genetic classification. The "rock maceral facies" may be transformed to sedimentary organic facies , which is used as quantitative evaluation means if research being perfect.Now, there are many models in terms of structure either for coal or for kerogen. In our opinion, whatever coal or kerogen ought be polymer, then we follow Combaz’s thought and study structure of amorphous kerogens which are accordance with genetic mechanism showing biochemical and geochemical process perfectly. Here, we use the time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) to expand Combaz’s models from three to five. They are also models for coal.

Reasons for breaking of chemical bonds of gas molecules during movement of explosion products in cracks formed in rock mass

The purpose of this study was to develop a physico-mathematical model and technique for estimation of chemical bond stability depending on electric field intensity of an external point charge.A hypothesis for a possible physico-chemical mechanism of the formation of additional harmful gases in the rock destruction by blasting was proposed.The theoretical basis of the hypothesis is the method of theretical evaluation of bond energy depending on the distance to a point charge,the third Coulomb centre.The quantum-mechanical model for calculating the electronic terms of molecules makes it possible to solve problems associated with the determination of parameters of molecules under the action of various physical fields on the system under consideration.The model was approved for some diatomic molecules.The discrepancy between the experimental data and calculated data did not exceed 14%,which proves accuracy of the obtained results.The model can be used in the field of research into the causes of gas-dynamic phenomena in underground coal mines,in studies of the degree of stability of nanostructured components of coal under physical influences,and in the theoretical design of new compounds and structures in the field of nanomaterial science and nanotechnology.

Analysis on characteristics of damaged field of surrounding rock and face of FMTC

Numerical simulation-FLAC^(3D) and equivalent material simulation were carried out to analyze the damaged patterns and lows, distribution of plastic width of face, and surrounding rock of FMTC during the advance of work face with different thick coal seams based on engineering geology and exploitation technology of 1151(3) fully mechanized top-coal caving (FMTC) face in Xieqiao Colliery.The results show that there is damage,and the destruction characteristics of surrounding rock and coal mass are different obviously in asymmetric exploitation layout.The damaged zone in surrounding rock and the coal of the return airway is larger than that of the intake airway.Moreover, the retained coal pillars are all damaged by tension and shear fracture, and plastic zone in coal mass in the dip direction ahead of Face is nonuniform.There are large damage zones in roof and floor strata, surrounding rock, and coal of return and intake airways near work face.The damaged zone in the upper part of Face is larger than that in middle and lower parts.The fruits of this paper are of guiding significance for engineering practices, such as support design and choice, roadway supporting and maintaining, rock pressure control of FMTC face, etc.

Piston mechanism of interaction of non-linear geomechanical and physicochemical gas exchange and mass transfer processes in coal-bearing rocks

The article focuses on a theoretical and experimental framework for the quantification of interaction between nonlinear geomechnical and physicochemical processes in high-stress coal-bearing rock mass during mining under high seismic risk due to large-scale blasting and earthquakes,as well as because of structural and temperature effects.The tests were aimed to examine and study comprehensively the piston mechanism of gas exchange and mass transfer processes,revealed recently at the Institute of Mining,SB RAS,as well as to explain the fact that the earthquake-induced low-velocity(quasi-meter range)pendulum waves(velocity to 1 m/s and frequency of 0.5–5 Hz)could stimulate an increase in the gas content in coal mines.In order to perform laboratory investigation at the Institute of Mining SB RAS,special-purpose stand for analyzing gas exchange and mass transfer processes in coal-bearing geomaterials under various thermodynamic conditions(P,V,T)and gas composition was constructed in cooperation with the Institute of Semiconductors Physics SB RAS.Matching of air flow rate with compression pressures allowed to obtain relations showing that air flow rate increases at the uncertain time interval under the increasing of the compression pressure.The same measurements was carried out with another gases such as Hydrogen H_(2),Helium He,methane CH_(4),carbon dioxide CO_(2) and carbon oxide CO.The laboratory tests aimed to detailed investigation of the previously revealed“piston mechanism”of gas exchange and mass transfer processes in the coal specimens and their quantitative description in terms of theory of the pendulum waves were carried in the first time.Consequently,there are some arguments for the testing of the opportunity of quantitative description of the“piston mechanism”related to gas exchange and mass transfer processes in the scale of coal mines.It is relevant when pendulum waves induced by powerful earthquakes and technical blasting reaches the mine.

基于数字图像相关方法的煤岩表面应变场及裂纹演化特征

基于数字图像相关方法,开展了煤岩体试样单轴压缩破坏的裂纹演化特征及破坏过程研究,分析了试样破坏过程的表面应变场、变形局部化带的拉伸位移演化和错动位移演化特征,精细化分析煤岩体变形破坏过程。研究结果表明:(1)根据试样的应力-应变曲线特征,将试样分为缓慢破坏型和瞬间破坏型。缓慢破坏型试样的破坏过程较为平稳,裂纹宽度较小。瞬间破坏型试样破坏过程较为剧烈,表面裂纹宽度增加,表现出明显的岩爆现象。(2)加载过程中,缓慢破坏型试样先产生应变集中后,裂纹沿变形局部化带扩展延伸并逐渐贯通;瞬间破坏型试样在应力峰值后试样表面瞬间产生宏观裂纹。(3)试样表面应变演化特征与加载过程中应力变化特征对应,反映了裂纹扩展规律。缓慢破坏型试样在加载过程中表面应变变化过程较为缓慢,并在后期呈现波动状态;瞬间破坏型试样在应力峰值点处,拉伸应变瞬间突增达到峰值,导致试样破坏。

原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体超声波及CT扫描分析

为研究原生层理结构对煤岩组合体波速及力学性质的影响,并提升室内获取煤岩波速及力学参数的精确性、快速性及便捷性,在室内对不同原生层理倾角的煤岩组合体开展了多层位多方位的超声波及CT扫描测试。基于超声波测试数据,获取了原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体不同层位的波速及波速比变化特征;结合CT扫描及三维重构技术,应用煤岩灰度分布频数数据,提出了不同层位CT灰度均值的计算方法,获得了不同原生层理倾角下煤岩组合体不同层位灰度及煤岩含量的变化规律,建立了煤岩CT灰度均值与波速、力学参数的关系;构建了考虑层理倾角与煤岩含量效应的煤岩组合体纵波波速计算模型,并应用测试数据进行了对比验证。结果表明:①含原生层理的煤岩组合体波速及波速比与层理倾角线性相关,随层理倾角增加,组合体的纵波波速近似线性减小,而波速比的分布范围增大;②不同层理倾角下组合体的CT灰度均值与波速线性相关,随CT灰度均值增高,煤岩组合体波速线性增加;③煤岩组合体的密度随CT灰度均值增加线性增高,其动态弹性模量及剪切模量则与CT灰度均值均呈三阶多项式关系,并随CT灰度均值增高趋于增大;④层理倾角与煤岩含量相比,组合体波速对煤岩含量的敏感性更高,煤岩含量相近则波速受层理倾角响变化最大。

基于煤层挥发分的狐偃山岩体隐伏形态特征研究

为了寻找狐偃山岩体隐伏形态特征,基于侵入岩体侧畔煤层挥发分的空间变化特征,刻画侵入岩体在煤系地层中的隐伏形态特征机理;依据西山煤田狐偃山岩体附近469组煤层挥发分数据及前人研究结果,通过制作研究区内02^(#)、2^(#)、6^(#)、8^(#)、9^(#)煤层挥发分等值线图、垂直挥发分变化方向剖面图,研究了煤层挥发分与侵入岩体距离关系。结果表明:狐偃山侵入岩体侧畔依次出现接触变质带、恒温变质带、耗散变质带及正常煤带,岩体影响带宽度在7 km左右,其中接触变质带的宽度在1 km以内,恒温变质带宽度在4~5 km范围内,耗散变质带宽度在2~4 km范围内;狐偃山侵入体在煤系中的隐伏形态为一大型岩体,其中9^(#)煤层下伏有多个小型岩株,煤层自上而下遭受岩体烘烤影响的程度逐渐增大。

基于贝叶斯-响应面法的煤矿开挖过程中不同含水状态岩体力学参数分析

在煤炭开挖过程中,准确评价不同含水率条件下岩层的力学参数,对于制定有效的排水方案,降低工作面顶板水害风险至关重要.然而,由于地层分布不均匀,试验测量误差等因素的影响,岩石参数往往呈现不确定性,进而降低了计算煤层开挖时上下岩层不均匀沉降和塌陷等问题的可信度.鉴于以上出现的问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯更新参数的神经网络的响应面建模方法.该方法采用ACO-BP神经网络建立响应面,并通过贝叶斯公式进行参数的更新,以此建立高置信区间的响应面模型.以正交试验数据为样本,建立传统多项式响应面和神经网络响应面模型,并使用确定系数(R^(2))、20%误差对两种响应面模型进行验证和对比分析.结果表明:相比于多项式响应面,神经网络响应面模型的预测数据误差值更小,具备更高的预测精度和更强的寻找非线性关系的能力,同时利用贝叶斯更新参数的方法,降低了BP神经网络陷入局部最优的缺陷,能更好地进行岩体力学参数的预测和分析.使用神经网络响应面的方法对陕西榆林锦界煤矿31301工作面3-1煤层进行分析,得到孔隙率、含水率、抗压强度与弹性模量之间的非线性关系,并对弹性模量进行预测,预测值和实际值的拟合度可达到0.92,以此来验证了方法的可行性.

Disturbance response instability theory of rock bursts in coal mines and its application

Aiming at the rock burst prevention in coal mines,this study argue that a rock burst is the instability of the coal mass deformation system with the infinite deformation response subjected to a small disturbance,and the concepts of control,disturbance and response variables of the coal mass deformation system are proposed.The analytical solution of rock bursts of circular roadways is derived,using a mechanical model of the coal mass deformation system of circular roadways,and the stress and energy conditions of the disturbance response instability of a rock burst are also presented.Based on the disturbance response instability theory,this study identifies the factors controlling the occurrence of rock bursts,involving the coal uniaxial compressive strength,coal bursting liability and roadway support stress.The relationship between the critical stress and the critical resistance zone of surrounding rock in roadways,the coal uniaxial compressive strength,roadway support stress,roadway geometric parameters and coal burst liability is revealed,and the critical stress index evaluation method of rock burst risk is proposed.Considering the disturbance and response variables of rockburst occurrence,a monitoring system of rock burst based on stress and energy monitoring is established.Considering managing the disturbance and control variables,regional and local prevention measures of rock burst are proposed from four aspects:destressing in coal mass,avoiding the mutual disturbance between multi-group mining or excavation,reducing the dynamic load disturbance and weakening of the physical properties of the coal mass.Based on the enhancement principle of the roadway support stress on the critical load of rockburst occurrence and the energy absorption effect of the support,an energy absorption and anti-bursting support technology for roadways are proposed.The disturbance response instability theory of rock bursts has formed a technical system from the aspects of mechanism,prediction and prevention to guide the engineering practice for rock burst mitigation.

安顺煤矿煤岩电磁辐射测试技术研究

随安顺煤矿开采深度的加深,工作面回采时异常动力灾害发生的危险性显著提高。为防范灾害事故,可基于煤岩受载破坏过程电磁辐射强度与煤岩破坏的相关性,采用电磁辐射仪测试煤岩体的损伤破坏状态,对煤岩体动力灾害事故危险性进行预测,通过设置三采区轨道下山、四采区轨道风门0~300 m处为对照组,对四采区轨道、回风、胶带三条下山掘进巷道进行煤岩电磁辐射测试,并对其监测数据进行规律分析。研究结果表明:掘进作业严重影响巷道内应力分布与煤岩破坏状态,靠近掘进点的部位所受应力扰动更为明显,掘进较深、支护稳定的巷道所受影响较小;巷道危险区的煤岩电磁辐射强度相对较高;存在断层时,断层周围电磁辐射信号较强;掘进煤巷的应力受扰动情况比岩巷更加稳定,且所受应力普遍较小。