Morphological Development of Sambong (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.) Leaf Studied by Frozen Section and Thin Section

The sambong (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.) leaf was investigated by applying frozen section and thin section technology, and observed through optical microscope. The results showed that the sambong leaf was firstly originated nearby the apical bud at the stem tip. The first leaf grows fast, that the mitosis happens frequently and the cytoplasm manufacture rapidly. The cells in the first few leaves have not yet differentiated into the spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma. In the mature leaf, the spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma were fully developed. The epidermal hairs were firstly developed on the abaxial side of the first leaf.

Theory of Flexural Shear, Bending and Torsion for a Thin-Walled Beam of Open Section

Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.

Effect of frictions on cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending

The effect of frictions between dies and tube on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical analysis and experiment. The results show that the frictions between mandrel, wiper, pressure die, bending die and tube have a significant and complicate effect on the section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. To improve the section quality, frictions between mandrel, wiper and tube should be decreased, but the frictions between the pressure die, bending die and tube increase. The effect on the section distortion is more significant from mandrel, wiper, pressure die to bending die and the effect on the wall thinning more significant from mandrel, pressure die, wiper, to bending die. The effects of frictions between all dies and tube on wall thinning are smaller than their effects on section distortion. Mandrel and wiper should be lubricated well and drawing oil is used to lubricate them in actual production. The frictions between pressure die, bending die and tube should be increased and the dry friction is used between pressure die, bending die and tube in actual production.

General Stiffness Matrix for a Thin-Walled, Open-Section Beam Structure

This paper is to review the theory of thin-walled beam structures of the open cross-section. There is scant information on the performance of structures made from thin-walled beam elements, particularly those of open sections, where the behavior is considerably complicated by the coupling of tensile, bending and torsional loading modes. In the combined loading theory of thin-walled structures, it is useful to mention that for a thin-walled beam, the value of direct stress at a point on the cross-section depends on its position, the geometrical properties of the cross-section and the applied loading. This applies whether the thin-walled section is closed or open but this study will be directed primarily at the latter. Theoretical analyses of structures are fairly well established, considered in multi-various applications by many scientists. However, due to the present interest in lightweight structures, it is necessary to specify where the present theory lies. It does not, for example, deal with compression and the consequent failure modes under global and local buckling. Indeed, with the inclusion of strut buckling failure and any other unforeseen collapse modes, the need was perceived for further research into the subject. Presently, a survey of the published works has shown in the following: 1) The assumptions used in deriving the underlying theory of thin-walled beams are not clearly stated or easily understood;2) The transformations of a load system from arbitrary axis to those at the relevant centre of rotation are incomplete. Thus, an incorrect stress distribution may result in;3) Several methods are found in the recent literature for analyzing the behaviour of thin-walled open section beams under combined loading. These reveal the need appears for further study upon their torsion/flexural behaviour when referred to any arbitrary axis, a common case found in practice. This review covers the following areas: 1) Refinement to existing theory to clarify those observations made in 1 - 3 above;2) Derivation of a general elastic stiffness matrix for combined loading;3) Calculation of the stress distribution on the cross-section of a thin-walled beam. A general transformation matrix that accounts for a load system applied at an arbitrary point on the cross-section will be published in a future paper.

Inner and outer pressure forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections

A novel forming method of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections was proposed by using inner and outer pressure with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium at room temperature,and the principle of the method was provided.Experiments and FE simulations were carried out to analyze the deformation characteristics for the part with larger variable diameter ratio(35%).The results show that visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of the room-temperature deformation condition for nickel based super-alloy sheet.The inner and outer pressure forming with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of dimensional accuracy for the thin-walled part with variable diameter sections.The thinning of wall-thickness is less than 4%.This method provides a new approach for near-net shape forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled parts with variable diameter sections.

Free torsion of thin-walled structural members of open-and closed-sections

Free torsion of thin-walled structures of open- and closed-sections is a classical elastic mechanics problem, which, in literature, is often solved by the method of membrane analogy. The method of membrane analogy, however, can be only applied to structures of a single material. If the structure consists of both open- and closed-sections, the method of membrane analogy is difficult to be applied. In this paper, a new method is presented for solving the free torsion of thin-walled structures of open- and/or closed- sections with multiple materials. By utilizing a simple statically indeterminate concept, torsional equations are derived based on the equilibrium and compatibility conditions. The method presented here not only is very simple and easy to understand but also can be applied to thin-walled structures of combined open- and closed-sections with multiple materials.

Improved concept models for straight thin-walled columns with box cross section

This paper focuses on developing improved concept models for straight thin-walled box sectional columns which can better predict the peak crushing force that occurs during crashworthiness analyses. We develop a nonlinear translational spring based on previous research and apply such a spring element to build the enhanced concept models. The work presented in this article is developed on the basis of the publication of the author (Liu and Day, 2006b) and has been applied in a crashworthiness design issue, which is presented by the author in another paper (Liu, 2008).

Deformation Calculation of Cross-section Based on Virtual Force in Thin-walled Tube Bending Process

Cross-section deformation is one of important factors affecting the quality of tube formation, and the tube＇s capability of transporting liquid and gas will be reduced because of the cross-section ellipse deformation due to the effect of shear load in plastic bending process. When the tube is bent, the extrados-wall bears the tension stress and the intrados-wall bears the compression stress, synchronously the cross-section is affected by the circumferential stress. According to the above, the distribution function and curve of tangential stress can be obtained according to force balance differential equations on circumferential direction and Trasca rule. Subsequently the real state and virtual state moment equations were established, a new method was presented adopting the virtual principle of deformation system to calculate the x-axis and y-axis displacement of arbitrary point on cross-section. So the major and minor axes of deformed cross-section can be calculated according to the displacements of each point, and the variety value of major and minor axes will be obtained further. Finally the theoretical calculating result is compared with NC tube rotary-bending experiment results to verify the rationality of theoretical analysis, and the cross-section deformation rule of thin-walled tube can be received.

Effect of mandrel on cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled bending

The effect of mandrel with the structure of ball and socket on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical (analysis) and experiment. Influencing factors of the mandrel include the count of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and its position. According to the principle of NC tube bending, quality defects possibly produced in thin-walled tube NC bending process were analyzed and two parameters were proposed in order to describe the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. According to the geometrical dimension of tube and dies, the range of mandrel protrusion was derived. The finite element model of thin-walled tube NC bending was established based on the DYNAFORM platform, and key technological problems were solved. The model was verified by experiment. The effect of the number of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and the protrusion length of mandrel on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending was revealed and how to choose mandrel parameters was presented.

嵌套加强的LQ550高强冷弯薄壁C型钢连续檩条受力性能研究

为提高LQ550级高强冷弯薄壁C型钢连续檩条的承载能力,采用在支座处嵌套的方法来加强连续檩条。对未加强和采用两种嵌套方式加强的檩条共7组试件进行三点受弯试验,得到了试件的承载性能和破坏形态,试验结果表明加强后的试件出现跨中局部屈曲和嵌套端部局部屈曲两种破坏形态。采用ABAQUS软件建立了非线性有限元模型对嵌套加强的檩条进行数值模拟,有限元分析得到的承载力和破坏形态与试验结果吻合良好,验证了有限元模型的准确性。基于验证的有限元模型,分析了两种嵌套方式和不同嵌套长度对檩条承载力的提升,且表明嵌套檩条的长度宜取为连续檩条跨度的1/5~1/4。

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

宁夏枸杞雄性不育花药中胼胝质动态变化特征

【目的】胼胝质是以β-1,3键结合的葡聚糖,其形成的壁结构只发生在特定组织。当其提前或延迟降解时,会导致花粉败育,明确胼胝质的沉积动态规律对探究雄性不育机理及利用枸杞雄性不育具有重要意义。【方法】研究以宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)可育系‘宁杞1号’与不育系‘宁杞5号’为试验材料,采用半薄切片技术,并利用苯胺蓝标记胼胝质的方法和高碘酸-希夫反应(periodic acid-Schiff stain,PAS),在光学显微镜下对比观察不同发育时期的宁夏枸杞可育和不育花药中胼胝质的动态变化特征,分析胼胝质对不育系花药败育的影响。【结果】结果显示,小孢子母细胞时期,可育和不育花药小孢子母细胞外沉积形成厚薄不均的胼胝质壁,荧光反应显示减数分裂形成四分体后,胼胝质壁逐渐增厚,随着花药进一步发育,可育花药中四分体外胼胝质壁逐渐解体、消失,释放出4个小孢子。而不育花药中四分体外的胼胝质壁不断增厚,并没有出现降解迹象,直至开花,药室中小孢子仍以四分体状态存在,已经变形、解体的四分体外仍包裹着胼胝质壁。胼胝质降解异常是导致宁夏枸杞花粉败育的结构原因。【结论】文章进一步对不育系四分体胼胝质壁未发生降解的原因进行了分析,为解析宁夏枸杞雄性不育机理提供理论基础。

THE APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE BUCKLING LOADS OF A THIN-WALLED BOX COLUMN WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION

For a thin-walled box column with variable cross-section, the three governing equations for torsional-flexural buckling are ordinary differential equations of the second or fourth order with variable coefficients, so it is very difficult to solve them by means of an analytic method. In this paper, polynomials are used to approximate the geometric properties of cross-section and certain coefficients of the differential equations. Based on the energy principle and the Galerkin's method, the approximate formulas for calculating the flexural and torsional buckling loads of this kind of columns are developed respectively, and numerical examples are used to verify the correctness of the solutions obtained. The results calculated in this paper provide the basis for demonstrating the stability of thin-walled box columns with variable cross-section. This paper is of practical value.

基于改进U^(2)Net的岩石薄片图像分割

了解岩石的孔隙度、孔径分布、孔隙连通性等特征对于油气的寻找和开采有着重要的意义,而这些特征的分析和判断需要借助岩石薄片图像分割技术.岩石薄片图像有大量细小颗粒,这些颗粒之间的边缘特征十分相似,无法做出精准的区分,同时制造切片过程中染色不均会造成薄片孔隙的颜色特征不平衡而导致无法分割.因此为了改善岩石薄片分割效果,本文提出基于一种改进的U^(2)Net的分割算法.主要内容如下:(1)以U^(2)Net网络为骨干进行改进,结合coordinate attention注意力机制,用来提高模型对图像特征的表达能力.(2)通过引入多尺度特征提取模块,增加卷积层的感知区域,且能够利用特征图的多尺度特征信息.实验证明,该方法与传统分割方法和其他分割网络相比在较小颗粒的分割上表现更好,所提出的算法具有较高的分割准确度和鲁棒性.

水稻胚芽鞘树脂半薄大切片有效捞片和展片的方法探讨

常规半薄切片均采用捞片环将切片从水槽中捞起置于玻片上,烤片后进行染色观察。而对于水稻胚芽鞘组织等大面积的半薄切片的制备,因为切片面积较大和水的表面张力作用,往往会造成切片褶皱和水印,从而影响细胞结构的观察。本实验将捞片环改为捞片笔,使用捞片笔将切片从槽液中捞出,置于溶度为0.001%Tween20或0.0005%Tween20的展片液上,烤干后染色,从而获得了平整无褶皱、无水印、无污染的切片,完整展现了细胞结构。同时,作者对比Tween20、Chaps和SDS等水溶液的展片效果,发现Tween20展片平整无污染、SDS展片存在褶皱和染液残留、Chaps只能保证局部展片平整。

装配式轻钢结构乡村住宅模块化设计研究——以重庆为例

针对我国乡村住宅建设技术与施工水平滞后的现状,本文在调研基础上归纳了重庆乡村住宅的空间模式与问题。研究了国内装配式轻钢结构在乡村的相关实践,通过对比装配式与传统建造流程提出了模块的层级划分方式,并运用冷弯薄壁型钢体系进行单体设计示范,从模块功能体系的标准化设计与多样化组合、结构体系标准化构件库建立、模块重要节点构造做法3个层面探究了装配式乡村住宅设计方法,以期为轻钢体系乡村住宅的模块化设计及推广提供思路。

144型高性能转向节预锻件优化设计与精锻工艺研究

144型转向节是中重型高端商用车转向部件中的核心零件,其对延伸率和断面收缩率均有严格要求,根据传统锻造工艺理论设计的预锻方案不能满足断面收缩率要求,研究其预锻件的优化设计与精锻终成形工艺对于获得合格锻件具有重要意义。首先采用经典塑性成形理论分析了基于传统方法设计的预锻件存在的问题,然后基于损伤理论提出了其预锻件结构的优化设计方法,同时提出了基于平面薄飞边的精锻终成形工艺。应用结果表明,生产的144型转向节精密锻件阶梯杆部的关键技术指标延伸率A≥12.5%,断面收缩率Z≥50%,超过了国外客户所提技术指标的要求。

3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律

薄壁微小通道波形扁管是建设新能源汽车锂电池组恒温系统的绝佳材料,成形尺寸是影响其冲压成形截面变形的关键因素。建立了实验验证的3003Al-H14微小通道薄壁扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型。基于所建模型,研究了截面高度、管坯壁厚、内外面相对弯曲半径缩放系数等成形尺寸,对截面变形率和平均截面变形率的作用规律。研究发现:①横截面上边缘孔的截面变形率通常较大,其余孔的截面变形率相对较小且大小一致;纵截面上孔的截面变形率呈现波峰波谷高、中间段低的分布特点。②扁管的截面变形率随着截面高度增大而增大,当截面高度超过4 mm时,扁管内的筋显著弯折,横截面塌陷严重。③扁管的平均截面变形率随着壁厚增大呈指数函数下降;当壁厚等于0.1 mm时,所有截面都畸变严重,而当壁厚超过0.3 mm时,最大截面畸变率下降至24.71%。④内外面相对弯曲半径的缩放系数越大,则内外面的实际弯曲程度越小,平均截面变形率也越小。研究成果对薄壁微小通道波形扁管的精确成形具有科学意义和工程价值。

渤中22-2构造中生界潜山岩性识别方法

近两年渤海油田对中生界潜山的勘探力度逐渐增大,渤中22-2构造多口井在中生界钻遇良好油气显示,测试获得商业产能,证实渤海油田中生界潜山具备极高的勘探价值。研究区中生界岩性以火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩为主,区域岩性复杂,现场识别难度大。笔者通过分析研究中生界潜山不同岩性的岩屑薄片特征、矿物元素特征,建立了中生界岩性的录井识别方法。该方法在渤中22-2区块多口井进行了应用,为中生界潜山随钻作业决策起到了指导作用。